Each capsule contains: Black Cohosh extract 200 mg • Soybean Isoflavone 100 mg • Wild Yam extract 67 mg • Sage extract 50 mg • Chaste Tree extract 25 mg • Vervain extract 25 mg • Astragalus extract 25 mg • Motherwort extract 25 mg. Other Ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate (vegetable source).
Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.
This product has been discontinued by the manufacturer.
This product has been discontinued by the manufacturer. Now manufactured by Wakunaga Nutritional Supplements.
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Estro-Logic. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Estro-Logic. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Doses of astragalus up to 60 grams daily for up to 4 months have been used without reported adverse effects (32920,33038,95909,114804). ...when used intravenously. Infusion of doses up to 80 grams daily for up to 4 months under the supervision of a medical professional have been used with apparent safety (32811,32812,32828,95909,114688,114804). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of astragalus when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information in humans.
However, astragaloside, a constituent of astragalus, has maternal and fetal toxic effects in animals (32881). Avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Black cohosh has been safely used in some studies lasting up to a year (15036,15158,17091,19553,35908); however, most studies have lasted only up to 6 months (141,4614,4620,7054,9437,9494,13143,13184,14330,14423)(14424,15037,15889,15893,35824,35852,35853,35858,35865,35897)(35902,35904,35946,35964,95525,103269). There is concern that black cohosh might cause liver damage in some patients. Several case reports link black cohosh to liver failure or autoimmune hepatitis (4383,10692,11906,12006,13144,14469,15160,16721,16722,16723)(16724,16725,16726,16727,35857,107906). However, the evidence that black cohosh causes liver damage is not conclusive (17085). Until more is known, monitor liver function in patients who take black cohosh.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in pregnant patients who are not at term.
Black cohosh might have hormonal effects and menstrual and uterine stimulant effects (15035). Theoretically, this might increase the risk of miscarriage; avoid using during pregnancy. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of black cohosh when used to induce labor.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Black cohosh might have hormonal effects. Theoretically, maternal intake of black cohosh might adversely affect a nursing child (15035). Until more is known, nursing patients should avoid taking black cohosh.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. A motherwort extract in soybean oil has been used with apparent safety at doses of 1200 mg daily for up to 28 days (94209) ...when administered intramuscularly, short-term. One or more intramuscular injections have been used with apparent safety in total combined doses of 40-200 mg over 48 hours or less to prevent and/or stop postpartum bleeding (94203,101890,101891,101892). Post-marketing surveillance of over 8000 females found that a specific motherwort product (Chengdu No 1 Pharma Company Ltd) has been used without significant adverse effects for a duration of 48 hours or less (104855) ...when administered by intrauterine injection, short-term. Post-marketing surveillance of over 1800 patients found that a specific motherwort product (Chengdu No 1 Pharma Company Ltd) has been used without significant adverse effects for a duration of 48 hours or less (104855).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or by injection.
Alkaloids present in motherwort have uterine stimulant effects (4,12,19).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Sage is approved for use as a food in the United States (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally in medicinal doses, short-term. Common sage (Salvia officinalis) and Spanish sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) have been used with apparent safety when taken orally in doses of 280 mg daily for up to 8 weeks (10334,10810,17177,105338). ...when used topically. Common sage (Salvia officinalis) has been used with apparent safety as a single agent or in combination products for up to one week (10437,72619,107023). ...when the essential oil is inhaled as aromatherapy, short-term (72658).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in high doses or long-term (12,1304). Some species of sage, including common sage (Salvia officinalis), contain a thujone constituent that can be toxic if consumed in large enough quantities (12,1304).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
The constituent thujone can have menstrual stimulant and abortifacient effects (19).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally; sage is thought to reduce the supply of mother's milk (19).
LIKELY SAFE ...when soy protein is used orally and appropriately. Soy protein products in doses up to 60 grams, providing up to 185 mg isoflavones, daily have been safely used in studies lasting up to 16 weeks (842,2293,2294,2296,3025,3402,3977,4755,6412,8530)(10372,11805).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when soy extracts are used orally and appropriately, short-term. Soy extracts containing concentrated isoflavones in doses of 35-120 mg daily have been used with apparent safety for up to 6 months (4751,6455,7802,12040,12048,13209,95994,95999).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods or as a component of infant formula (3400,4912,7331).
Soy milk that's not designed for infants should not be used as a substitute for infant formula. Regular soy milk can lead to nutrient deficiencies (12045). Most evidence shows that exposure to soy formula or other soy products in infancy does not cause early onset of puberty or health or reproductive problems later in life (7331,11080,108245). However, some small cohort studies have suggested that higher soy intake during childhood may be associated with an increased risk of precocious puberty (108240) and may be weakly correlated with the development of breasts in children less than 2 years of age (75520). This is in contrast to an observational study in Chinese children ages 7-9 years which suggests that higher soy intake is associated with delayed puberty (108252). One small cohort study has also found that use of soy infant formula may be associated with an increased risk of endometriosis in adulthood, although endometriosis was also correlated with prematurity, which may have confounded the findings (101803).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally as an alternative to cow's milk in children with severe milk allergy (75359).
Although soy protein-based infant formulas are often promoted for children with milk allergy, children with a severe allergy to cow's milk are also frequently sensitive to soy protein (9883). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of soy products when used in amounts higher than typical food quantities for children.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts.
Soy contains mildly estrogenic constituents (3373,3988,3989,3990,3994,6029,75303). Theoretically, therapeutic use of soy might adversely affect fetal development; avoid using.
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
A single 20-gram dose of roasted soybeans, containing 37 mg isoflavones, produces four to six times less isoflavones in breast milk than provided in a soy-based infant formula (2290). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of long-term use of therapeutic amounts of soy during lactation.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Verbena has Generally Recognized As Safe status (GRAS) for use in foods in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of verbena when used orally or topically in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of verbena in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when the fruit extract is used orally and appropriately, short-term. Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract has been used safely in studies at doses up to 40 mg daily, for up to 3 months (7055,7076,7077,7078,7079,12207,13393,15065,90617,90618,96435). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of vitex agnus-castus seeds when used orally or topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Theoretically, the hormonal effects of vitex agnus-castus might adversely affect pregnancy or lactation (10979,11456,13393,109439). Animal research shows that taking vitex agnus-castus fruit extract when planning to become pregnant or during pregnancy may increase the risk of infertility, low fetal body weight, abortion, and stillbirth (109439); avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally. A dose of 50 mg (containing 8 mg diosgenin) has been used with apparent safety for 12 weeks (12,96724). ...when used topically. A wild yam cream has been used with apparent safety for 3 months (10989).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Estro-Logic. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, taking astragalus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
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Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with cyclophosphamide therapy.
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Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
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Theoretically, astragalus might increase levels and adverse effects of lithium.
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Animal research suggests that astragalus has diuretic properties (15103). Theoretically, due to this diuretic effect, astragalus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
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Taking black cohosh with atorvastatin might increase the risk for elevated liver function tests.
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In one case report, a patient taking atorvastatin (Lipitor) developed significantly elevated liver function enzymes after starting black cohosh 100 mg four times daily. Liver enzymes returned to normal when black cohosh was discontinued (16725). It is unclear whether the elevated liver enzymes were due to black cohosh itself or an interaction between atorvastatin and black cohosh.
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Theoretically, black cohosh may reduce the clinical effects of cisplatin.
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Animal research suggests that black cohosh might decrease the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cells (13101).
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Some research suggests that black cohosh might inhibit CYP2D6, but there is conflicting evidence.
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Some clinical research suggests that black cohosh might modestly inhibit CYP2D6 and increase levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme (13536). However, contradictory clinical research shows a specific black cohosh product (Remifemin, Enzymatic Therapy) 40 mg twice daily does not significantly inhibit metabolism of a CYP2D6 substrate in healthy study volunteers (16848). Until more is known, use black cohosh cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Theoretically, black cohosh may alter the effects of estrogen therapy.
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Theoretically, taking black cohosh with hepatotoxic drugs may increase the risk of liver damage.
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Black cohosh may inhibit one form of OATP, OATP2B1, which could reduce the bioavailability and clinical effects of OATP2B1 substrates.
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In vitro research shows that black cohosh modestly inhibits OATP2B1 (35450). OATPs are expressed in the small intestine and liver and are responsible for the uptake of drugs and other compounds into the body. Inhibition of OATP may reduce the bioavailability of oral drugs that are substrates of OATP.
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Theoretically, taking motherwort concomitantly with other CNS depressants may increase the risk of sedation.
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Theoretically, sage might decrease the clinical effects of anticholinergic drugs.
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Theoretically, sage might interfere with the clinical effects of anticonvulsant drugs.
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Some species of sage can cause convulsions when consumed in large quantities (10812).
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Theoretically, taking sage with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
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In patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes, common sage (Salvia officinalis) has demonstrated hypoglycemic activity (91971,103380). However, other clinical research in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes shows that common sage extract does not lower fasting blood glucose levels (105340).
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Theoretically, sage might increase or decrease the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
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Animal research suggests that common sage (Salvia officinalis) can cause prolonged blood pressure reduction (4152). However, clinical research suggests that Spanish sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia) can increase blood pressure in some people with hypertension (10334). Until more is known, use with caution.
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Theoretically, taking sage might increase the sedative and adverse effects of benzodiazepines.
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In vitro evidence suggests that certain components of common sage (Salvia officinalis) can bind to benzodiazepine receptors (72588). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, sage might have additive effects when used with cholinergic drugs.
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Theoretically, taking sage might increase the sedative and adverse effects of CNS depressants.
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Some constituents of sage have CNS depressant activity (10334).
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Theoretically, sage might increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.
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In vitro evidence suggests that aqueous extracts of sage can inhibit CYP2C19 (10848). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, sage might increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
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In vitro evidence suggests that aqueous extracts of sage can inhibit CYP2C9 (10848). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, sage might increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Theoretically, sage might decrease the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.
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Animal research suggests that drinking common sage (Salvia officinalis) tea increases the expression of CYP2E1 (72627). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, sage might increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Theoretically, sage might interfere with hormone therapy.
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In vitro evidence suggests that geraniol, a constituent of Spanish sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia), exerts estrogenic activity (39572). The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
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Theoretically, sage might increase levels of drugs transported by P-glycoprotein.
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In vitro research suggests that common sage (Salvia officinalis) can inhibit the multi-drug transporter protein, P-glycoprotein (72641). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, antibiotics may decrease the activity of soy isoflavones.
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Intestinal bacteria are responsible in part for converting soy isoflavones into their active forms. Antibiotics may decrease the amount of intestinal bacteria and decrease its ability to convert isoflavones (7657).
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Soy can lower blood glucose and have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
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Clinical research shows that whole soy diets and soy-based meals reduce fasting glucose levels in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals (75268,75296,75378,75493,96001). Also, individuals following a soy-based meal replacement plan seem to require lower doses of sulfonylureas and metformin to manage blood glucose levels when compared with individuals following a diet plan recommended by the American Diabetes Association (75268).
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Theoretically soy protein may have additive effects with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
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Theoretically, soy might reduce the clearance of caffeine.
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Soy contains genistein. Taking genistein 1 gram daily for 14 days seems to inhibit caffeine clearance and metabolism in healthy females (23582). This effect has been attributed to inhibition of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) enzyme, which is involved in caffeine metabolism. It is unclear if this effect occurs with the lower amounts of genistein found in soy.
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Soy might modestly induce CYP2C9 enzymes. However, this effect does not seem to be clinically significant.
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In vitro research suggests that an unhydrolyzed soy extract might induce CYP2C9. However, the significance of this interaction is likely minimal. In healthy females taking a specific extract of soy (Genistein Soy Complex, Source Naturals), blood levels of losartan, a CYP2C9 substrate, were not significantly affected (16825).
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Theoretically, soy might have additive effects when used with diuretic drugs.
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Animal research suggests that genistein, a soy isoflavone, increases diuresis within 6 hours of subcutaneous administration in rats. The effects seem to be similar to those of furosemide (75604). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, soy might competitively inhibit the effects of estrogen replacement therapy.
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Soy contains phytoestrogens and has been shown to have estrogenic activity in some patients (3860). Although this has not been demonstrated in humans, theoretically, concomitant use of soy with estrogen replacement therapy might reduce the effects of the estrogen replacement therapy.
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Soy products might reduce the absorption of levothyroxine in some patients.
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Preliminary clinical research and a case report suggest that soy-based formulas inhibit the absorption of levothyroxine in infants with congenital hypothyroidism (20636,20637,75548,90959). A levothyroxine dosage increase may be needed for infants with congenital hypothyroidism while using soy-based formulas, and the dose may need to be reduced when soy-based formulas are no longer administered. However, in postmenopausal adults, clinical research shows that taking a single dose of soy extract containing isoflavones 60 mg along with levothyroxine does not affect the oral bioavailability of levothyroxine (95996).
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Taking soy products containing high amounts of tyramine along with MAOIs can increase the risk of hypertensive crisis.
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Fermented soy products such as tofu and soy sauce contain tyramine, a naturally occurring chemical that affects blood pressure regulation. The metabolism of tyramine is decreased by MAOIs. Consuming more than 6 mg of tyramine while taking an MAOI can increase the risk of hypertensive crisis (15649). The amount of tyramine in fermented soy products is usually less than 0.6 mg per serving; however, there can be significant variation depending on the specific product used, storage conditions, and length of storage. Storing one brand of tofu for a week can increase tyramine content from 0.23 mg to 4.8 mg per serving (15649,15701,15702). Advise patients taking MAOIs to avoid fermented soy products that contain high amounts of tyramine.
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Theoretically, combining soy isoflavones with transdermal progesterone may worsen bone density.
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Clinical research suggests that significant bone loss may occur in females with osteoporosis who receive a combination of transdermal progesterone with soy milk containing isoflavones when compared with placebo, soy milk alone, or progesterone alone (69859).
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Theoretically, estrogenic soy isoflavones might alter the effects of tamoxifen.
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Laboratory research suggests that genistein and daidzen, isoflavones from soy, can antagonize the antitumor effects of tamoxifen under some circumstances (7072,14362,8966); however, soy isoflavones might have different effects when used at different doses. A relatively low in vitro concentration of soy isoflavones such as 1 microM/L seems to interfere with tamoxifen, whereas high in vitro concentrations such as those >10 microM/L might actually enhance tamoxifen effects. People on a high-soy diet have soy isoflavones levels ranging from 0.1-6 microM/L. Until more is known, advise patients taking tamoxifen to avoid therapeutic use of soy products.
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Theoretically, soy might interfere with the effects of warfarin.
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Soy milk has been reported to decrease the international normalized ratio (INR) in a patient taking warfarin. The mechanism of this interaction is not known (9672). However, animal and in vitro research suggests that soy may also inhibit platelet aggregation (3992). Dosing adjustments for warfarin may be necessary.
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In vitro research suggests that beta-myrcene, a terpene constituents of verbena, can significantly inhibit cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) enzyme activity (82024). Theoretically, verbena might increase levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Some substrates of CYP2B1 include cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, barbiturates, bromobenzene, and others.
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Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with the activity of antipsychotic drugs.
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Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with oral contraceptives.
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Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with dopamine agonists.
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Vitex agnus-castus might potentiate the actions of dopaminergic agonists due to possible dopaminergic effects (10122).
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Theoretically, vitex agnus-castus could interfere with the activity of estrogens.
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Theoretically, dopaminergic effects of vitex agnus-castus could interfere with metoclopramide.
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Theoretically, wild yam might increase or decrease the effects of estrogen.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Estro-Logic. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally and intravenously, astragalus root seems to be well tolerated.
Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: A case report raises concerns about liver and kidney cysts with astragalus use.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with lacunar angina in one clinical trial. However, this may not have been caused by astragalus (17355). In addition, rapid intravenous administration of astragalus has resulted in temporary palpitations (32812).
Dermatologic ...Intravenously, astragalus may cause rash, eczema, and pruritus (33034).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with enterocolitis and nausea in one clinical trial. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).
Genitourinary ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with vulvitis in one clinical trial. However, this effect may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).
Hepatic ...A case of high serum CA19-9 levels and small liver and kidney cysts has been reported for a 38-year-old woman who drank astragalus tea daily for one month. Levels returned to normal after one month, and cysts disappeared after ten months. Both symptoms returned following a resumption of astragalus use. The authors state that astragalus was the likely cause given the temporal relationship (90658).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, astragalus has been associated with reports of musculoskeletal pain in one clinical trial. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (114803).
Neurologic/CNS ...Intravenously, administration of astragalus has been associated with temporary dizziness in patients with heart failure in clinical research (32812,114804). Orally, astragalus has also been associated with dizziness in one clinical study. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (114803).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with rhinosinusitis and pharyngitis in one clinical trial. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).
Renal ...A case of high serum CA19-9 levels and small liver and kidney cysts has been reported for a 38-year-old woman who drank astragalus tea daily for one month. Levels returned to normal after one month, and cysts disappeared after ten months. Both symptoms returned following a resumption of astragalus use. The authors state that astragalus was the likely cause given the temporal relationship (90658).
General
...Orally, black cohosh is generally well tolerated when used in typical doses.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Breast tenderness, dizziness, gastrointestinal upset, headache, irritability, rash, tiredness.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Endometrial hyperplasia and hepatotoxicity, although data are conflicting for both.
Cardiovascular
...A single case of reversible bradycardia has been reported for a 59-year-old female who took one tablet of a specific black cohosh product (Remifemin, Schaper & Brümmer) daily for 2 weeks.
The adverse event was considered probably related to black cohosh use, although the exact mechanism by which black cohosh exerted this effect was unclear (35920).
There has been concern that, if black cohosh has estrogen-like effects, it could also potentially cause estrogen-like side effects including increased risk for thromboembolism and cardiovascular disease. These outcomes have not been specifically assessed in long-term trials; however, some research shows that a specific black cohosh extract (CimiPure, PureWorld) does not significantly affect surrogate markers for thromboembolism and cardiovascular risk such as fibrinogen, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, or insulin levels compared to placebo (16850).
Dermatologic ...Black cohosh has been associated with skin irritation and rashes (7054,10987,14330,15889,35853). A case report describes a patient who developed cutaneous pseudolymphoma 6 months after starting a specific black cohosh extract (Remifemin). Symptoms resolved within 12 weeks of discontinuing black cohosh (15890).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, black cohosh can commonly cause gastrointestinal upset (4383,4615,4616,10988,13184,35824,35853,35965,103269,111714). Constipation and indigestion have also been reported (7054,35852).
Genitourinary
...Orally, black cohosh, including the specific black cohosh product Remifemin, may cause vaginal bleeding and breast tenderness in some postmenopausal patients (15889,35824).
However, the frequency of these events seems to be less than that of tibolone, a prescription hormone medication used to treat symptoms of menopause (15889,35904).
Due to the potential estrogen-like effects, there is concern that black cohosh might increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia. However, a specific black cohosh extract CR BNO 1055 (Klimadynon/Menofem, Bionorica AG) does not appear to cause endometrial hyperplasia. Clinical research in postmenopausal adults shows that taking 40 mg daily of this extract for 12 weeks does not significantly increase superficial cells when compared with placebo, and causes significantly fewer superficial cells when compared with conjugated estrogens (Premarin) (14330). Additional clinical research shows that taking 40 mg daily of this extract for a year does not increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial thickening in postmenopausal adults (15036). Another specific combination product containing black cohosh extract plus St. John's wort (Gynoplus, Jin-Yang Pharm) also does not significantly increase superficial cells compared to placebo after 12 weeks of treatment (15893). Some patients taking tamoxifen plus black cohosh have experienced endometrial hyperplasia and vaginal bleeding. However, these effects are more likely due to tamoxifen than black cohosh (7054).
Hepatic
...There is concern that black cohosh might cause liver disease, hepatotoxicity, or hepatitis.
Adverse effects on the liver have not been documented in clinical studies. However, multiple case reports of liver toxicity, hepatitis, and abnormal liver function have been described in females taking black cohosh products alone or in combination with other herbs or drugs. In some cases, patients developed liver failure and required immediate liver transplantation (4383,10692,11909,12006,13144,14469,15160,16721,16722,16723) (16724,16727,35883,35888,35890,35895,89465,101592,107906). In one case, a female developed autoimmune hepatitis after 3 weeks of taking black cohosh. Symptoms resolved 2 weeks after discontinuing black cohosh (11906). In at least three cases, females have developed elevated liver enzymes and symptoms of hepatotoxicity after taking black cohosh products. Symptoms resolved and liver enzymes normalized within a week of discontinuing black cohosh (16725,16726). Analysis of two liver biopsies suggests that hepatotoxicity associated with black cohosh use results from the accumulation of 4HNE protein adducts in the cytoplasm of liver cells, which promotes the migration of lymphocytes to the affected area and induces an autoimmune response leading to troxis necrosis (89469).
However, many of these cases are poorly documented. Causality is possible based on some reports; however, other reports do not indicate that black cohosh is the probable cause of the events (15891,15892,16722,16723,16727,89465). Hepatitis can occur with no identifiable cause, raising the possibility that black cohosh and hepatitis might have been coincidental in some cases. Also, plant misidentification can occur, resulting in accidental substitution of a hepatotoxic plant (11910). Therefore, some experts argue that these cases do not provide conclusive evidence that black cohosh is responsible for liver disease (17085,35882,111634). Nonetheless, some countries require cautionary labeling on black cohosh products suggesting a risk of liver toxicity. The United States Pharmacopeia also recommends cautionary labeling on black cohosh products (16722). Until more is known about this potential risk, consider monitoring liver function in patients who take black cohosh.
Musculoskeletal
...One patient treated with black cohosh in a clinical trial discontinued treatment due to edema and arthralgia (35897).
Black cohosh has been linked to asthenia and muscle damage in one case. A 54-year-old female experienced asthenia with elevated creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels while taking black cohosh. The patient had taken a specific black cohosh extract (Remifemin) for 1 year, discontinued it for 2 months, restarted it, and then experienced symptoms 2 months later. Symptoms began to resolve 10 days after discontinuing black cohosh (14299).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, black cohosh may cause headache, dizziness, or tiredness (35852,35886).
There is one case report of seizures in a female who used black cohosh, evening primrose oil, and chasteberry (10988).
Also, there has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
In another case report, orobuccolingual dyskinesia, including tongue-biting, eating difficulties, and speech problems, was reported in a 46-year-old female who took two tablets containing black cohosh 20 mg and Panax ginseng 50 mg daily for 15 months. The patient's condition improved after stopping treatment with the herbs and taking clonazepam 2 mg daily with baclofen 40 mg daily (89735).
Ocular/Otic ...There is some concern that black cohosh might increase the risk of retinal vein thrombosis due to its estrogenic activity. In one case, a patient with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) experienced retinal vein thrombosis 3 days after taking a combination product containing black cohosh 250 mg, red clover 250 mg, dong quai 100 mg, and wild yam 276 mg (13155). It is unclear if this event was due to black cohosh, other ingredients, the combination, or another factor.
Oncologic ...There is some concern that black cohosh may affect hormone-sensitive cancers, such as some types of breast or uterine cancer, due to its potential estrogenic effects. However, evidence from a cohort study suggests that regular use of black cohosh is not associated with the risk of breast or endometrial cancer (17412,111634).
Psychiatric ...A 36-year-old female with a 15-year history of depression developed mania with psychotic and mixed features after taking a black cohosh extract 40 mg daily. The patient gradually recovered after stopping black cohosh and receiving treatment with antipsychotics (104517).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...There has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
Renal ...There has been a case report of severe complications, including seizures, renal failure, and respiratory distress, in an infant whose mother was given an unknown dose of black cohosh and blue cohosh at 42 weeks gestation to induce labor (1122,9492,9493). However, this adverse effect may have been attributable to blue cohosh.
Other ...While rare, weight gain has been reported in some patients taking black cohosh. However, in most cases the causality could not be established. A review of the literature, including published case reports, spontaneous reports to adverse event databases, and clinical trials, suggests that black cohosh does not cause weight gain (107907).
General
...Orally or via intramuscular or intrauterine injection, motherwort appears to be generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, stomach irritation.
Topically: Contact dermatitis, photosensitivity.
Intramuscular / Intrauterine: Abdominal pain, erythema, eyelid edema, fever, nausea, pruritus, rash.
Dermatologic ...Motherwort leaves can cause contact dermatitis, and the oil may cause photosensitivity reactions (4). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, mild erythema, rash, and pruritus have been reported (101892,104855).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, use of motherwort in amounts greater than 3 grams can cause diarrhea and stomach irritation (12). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, abdominal pain and nausea have been reported (104855).
Genitourinary ...Orally, use of motherwort in amounts greater than 3 grams can cause uterine bleeding (12).
Immunologic ...Motherwort can also cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals (4). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, transient fever and chills lasting less than 24 hours have been reported (104855).
Ocular/Otic ...Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, transient eyelid edema lasting less than 24 hours has been reported (104855).
General
...Orally, topically, and when inhaled, sage seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, agitation, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.
Topically: Burning, dermatitis, pain.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures associated with the thujone, camphor, and/or cineol constituents.
Cardiovascular ...By inhalation, sage essential oil has been reported to increase the blood pressure of hypertensive patients (10334).
Dermatologic
...Orally, sage extract has been reported to cause acneiform skin eruptions in one patient in a clinical trial (91970).
Topically, sage leaves can cause contact dermatitis (46902,72661,72710). Sage extract can cause burning and pain (10437).
Gastrointestinal
...Orally, sage can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (10810,17177).
Topically, sage extract sprayed into the mouth and throat can cause dryness or mild burning of the throat (72619).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, sage can cause dizziness or agitation (10810,17177). Thujone, a constituent of common sage (Salvia officinalis), is a neurotoxin and can cause seizures (10812,12868). Camphor and cineol, constituents of common sage and Spanish sage, can also cause neurotoxicity and seizures in high doses (10334,12868). Generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been reported in adults, children, and infants after ingestion of sage oil (12868,72666).
Pulmonary/Respiratory
...Orally, sage can cause wheezing (10810,17177).
Occupational exposure to sage dust can cause reduction in ventilatory capacity and chronic respiratory impairment (72672,72682,72686).
General
...Orally, soy is well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea.
All ROAs: Allergic reactions.
Endocrine
...In the 1950s and 1960s, cases of altered thyroid function, particularly goiter, were reported in children taking soy formula.
However, adding iodine to soy formula or replacing soy flour in formula with soy protein isolate has nearly eliminated the risk of altered thyroid function in most infants (75353,75651).
In adults, there is some evidence that soy intake can alter thyroid function. Results from one clinical trial suggests that consuming soybeans 30 grams daily for as little as one month can increase thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and decrease thyroxine, causing diffuse goiters, constipation, fatigue, and lethargy in some Japanese men. Recovery was achieved by discontinuing soybean intake (75206,75353). There is also some evidence that soy inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis resulting in increased secretion of TSH in some postmenopausal patients (7806). However, this seems to only occur in people with iodine deficiency (6466,75311). In postmenopausal patients with normal levels of iodine, taking a soy extract for 6 months does not seem to significantly affect thyroid hormone levels (13010).
Evidence from a single case-control study suggests that consumption of soy-based formulas may be associated with an observed three-fold increase in the risk of breast development in Puerto Rican children less than 2 years-old (75520). The correlation has been attributed to the estrogenic activity of soy. However, other risk factors, including a maternal history of ovarian cysts and consumption of meat products were also associated with the increased risk of breast development prior to 2 years of age. Also, the investigators noted that in over half of the cases, the child had not been exposed to soy or any of the other risk factors. Therefore, factors other than soy consumption may be more strongly associated with the increased risk of breast development prior to 2 years of age.
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal upset, such as constipation, diarrhea, bloating, and nausea are the most common side effects of soy (2297,11033,11082,15851,75491,95999). Reports of "bad taste" and taste intolerance have also been documented in clinical research (15851,39007,75491). Firmer stools, diarrhea, colitis, and intestinal mucosal damage has been reported in infants fed soy protein formula (75161,75448,75516,75525).
Genitourinary
...Orally, soy might increase discomfort during menstrual periods.
Evidence from a small, retrospective cohort study has found that consuming soy formula as an infant may slightly increase the duration and discomfort of menstrual periods later in life. However, the investigators noted that these differences may not be clinically significant (7331).
Orally, frequent soy consumption might be a risk factor for uterine leiomyoma, an estrogen-dependent benign tumor located on the uterus. Observational research found that consumption of soy milk or soybean at least four times weekly is associated with a 7-fold increased odds of uterine leiomyoma (98869).
There is some concern that use of soy-based formulas in infants might result in long-term health complications. However, results from a retrospective cohort study has found that intake of soy-based formula as an infant does not affect height, weight, body mass index, pubertal maturation, menstrual history, or pregnancy history, nor does it increase the risk of reproductive organ disorders, hormonal disorders, libido dysfunction, or birth defects in the offspring of adults who received soy formula as infants (7331,11080). Additionally, research in adults shows that urinary phytoestrogens are not associated with endometriosis risk (101804). However, some population research has found that regular exposure to soy-based formulas during infancy is associated with an increased risk for endometriosis (101803).
Immunologic
...Orally, soy can cause allergic reactions such as skin rash and itching in some people (6412).
In an 11-year-old female, allergy to soy protein resulting in a delayed itching papular rash was thought to be responsible for the reaction to injected benzathine benzylpenicillin containing possible soy protein-contaminated soy lecithin (96422).
Topically, soy-based ingredients were responsible for the development of hand atopic dermatitis in a young female using cosmetic lotions in the workplace. Percutaneous sensitization resulted in the development of anaphylaxis to oral soy (96000).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, one clinical study showed that insomnia was more common in postmenopausal adults taking soy isoflavone supplements when compared with those receiving placebo (9917). Some research suggests that dietary consumption of tofu during midlife might decrease cognitive function in later years. Evidence from one retrospective cohort study suggests that males who consume at least two servings of tofu weekly during midlife have increased risk of cognitive impairment in late life (19% vs. 4%) compared to those who consume tofu less frequently. Although the effect of tofu was considered to be marginal compared to other factors such as age, education, or history of stroke, results from the study suggest that the effect of significant midlife consumption of tofu is comparable to the effect of an age difference of 4 years or an education difference of 3 years. However, numerous other factors, such as lifestyle and health, could be involved (6415,6416). Therefore, these findings are too preliminary to be used as a basis for clinical recommendations.
Oncologic
...There is controversy about the role of soy in breast cancer.
Population studies suggest that soy is protective against breast cancer. Asian females who eat a traditional diet high in soy seem to have a lower risk of developing breast cancer (4590,5939,9674). Early exploratory studies have suggested that soy stimulates proliferation of normal human breast tissue (3980,3981). However, taking a soy tablet containing 50 mg soy isoflavones daily for 12 months does not alter mammographic or breast MRI tissue density in adults at high risk of breast cancer, with non-endocrine treated breast cancer, or previously treated for breast cancer and without evidence of recurrence (95999).
There is some concern that soy supplements, but not soy foods, might increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia due to its estrogenic effects. Population and clinical research suggests that soy foods do not have a proliferative effect on endometrial cells (7358,2429,7654,9676,9917), and increased dietary soy and phytoestrogens are associated with reduced endometrial cancer risk (7338,10372). However, the effects seem to be different with concentrated soy isoflavone extract. While taking products providing isoflavones 120 mg daily for 6 months does not increase endometrial thickening (13209), taking higher doses such as isoflavones 150 mg daily for 5 years might increase the risk of simple endometrial hyperplasia (12105). However, there is no evidence that soy isoflavones increase the risk of atypical hyperplasia which has a much higher risk of developing into endometrial cancer than simple endometrial hyperplasia (12105,90973).
There is also concern that increased soy intake increases the risk for other types of cancer. Some observational research has found that higher dietary intake of soy is associated with a higher risk for bladder cancer and pancreatic cancer (9677,105609).
A meta-analysis of results from cohort and case-control studies evaluating the risk of stomach cancer related to consumption of fermented soy products is unclear and inconclusive. The highest quality data from cohort studies suggests that these products have no significant effect on stomach cancer (7340,7341). More research is required to determine if soy products have any correlation with stomach cancer.
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Inhaled soy dust and soy hull aeroallergen can trigger symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis (5084,5085,5086).
General
...Orally, verbena is well tolerated when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
When used in medicinal amounts and in combination with other herbs, adverse effects have included gastrointestinal adverse effects and allergic skin reactions (374,379).
Topically, verbena can cause contact dermatitis (13431).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, verbena in combination with other herbs can cause gastrointestinal adverse effects (374,379).
Immunologic ...Orally, verbena in combination with other herbs can cause allergic skin reactions (374,379). Topically, verbena can cause contact dermatitis (13431).
General
...Orally, vitex agnus-castus is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, fatigue, headache, insomnia, irregular menstruation, nausea, skin irritation, stomach pain, vomiting.
Dermatologic ...Orally, skin conditions such as itching, irritation, urticaria, rash, acne, eczema, and hair loss have been reported (7055,7076,7078,7079,12207,13393,15065,90617,90619,101981).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, gastrointestinal upset or pain, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting, have been reported (7079,12207,13393,15065,90620,101981,101982). In one clinical trial, a single patient reported persistent gastroenteritis while taking vitex agnus-castus (7076). Orally, development of a bezoar resulting in colonic obstruction is described in a 63-year-old male who consumed an unknown amount of vitex agnus-castus seeds (111752).
Genitourinary ...Orally, irregular or prolonged menstrual bleeding has been reported (7055,7079,12207,13393,15065,41489,41490,95326).
Hematologic ...Orally, nosebleed has been reported in a single patient in a clinical trial (7079).
Immunologic ...Orally, multiple abscesses have been reported in a single patient (7055).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, headache, fatigue, and insomnia (7076,7078,12207,13393,13395,15065), confusion (90617), and vertigo (7079) have been reported.
Other ...Orally, weight gain has been reported (12207,13393,15065).
General
...Orally, wild yam is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Fever, headache, upset stomach, and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, wild yam can cause upset stomach and vomiting, especially at higher doses (12,86450).
Hematologic ...In one case report, a 55-year-old female with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had temporary vision loss in the left eye from hemiretinal vein thrombosis 3 days after taking a combination phytoestrogen product containing wild yam 276 mg, dong quai 100 mg, red clover 250 mg, and black cohosh 250 mg (13155). It is unclear if wild yam contributed to this event.
Immunologic ...There are three case reports of anaphylaxis after ingestion of cooked wild yam (96722).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, wild yam can cause headache and fever, especially at higher doses (86450).
