Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan by White Heron Pharm

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Ingredients hide details

Each capsule contains: Radix Panax ginseng 45 mg • Ganoderma lucidum 66 mg • Radix Angelica sinensis 30 mg • Semen Biota Orientalis 45 mg • Semen Ziziphus spinosa 45 mg • Radix Bupleurum Chinense 24 mg • Ramulus Cinnamomi 19 mg • Radix Ophiopogon japonicus 30 mg • Radix Asparagus Cocohinchinensis 24 mg • Radix Rehmannia glutinosa 36 mg • Poria cocos 36 mg.

Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.

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Effectiveness view details

Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

BUPLEURUM (Bupleurum Chinense)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Autoimmune thyroiditis. Oral bupleurum has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with Hashimoto's thyroiditis receiving conventional levothyroxine supplementation shows that taking bupleurum 10 grams in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines for 8 weeks improves thyroid antibody levels, thyroid stimulating hormone levels, depression scores, and anxiety scores when compared with control at 24 weeks follow up. However, TSH levels were normalized by week 8 in both groups, and bupleurum does not improve free T3 or T4 levels (112353). It is unclear if these effects are due to bupleurum, other ingredients, or the combination.
Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Depression. Oral bupleurum has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 55 Chinese studies shows that taking herbal combinations which include Bupleurum chinense root for 2-12 weeks slightly reduces depression severity on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) when compared with fixed standard doses of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Using bupleurum mixtures in combination with SSRIs greatly reduces depression severity on the HRSD when compared with SSRIs alone (104103). However, the validity of this analysis is limited by considerable heterogeneity amongst the studies, which were generally of low quality and at a high risk of bias. There were 49 different bupleurum-containing formulas used in the included studies, and these contained 103 different herbs. It is unclear whether any effects were due to bupleurum, other herbs, or the combinations. It is also unclear what the depression severity was at baseline, whether SSRIs were given in sufficient doses and durations, and whether patients were treatment-naïve.
Dysmenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Hepatitis B. Oral bupleurum has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with chronic hepatitis B shows that taking a specific combination product (sho-saiko-to) 5.4 grams daily for 24 weeks decreases liver enzyme levels when compared with taking this same combination product at a dose of 0.5 grams daily (37391). Another small clinical study in children with chronic hepatitis B shows that taking this same combination product at an unknown dose increases the production of hepatitis B antibodies and increases the clearance of hepatitis B virus when compared with historical controls (37384). However, the clinical significance of these changes is unknown.
Influenza. Oral bupleurum has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with H1N1 influenza shows that taking a specific bupleurum-containing combination decoction (chima qingwen) twice daily for 5 days is as effective as taking oseltamivir 75 mg twice daily for 5 days for improving symptoms by at least 30% (100167).
Liver cancer. Oral bupleurum has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis shows that taking a specific bupleurum-containing combination product (sho-saiko-to, TJ-9, Tsumura and Co.) 7.5 grams daily for 60 months along with conventional medicine reduces the risk of developing liver cancer when compared with conventional treatment alone in patients without anti-hepatitis B antibodies. Taking this combination product did not reduce the risk of developing liver cancer in patients with anti-hepatitis B antibodies (37410).
Pain. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for pain, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Peptic ulcers. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for this purpose.
Respiratory tract infections. Although there has been interest in using oral bupleurum for various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis and the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of bupleurum for these conditions. More evidence is needed to rate bupleurum for these uses.

(Read more about BUPLEURUM)

CASSIA CINNAMON (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Amenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for amenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Angina. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for angina, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Common cold. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Diabetes. Several clinical trials have evaluated oral cassia cinnamon for type 2 diabetes, but results are conflicting. Details: Some clinical studies and meta-analyses of cassia cinnamon have found significant benefits in patients with diabetes (11347,17011,21914,21918,89646,89649), while others have not (14344,16010,17689,21915,21916,89650). Results from meta-analyses are also mixed with respect to lowering fasting blood glucose and lipid levels (89647,108264). A meta-analysis including more than 500 adults with type 2 diabetes show that taking cassia cinnamon 120 mg To 14.4 grams daily for 4-18 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose by an average of 25 mg/dL, total cholesterol by 16 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 9 mg/dL, and triglycerides by 30 mg/dL, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 2 mg/dL (89647). Analyses included studies examining either extract or powder, and two of the studies included used an unspecified type of cinnamon. In contrast, a more recent meta-analysis of studies limited to cassia cinnamon ground bark powder 1-2 grams daily for 40-90 days shows no benefit on fasting blood glucose or lipid levels (108264). Evidence regarding cassia cinnamon's effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is mixed. In patients with type 2 diabetes, a meta-analysis of 18 low-quality clinical studies shows that cassia cinnamon lowers HbA1c by about 0.6% when compared with placebo (113675). However, other studies suggest that cassia cinnamon does not change HbA1c, although some of the studies were too short to detect a change (89647,108264). The individual studies included in the meta-analyses were also small, and very heterogenous in relation to dose, duration, use of conventional medications, and diabetes control at baseline (89647,108264). Cassia cinnamon has also been evaluated in combination with other ingredients. A study in treatment-naïve adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes shows that taking a combination product containing cassia cinnamon extract 100 mg, black seed extract, and ficin extract (NW Low-Glu) 4-5 times daily for 12 weeks reduces HbA1c by 0.6-0.8% and 2-hour postprandial glucose by 25-35 mg/dl when compared to baseline, with similar findings when compared with metformin. However, there were no notable differences in fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and beta cell function (111710). It is unclear if these effects are due to cassia cinnamon, other ingredients, or the combination. In patients with type 1 diabetes, clinical research shows that taking cassia cinnamon daily does not improve fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, or the rate of hypoglycemic episodes (16010,89648).
Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for diarrhea. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in adults with diarrhea shows that taking cinnamon water extract 1200 mg twice daily for 8 weeks increases colonic transit time by about 10 hours but does not improve other symptoms of diarrhea including percentage of bowel movements with diarrhea, Bristol stool scale score, abdominal pain, bowel urgency, or abdominal distension when compared with placebo (111712).
Dyslipidemia. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for dyslipidemia. Details: A meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies in adults with metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and overweight or obesity shows that taking cassia cinnamon daily for 2-4 months reduces total cholesterol by 7 mg/dL, triglycerides by 9 mg/dL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 6 mg/dL but does not increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Subgroup analysis suggests that cassia cinnamon improves lipid profiles of Asian patients but not European or American patients. Additionally, higher doses appear to regulate lipid profiles better, and cassia cinnamon doses above 1.5 grams daily increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by about 2.5 mg/dL. Subgroup analysis also shows that cassia cinnamon only reduces triglycerides for patients with metabolic syndrome and increases HDL cholesterol for patients with PCOS but does not impact total cholesterol for those with type 2 diabetes (111709).
Erectile dysfunction (ED). Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for ED, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Gastritis. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for gastritis. Details: A large clinical trial in adults in Korea with acute or chronic gastritis shows that taking cassia cinnamon 225 mg daily for up to 14 days improves the gastric erosion rate by approximately 1.4-fold when compared with control. A subgroup analysis indicates this effect was most pronounced in patients with chronic gastritis (115487).
Hypertension. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes). The effects of cassia cinnamon in patients with impaired glucose tolerance are unclear; results from clinical research are conflicting. Details: A small clinical study in patients with impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking cassia cinnamon powder 6 grams twice daily for 12 weeks does not improve fasting plasma glucose or insulin sensitivity when compared with placebo (96280). However, another clinical study in overweight or obese patients with impaired fasting blood glucose shows that taking a dried aqueous extract of cassia cinnamon 250 mg twice daily for 12 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose by about 12 mg/dL when compared with baseline, but does not affect fasting insulin levels (93118). Another preliminary clinical trial in overweight or obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking two capsules of a specific combination product, (Glycabiane, PiLeJe) containing cassia cinnamon extract 228 mg, chromium chloride 10 mcg, and carnosine 100 mg per capsule, daily for 4 months decreases fasting blood glucose by 6.5 mg/dL but has no effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin sensitivity, or body weight, when compared with placebo (94234). It is unclear whether these effects are due to cassia cinnamon, ingredients, or the combination.
Mosquito repellent. It is unclear if topical cassia cinnamon is beneficial as a mosquito repellent. Details: Preliminary clinical research suggests that applying a cream containing cassia cinnamon oil 5% to the skin provides protection from mosquito bites. However, the repellency of this cream appears to decrease more quickly over time compared to MeiMei cream (containing citronella and geranium oils) and Repellan S aerosol (containing 19% N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)) (59580).
Muscle cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for muscle cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Nausea and vomiting. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for nausea and vomiting, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
Obesity. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for weight loss. Details: Preliminary clinical research in a small number of patients with overweight or obesity and impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking two capsules of a specific combination product (Glycabiane, PiLeJe) containing cassia cinnamon extract 228 mg, chromium chloride 10 mcg, and carnosine 100 mg per capsule, daily for 4 months does not decrease body weight, BMI, fat mass, or lipid levels when compared with placebo (94234). A very small clinical study in healthy adults shows that drinking a single dose of cinnamon infusion containing 2 grams of powdered cinnamon served along with breakfast does not increase energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis, respiratory quotient, or lipid and carbohydrate oxidation and does not affect appetite responses including hunger, fullness, desire to eat, macronutrient intake, and food intake throughout the day when compared with control. Furthermore, cassia cinnamon intake reduces feelings of satiety and increases energy intake in the first meal after the intervention when compared with control (111707). The validity of these findings is limited by a lack of blinding.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for patients with PCOS. Details: A small observational study in adults with PCOS suggests that taking cinnamon 500 mg three times daily for 8 weeks is associated with decreased body weight, body mass index, insulin resistance, and testosterone but does not appear to alter levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), insulin, or lipids when compared with placebo (113514).
Stroke. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for stroke prevention. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with a mild ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack shows that taking cinnamon (Chinese herbal formula granules, Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd) 5 grams with aspirin 100 mg daily for 90 days, starting within 24 hours of the ischemia, reduces the percentage of patients with a recurrent stroke to 3%, compared with 15% of those taking aspirin plus placebo. There were also modest improvements in levels of plasma lipids, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin, as well as a reduced likelihood of identifying unstable or severe plaques on carotid ultrasound (108265). The use of cassia cinnamon, specifically, was not confirmed; however, this species of cinnamon is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, as indicated in the study.
Urinary incontinence. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for urinary incontinence, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate cassia cinnamon for these uses.

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for atopic dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is limited evidence on the use of dong quai in patients with CKD. Details: A large propensity score-matched observational study over 15 years in Taiwanese adults with CKD suggests that taking dong quai is associated with a 5.1% risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 38% risk of overall mortality when compared with 7% and 56%, respectively, in controls. Higher cumulative doses (i.e., 15 grams or more) and longer duration of exposure (i.e., > 60 days) are also associated with fewer ESRD events (112362). However, the interpretation of these findings is limited by the lack of exact dosage information and retrospective study design.
Coronary heart disease (CHD). Intravenous dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with CHD shows that injecting 20 mL of an intravenous solution containing dong quai, ginseng, and astragalus (Yi-qi Huo-xue Injection) daily for 2 weeks reduces the frequency and severity of angina episodes when compared with placebo. It also seems to increase exercise tolerance and improve left ventricular function when compared with placebo (33046). It is unclear if these benefits are due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
Dysmenorrhea. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Hypertension. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this purpose.
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Oral dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 17 studies conducted in China in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia concludes that adding traditional Chinese medicine combinations containing dong quai root and astragalus root to treatment with conventional medicines improves pulmonary function index, six-minute walking distance, and the Borg scale of perceived exertion when compared with conventional treatment alone (103618). The included studies are of low quality, include a range of treatment durations from 1-12 months, and vary in the conventional medicines and Chinese herb combinations used. The doses of dong quai used were not stated.
Infertility. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for infertility, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Iron deficiency anemia. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for iron deficiency anemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Menopausal symptoms. There is inconsistent and contradictory evidence about the effect of dong quai on menopausal symptoms. Benefits have only been seen when it is used in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Some clinical research shows that taking dong quai, 1.5 grams three times daily for 24 weeks, does not affect menopausal symptoms (738). Other clinical research shows that dong quai improves menopausal symptoms when used in combination with other constituents. In one clinical trial, taking five chewable tablets of a specific combination of dong quai and chamomile (Climex) daily for 12 weeks reduced the frequency and severity of hot flushes when compared with placebo (48445). In another trial, taking a combination providing dong quai 75 mg, along with American ginseng, black cohosh, milk thistle, red clover, and vitex agnus-castus (Phyto-Female Complex) twice daily for 3 months reduces menopausal symptoms, including the number and intensity of hot flushes, the number of night sweats, and sleep quality (19552). Taking another combination product containing dong quai, burdock root, licorice root, motherwort, and Mexican wild yam root, 500 mg three times daily for 3 months, also reduces menopausal symptoms when compared with placebo (48522). It is unclear if the beneficial effects in these studies were due to dong quai, other ingredients, or a combination of ingredients.
Migraine headache. Oral dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with menstrual migraine shows that taking a combination of soy isoflavones 60 mg, dong quai 100 mg, and black cohosh 50 mg daily for 24 weeks reduces the frequency of attacks when compared with placebo (35797). It is unclear if this effect is due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
Osteoporosis. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for osteoporosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Peptic ulcers. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Premature ejaculation. Topical dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In one preliminary clinical trial in patients with premature ejaculation, a multi-ingredient cream preparation (SS Cream) containing dong quai, Panax ginseng root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, Torlidis seed, clove flower, Asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom was applied to the glans penis 1 hour prior to intercourse and washed off immediately before intercourse. Patients using the cream had significantly improved ejaculatory latency when compared with placebo cream (2537). It is unclear if this effect is due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Psoriasis. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Pulmonary hypertension. Preliminary clinical research shows that intravenous dong quai may be effective in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Details: Some preliminary clinical research in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension shows that intravenous administration of 250 mL of a solution containing dong quai 25%, once daily for 5-10 days, reduces pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance when compared to baseline (48438,48442,48443). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of comparator groups.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
Stroke. Preliminary evidence does not support the use of intravenous dong quai for acute ischemic stroke. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with acute ischemic stroke shows that administering 200 mL of a solution containing dong quai 25% intravenously daily for 20 days does not improve neurological symptoms when compared with dextran-40 (48483). More evidence is needed to rate dong quai for these uses.

(Read more about DONG QUAI)

ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Biota Orientalis)

There is insufficient reliable information is available about the effectiveness of oriental arborvitae.

PANAX GINSENG

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

Cognitive function. In middle-aged individuals, but not young adults, oral Panax ginseng seems to improve abstract thinking, attention, arithmetic skills, and reaction time. Any benefit to memory seems to be dependent on the inclusion of ginkgo. Details: Some clinical evidence shows that taking Panax ginseng orally can improve abstract thinking, attention, mental arithmetic skills, and reaction times in healthy, middle-aged people; however, Panax ginseng does not seem to improve these outcomes in young adults (2064,23596,23599,23608,23609,54374). While Panax ginseng alone does not seem to improve memory (2064), there is some evidence that a combination of Panax ginseng (G115) and ginkgo leaf (GK501) extract 80-320 mg daily for 12 weeks can improve memory in otherwise healthy people or people with neurasthenia 38-66 years of age (8591,9759,87984,88046). In clinical trials, various doses have been used. These include a specific Panax ginseng extract (G115, Pharmaton SA, Lugano) 200-400 mg once daily or in two divided doses for up to 12 weeks, or 200-960 mg administered as a single dose (8591,23596,23599,23608,23609,54374,88046). Another extract (Gerimax Ginseng Extract; Dansk Droge A/S Ishoj) 400 mg daily for 8 weeks has also been used (2064).
Erectile dysfunction (ED). Oral Panax ginseng seems to improve sexual function in people with ED. Details: Taking Panax ginseng orally for 8 weeks seems to improve sexual function in adults with ED (8813,23637,23638,89747). Doses used in clinical research have included extract from the juice and pulp of 4 year-old Panax ginseng berry 700 mg twice daily (89747), tissue-cultured mountain ginseng extract 1000 mg twice daily (23638), and Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, 1000-2700 mg daily (8813,112840). Panax ginseng has also been studied in adults with symptoms of ED that are associated with an enlarged prostate. A small clinical study in adult males with moderate lower urinary tract symptoms shows that taking a specific extract of Korean red ginseng (RXGIN, Jung Kwan Jang), a type of Panax ginseng, 1000 mg daily for 12 weeks improves symptoms of sexual dysfunction including erectile function, sexual desire, orgasmic function, and intercourse satisfaction when compared with placebo. However, there was no improvement reported in overall satisfaction. Most symptoms of ED except sexual desire had not significantly improved by 6 weeks, suggesting that longer durations of at least 12 weeks may be needed for Panax ginseng to significantly improve ED symptoms (112840). Additionally, Panax ginseng has been evaluated in combination with other ingredients. A moderate-sized, open-label clinical study in adults with mild-to-moderate ED shows that taking a specific combination supplement (Icarifil, Anvest Health S.p.A) containing Panax ginseng 150 mg, L-carnitine, L-citrulline, tribulus, and other ingredients daily for 3 months improves patient-reported erectile function when compared to baseline. Additionally, taking the supplement with tadalafil improves some, but not all, patient-reported assessments of erectile function when compared with taking tadalafil alone (114989). It is unclear if this effect is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination. Additionally, the interpretation of these results is limited by poor methodology, including the use of per-protocol analysis and lack of a placebo group.
Influenza. Oral Panax ginseng seems to modestly reduce the risk of developing influenza. However, it might not reduce the severity or duration of symptoms. Details: Some preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng extract (G115) 200 mg daily, beginning 4 weeks prior to influenza vaccination and continuing for 8 weeks thereafter, can decrease the relative risk of getting the flu or common cold by 65% when compared with placebo (589). Also, clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking Panax ginseng extract 1 gram three times daily for 12 weeks reduces the relative risk of developing an acute influenza infection by 45% when compared with placebo. However, taking Panax ginseng does not seem to affect symptom duration or severity (89746).
Multiple sclerosis-related fatigue. Oral Panax ginseng seems to reduce fatigue and improve quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Details: Clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng 250 mg twice daily for 3 months improves symptoms of fatigue and quality of life when compared with placebo in female patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Females taking Panax ginseng experienced a 75% reduction in fatigue, compared with no change in the placebo group; quality of life was increased by 19.9 points in the Panax ginseng group, compared with only 4.2 in the placebo group (89745).
Sexual arousal. Oral Panax ginseng, alone or in combination with other ingredients, seems to improve sexual arousal in postmenopausal adults or females with sexual dysfunction. Details: Taking Korean red ginseng, a specific form of Panax ginseng, 3 grams daily for 8 weeks seems to improve sexual arousal and satisfaction when compared with placebo in postmenopausal adults (23630). Also, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific combination product (ArginMax for Women, Daily Wellness Company) containing ginkgo leaf extract, Panax ginseng root extract, damiana leaf extract, L-arginine, multivitamins, and minerals for 4 weeks can improve sexual satisfaction when compared with placebo in females who are self-reported to have sexual dysfunction (23635,46933). It is unclear if this effect is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

Athletic performance. Most research shows that oral Panax ginseng does not improve athletic performance. Details: Taking Panax ginseng 0.4 to 3 grams daily orally for up to 8 weeks, or as a single dose 200 mg one hour prior to exercise, does not improve aerobic exercise capacity (1427,4230,4231,23646,23647,89737,114981). Higher doses of Panax ginseng also do not seem to improve athletic performance. A small study in young athletes shows that taking Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg (about 5-7 grams, standardized to 10% ginsenosides) daily in three divided doses for 8 days does not improve squat exercise performance, although it might modestly improve perceived exertion, when compared with placebo (103045). Similarly, a small clinical study in adult male recreational athletes shows that taking Panax ginseng extract 500 mg daily for 14 days does not improve 10-kilometer running times when compared with placebo (114981).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Aging. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for aging, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Anthracycline cardiotoxicity. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng protects against anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Details: A very small clinical study in adults with non-metastatic HER-2 negative breast cancer being treated with anthracycline-based chemotherapy in Iran shows that taking Panax ginseng rhizome powder 1000 mg daily starting on the first day of doxorubicin administration until one week after completion of the eighth doxorubicin cycle improves left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 1% when compared with placebo, which was associated with a 7% reduction in LVEF. Treatment with Panax ginseng also reduces the incidence of chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction when compared with placebo, an effect that endured over a 6-month follow up period. However, Panax ginseng did not improve the cardiac biomarker high-sensitive cardiac troponin I or transthoracic echocardiographic measurements of left atrium diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, or left ventricular end-diastolic diameter when compared with placebo (112817).
Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oral Panax ginseng has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small low-quality study in children with ADHD aged 6-12 years shows that taking Panax ginseng extract 3 mg with omega-3 fatty acids 500 mg daily for 12 weeks improves overall symptoms, reduces errors of commission, and improves reaction time when compared with baseline (103049). The validity of this study was limited by the lack of a comparator group. Also, it is unclear if these changes are due to Panax ginseng, omega-3 fatty acids, or the combination.
Age-related cognitive decline. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in age-related cognitive decline. Details: Clinical research in patients over 50 years of age with memory impairments shows that taking standardized ginseng extract (G115) in combination with vitamins, minerals, and dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate may improve memory when compared to baseline (23600). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group. Also, it is unclear if these changes are due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in allergic rhinitis. Details: A small clinical study in adults with allergic rhinitis shows that taking Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng Corporation) 3 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks improves rhinorrhea, nasal itch, and eye itch when compared to baseline (103047). The validity of this study is limited because it did not report statistical comparisons between the treatment and control groups.
Alzheimer disease. Some preliminary clinical studies suggest that oral Panax ginseng might improve cognitive performance in patients with this condition. Details: Clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng root 4.5 to 9 grams daily for 12 weeks can improve cognitive performance in patients with Alzheimer disease when compared with control (23611,23612). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of patient and caregiver blinding.
Androgenic alopecia. Topical Panax ginseng has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients with androgenic alopecia shows that applying 1 mL of a topical combination product (Hirsuit hair tonic, Dermcor Pharmaceutical) containing Panax ginseng extract, biochanin A (from red clover), acetyl tetrapeptide-3, Salvia officinalis oil, and other ingredients, twice daily for 24 weeks, is similarly effective to minoxidil 3% solution for increasing hair count and mass (105672). It is unclear if the benefit is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Aplastic anemia. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for aplastic anemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for treating lower urinary tract symptoms. Details: A small clinical study in adults with moderate lower urinary tract symptoms shows that taking a specific extract of Korean red ginseng (RXGIN, Jung Kwan Jang), a type of Panax ginseng, 1000 mg daily for 12 weeks reduces serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and improves most prostate symptoms including residual urine sensation, frequency, intermittency, urgency, weak stream, straining, and nocturia after 6 and 12 weeks when compared with placebo. However, there was no improvement in maximum urinary flow rate or post-void residual volume when compared with placebo (112840).
Breast cancer. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in breast cancer. Details: Observational research in Chinese patients with breast cancer suggests that regular use of ginseng, including either Panax ginseng or American ginseng, is associated with higher quality of life scores and a lower risk of overall mortality, breast cancer-related mortality, and breast cancer recurrence when compared with patients who do not take ginseng (14466). However, ginseng users were also significantly more likely to have been treated with tamoxifen. Another small clinical study in adults with non-metastatic breast cancer undergoing anthracycline-based chemotherapy in Iran shows that taking Panax ginseng 1 gram daily starting on the first day of chemotherapy until 1 week after completion of the final cycle at 7 or 10 weeks improves social, emotional, and functional measures of health-related quality of life but does not improve physical well-being when compared with placebo (112823).
Bronchitis. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in bronchitis. Details: One small clinical study shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng extract (G115) 100 mg twice daily for 9 days might be beneficial when used adjunctively for treating acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Panax ginseng, combined with antibiotic therapy, might reduce bronchial bacterial counts more than antibiotic therapy alone (8814).
Cancer. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in preventing cancer. However, it might increase quality of life in some cancer patients. Details: Observational research has found that taking ginseng orally might decrease the incidence of cancer, specifically breast, stomach, lung, liver, ovarian, and skin cancer (2063,3122). But evidence from large-scale clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng 1 gram once weekly for 3 years does not reduce the risk of cancer development (23622). However, some clinical research suggests that Panax ginseng may slow cancer progression or improve quality of life in patients already diagnosed with cancer. One clinical study shows that taking sun ginseng, a form of Panax ginseng that has been heat treated, 3000 mg daily orally for 12 weeks can improve quality of life for cancer patients (23643). Evidence from a case series suggests that giving Panax ginseng (also called Cultivated Wild Ginseng Pharmacopuncture) 20 mL daily by intravenous infusion for up to 13 cycles lasting 2-4 weeks each may attenuate the progression of advanced non-small cell lung cancer in some patients (23619,23620).
Cancer-related fatigue. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in cancer-related fatigue. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng 400 mg twice daily for 4 weeks reduces fatigue in 63% of adults with cancer-related fatigue when compared to baseline. Panax ginseng also reduces pain and improves appetite and overall quality of life when compared to baseline. The lack of a control group limits the validity of these findings (96217). Another clinical study in patients with colorectal cancer receiving the mFOLFOX-6 chemotherapy regimen shows that taking Panax ginseng 2000 mg daily for 16 weeks improves fatigue as measured on the brief fatigue inventory (BFI) when compared with placebo. However, when evaluated on the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue scale, no benefit was seen (103048).
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in patients with severe CFS. Details: A nonblinded, observational study in patients with severe CFS, most of whom also have fibromyalgia, shows that taking Panax ginseng daily for one month improves patient reports of energy, overall wellbeing, mental clarity, sleep, pain, and stamina when compared with baseline. Patients took Panax ginseng either as capsules (Terry Naturally HRG80 Red Ginseng Energy capsules; EuroPharma, Inc) 200-400 mg daily or chewable tablets (Terry Naturally HRG80 Red Ginseng Energy chewable tablets; EuroPharma, Inc) 100-200 mg daily. There were no dose- or formulation-dependent differences between groups (107746). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of randomization and placebo-control; additionally, the majority (89%) of patients included in this study were female.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng prevents CKD. Details: A cross-sectional study in Korea suggests that supplemental Panax ginseng or American ginseng use is associated with a higher prevalence of CKD when compared with no supplemental ginseng use. However, no association was found when adjusting the results for potential confounders (112810). The applicability of these results is limited by a lack of subgroup analysis on the type of supplemental ginseng.
Cognitive impairment. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for the prevention or treatment of cognitive impairment. Most research has evaluated Panax ginseng in combination with other ingredients. Details: Preliminary clinical research in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment shows that taking a specific combination product (Memo, Pharco Pharmaceuticals), which contains natural lyophilized royal jelly 750 mg, standardized ginkgo leaf extract 120 mg, and standardized Panax ginseng root extract 150 mg, orally for 4 weeks improves memory when compared with placebo (89712). It is unclear if these benefits are due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination. A moderate-sized clinical study in older adults with subjective memory impairment shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng sprout extract (ThinkGIN, BTC Corporation) 450 mg daily for 12 weeks improves performance on some verbal and visual memory tests and cognitive function as measured with MoCA-Korean version when compared with placebo (114983).
Common cold. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in preventing the common cold. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng extract (G115) 200 mg daily orally beginning 4 weeks prior to influenza vaccination and continuing for 8 weeks thereafter can decrease the relative risk of getting the flu or common cold by 65% when compared with placebo (589).
Congestive heart failure (CHF). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in CHF. Details: A small clinical study in adults with CHF shows that Panax ginseng 2 grams daily, with or without digoxin 0.25 mg once daily for 15 days, seems to improve heart function according to New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification when compared to baseline. Ginseng might also improve hemodynamics and may work synergistically with digoxin (4243). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
Constipation. It is unclear if oral fermented Panax ginseng is beneficial for constipation. Details: An observational study in healthy postmenopausal adults aged 50 years and older in Korea suggests that taking fermented red ginseng 20 mL before meals daily for 3 weeks normalizes stool consistency and increases the frequency of bowel movements when compared to baseline (112837). The validity of these effects is limited by the observational study design, lack of a comparator group, and insufficient blinding.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oral Panax ginseng has primarily been evaluated in combination with other ingredients for improving symptoms of COPD; its effect when used alone is unclear. Taking Panax ginseng doesn't seem to prevent exacerbations. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical trials in patients with stable COPD shows that taking Panax ginseng, usually in combination with other ingredients as part of TCM formulations, significantly improves pulmonary function tests and quality of life when compared with placebo after 3-6 months of treatment. These formulations improve COPD symptoms by approximately 53% when compared with placebo. However, they only modestly improve forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (17736). In contrast, Panax ginseng might not reduce the risk of COPD exacerbations. A clinical study in patients with moderate to very severe COPD shows that taking Panax ginseng 200 mg does not reduce the rate of acute COPD exacerbations over 12 months (103044).
Depression. It is unclear if Panax ginseng is beneficial in depression. Details: In adults with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, a small clinical study shows that taking Panax ginseng 2 grams daily in addition to current antidepressant medications for 6 weeks produces remission in 39% of patients and decreases scores on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale by a mean of 44% when compared with baseline (104954). The reliability of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group, randomization, blinding, and an intention-to-treat analysis, as well as a high drop-out rate.
Diabetes. Research on the use of oral Panax ginseng for improving glycemic control in patients with diabetes is inconclusive and conflicting. Details: A meta-analysis of 6 small clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes using Panax ginseng for 4-24 weeks and 3 small trials using American or unidentified ginseng for 4-8 weeks, shows that taking these ingredients modestly reduces fasting blood glucose, but does not affect glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or insulin levels, when compared with control (105689). This analysis is limited by publication bias, as well as the heterogeneity and imprecision of the included trials. Another meta-analysis of 5 clinical studies in healthy adults and adults with a variety of metabolic disorders including diabetes and prediabetes shows that taking Panax ginseng 200 mg up to 8 grams daily for 4 to 24 weeks does not improve fasting blood glucose, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, or insulin levels when compared with placebo. However, Panax ginseng might improve glucose AUC in these individuals. Subgroup analysis further suggests that the beneficial effect of Panax ginseng on glucose AUC is greater in adults with diabetes than those with prediabetes (112838). Individual small studies have shown modest glycemic benefit with fermented Panax ginseng 2.7 grams daily for 4 weeks or non-fermented Panax ginseng 6 grams daily for 8-12 weeks (23627,89740), and other studies have shown no benefit with Korean red ginseng extract or Korean black ginseng 2-8 grams daily for 4-6 weeks (17734,112839). It is unclear if the effects of Panax ginseng may be dose- or product-dependent. Panax ginseng has also shown some glycemic benefit when used in combination with other ingredients. Panax ginseng extract 750 mg (standardized to 30% ginsenosides) has been used in combination with American ginseng extract 1500 mg (standardized to 10% ginsenosides), viscous fiber 10 grams, and ground white chia seeds 60 grams daily for 24 weeks (105673). It is unclear if this benefit is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Diabetic neuropathy. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in diabetic neuropathy. Details: A small clinical study in patients with diabetic neuropathy shows that taking Panax ginseng extract powder 1 gram daily for 24 weeks seems to improve sensory perception of electric currents, a marker for severity of diabetic neuropathy, when compared with baseline (103051). The validity of this study was limited by the lack of statistical comparison between treatment and placebo groups.
Exercise-induced muscle damage. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for exercise-induced muscle damage, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Fatigue. Most clinical research shows that oral Panax ginseng can reduce fatigue in adults with idiopathic chronic fatigue. However, not all research agrees. Details: Some clinical research in patients with idiopathic chronic fatigue or self-reported fatigue shows that taking Panax ginseng improves self-reported fatigue when compared with baseline or placebo (89743,23623,106665). A small clinical study in patients with idiopathic chronic fatigue shows that taking an ethanolic extract of Panax ginseng 1 gram twice daily for 4 weeks reduces self-reported fatigue by 66% and mental fatigue by 50% when compared with placebo (89743). Another clinical study in adults with chronic fatigue also shows that taking a specific combination product containing Panax ginseng (G115) 80 mg, vitamins, and minerals daily for 7 weeks alleviates fatigue symptoms in 20% more patients when compared with placebo (23623). However, not all research has been positive. A small clinical study in middle-aged patients with idiopathic chronic fatigue shows that taking Panax ginseng, steamed and aged for six years, 3 grams daily for 6 weeks is no different than placebo for reducing fatigue (103052). Notably, this clinical trial had a robust placebo effect.
Fibromyalgia. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for fibromyalgia. Details: Clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng root extract 100 mg daily orally for 12 weeks does not improve pain, fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety, tender point count, or quality of life when compared with placebo in patients with fibromyalgia (89744). A nonblinded, observational study in patients with fibromyalgia, most of whom also have severe chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), shows that taking Panax ginseng daily for one month improves patient reports of energy, overall wellbeing, mental clarity, sleep, pain, and stamina when compared with baseline. Patients took Panax ginseng, either as a capsule (Terry Naturally HRG80 Red Ginseng Energy capsules; EuroPharma, Inc) 200-400 mg daily, or chewable tablet (Terry Naturally HRG80 Red Ginseng Energy chewable tablets; EuroPharma, Inc) 100-200 mg daily. There were no dose- or formulation-dependent differences between groups (107746). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of randomization and placebo-control; additionally, the majority (89%) of patients included in this study were female.
Gallbladder disease. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for gallbladder disease. Details: Clinical research shows that taking Panax ginseng 7.5 grams as an adjuvant to the bile acids chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) 500 mg daily plus ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) 500 mg daily, divided into three doses daily for 24 weeks, does not decrease the total volume of gallstones or increase gallstone dissolution when compared to use of bile acids alone (89748).
Gastritis. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for gastritis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Glaucoma. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for glaucoma. Details: A clinical crossover study in patients with glaucoma shows that taking oral Panax ginseng 1 gram three times daily for 4 weeks improves dry eye severity, daytime visual function, and eye pain when compared with placebo. In a sub-group of patients with early or moderate glaucoma, nighttime visual function was also improved (107744). The validity of this study is limited due to short duration of treatment.
Halitosis. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for halitosis. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, 2.7 grams daily for 10 weeks helps reduce bad breath when compared with baseline, particularly in patients with bad breath caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection (23624). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
Hangover. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for hangover. Details: One small clinical study shows that drinking 100 mL of a drink containing Panax ginseng extract 0.321 mg/mL within 5 minutes of drinking 100 mL blended Scotch whiskey with 40% alcohol and eating a piece of cheese may reduce hangover symptoms by approximately 66% when compared with placebo in healthy males. Levels of alcohol in the blood also appear to be reduced (89742).
Hearing loss. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for hearing loss. Details: Preliminary clinical research in male textile workers exposed to continuous noise shows that taking Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, 200 mg daily for 14 days reduces temporary hearing loss caused by noises at frequencies of 4, 6, or 16 kHz when compared with control. However, Panax ginseng may be slightly less effective than N-acetyl cysteine at preventing temporary hearing loss caused by noise at 4 kHz frequency (89739).
HIV/AIDS. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for this condition. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with HIV shows that taking Korean red ginseng, a particular form of Panax ginseng, along with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) modestly increases CD4 count, but does not affect viral load, when compared with HAART alone (23625).
Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for hyperlipidemia. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical studies in healthy adults and adults with a variety of metabolic disorders shows that taking Panax ginseng 200 mg to 8 grams daily for 4 to 24 weeks reduces total cholesterol by 7 mg/dL and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 9 mg/dL but does not reduce triglycerides or increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when compared with placebo (112838). However, a meta-analysis of up to 28 clinical studies in healthy adults and adults with a variety of metabolic disorders shows that taking Panax ginseng 300 mg to 6 grams daily for 3 to 32 weeks does not reduce total or LDL cholesterol or triglycerides or increase HDL cholesterol when compared with placebo (114985).
Hypertension. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for hypertension. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical studies in healthy adults and adults with a variety of metabolic disorders shows that taking Panax ginseng 200 mg to 8 grams daily for 4 to 24 weeks does not reduce systolic (SBP) or diastolic (DBP) blood pressure when compared with placebo. However, subgroup analysis suggests that Panax ginseng might modestly reduce SBP in people with prehypertension, hypertension, or metabolic syndrome (112838). Smaller individual studies of various forms of Panax ginseng have been evaluated in patients with mild to severe hypertension with conflicting results. Some preliminary clinical research in patients with essential hypertension shows that taking Panax ginseng 4.5 grams daily in three divided doses, alone or with a beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker for 8 weeks, moderately decreases 24-hour SBP (23632). However, in patients with prehypertension or mild hypertension, taking protopanaxatriol-enriched Panax ginseng (Ginseol K-g1) 100 mg or 300 mg daily for 8 weeks does not reduce seated SBP or DBP when compared with placebo (89741). Panax ginseng has also been evaluated in combination with American ginseng. Clinical studies in patients with hypertension with or without type 2 diabetes show that taking Panax ginseng 0.75 grams and American ginseng 1.5-2.25 grams enriched to contain 30% total ginsenosides daily for 12 weeks reduces central SBP by about 5 mmHg and 24-hour SBP by about 4 mmHg, but does not impact DBP, when compared with placebo or a control of wheat-bran (103046,107745). Patients receiving this combination also have greater reductions in daytime SBP, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels when compared with control (107745). It is unclear if these effects are due to Panax ginseng, American ginseng, or the combination; additionally, it is unclear if enrichment with ginsenosides alters clinical effects.
Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for impaired glucose tolerance. Details: In overweight adults with prediabetes, a small clinical study shows that taking hydrolyzed Panax ginseng extract, 320 mg three times daily before meals for 6 months, does not improve fasting blood glucose levels. However, compliance in this study was only 49% (104953). Additionally, a large, cross-over, clinical study in patients with prediabetes initiating a lifestyle intervention shows that taking a Chinese herbal medicine preparation containing Panax ginseng providing ginseng berry saponins 50 mg three times daily for 4 weeks improves 2-hour post-prandial glucose, but not fasting blood glucose, when compared with placebo (114980). Panax ginseng has also been studied in combination with other ingredients. One clinical study shows that taking a combination of Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, and cheonggukjang, a type of fermented soybean paste, 20 grams daily for 8 weeks can decrease fasting blood glucose levels by 17% in patients with prediabetes (23640). Also, taking fermented Panax ginseng 2.7 grams daily for 4 weeks reduces 2-hour postprandial glucose by about 17% and increases 2-hour postprandial insulin levels by about 44% when compared to baseline; when compared with placebo, these changes are significant (89740). It is unclear if these effects are due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combinations.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for these conditions.
Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Liver disease. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for liver diseases, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for these conditions.
Male infertility. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for male infertility. Details: Chronic prostatitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis infection is associated with reduced male fertility due to decreased sperm concentration and motility. Preliminary clinical research in adults with this condition shows that taking 25 mL of a specific product containing L-arginine 1660 mg, L-carnitine 150 mg, acetyl-L-carnitine 50 mg, and Panax ginseng 200 mg (Fertimev) along with prulifloxacin 600 mg daily for 6 months improves sperm concentration and sperm motility when compared to treatment with prulifloxacin alone (59006). It is unclear if this effect is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Menopausal symptoms. Research on oral Panax ginseng for menopausal symptoms has yielded conflicting results. Details: One clinical study in postmenopausal adults shows that taking Panax ginseng extract (G115) 200 mg daily orally for 16 weeks does not improve psychological well-being or reduce vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes when compared with placebo (10981). However, several smaller clinical studies in postmenopausal adults demonstrate beneficial effects with higher doses of Panax ginseng. One study shows that taking Panax ginseng 1 gram (containing 30 mg ginsenosides) three times daily for 12 weeks reduces hot flashes and other symptoms, as measured by the Kupperman index and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), when compared with placebo (89749). Another study shows that taking an extract of Korean red ginseng, a specific form of Panax ginseng, 500 mg 4 times daily for 8 weeks improves fatigue severity scores by 21%, compared with 3% in those receiving placebo (106666). In premenopausal adults with menopausal symptoms following surgery for gynecologic cancer, taking Panax ginseng 1 gram three times daily for 12 weeks reduces the total symptom score on the MRS when compared with baseline. However, there was also a robust response in the placebo group, with no significant difference in symptom reduction between groups (104596). Panax ginseng has also been evaluated for improving genitourinary syndrome and cognition after menopause. A small clinical trial in postmenopausal adults with genitourinary syndrome shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng supplement (Ruginseng, Ghaem Daru Pharmaceutical) 500 mg twice daily for 4 weeks does not affect vaginal maturation index or pH, but seems to improve patient-rated symptoms such as vaginal itching and burning, when compared with a lactose placebo (105670). This study was funded by the supplement manufacturer. In another clinical study, taking a specific combination product (Gincosan) containing Panax ginseng 200 mg and ginkgo 120 mg daily for 6-12 weeks does not improve cognition, memory, mood, anxiety, or sleep when compared with placebo (87767).
Metabolic syndrome. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for metabolic syndrome. Details: A meta-analysis of 23 clinical studies in healthy adults, menopausal adults, and adults with a variety of metabolic disorders shows that taking Panax ginseng 200 mg to 8 grams daily for 4 to 24 weeks reduces glucose area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but does not improve other measures of blood glucose, insulin resistance, blood pressure, lipids, or anthropometric measures when compared with placebo (112838). Additionally, a small clinical study in adults with metabolic syndrome shows that taking Korean red ginseng, a specific form of Panax ginseng, 6 grams daily for 8 weeks modestly reduces systolic blood pressure from baseline, but not when compared with placebo. Additionally, Panax ginseng has no effect on anthropometric measurements, biochemical markers, or other vital signs when compared with placebo (106667).
Nausea and vomiting. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for nausea and vomiting, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for these conditions.
Neuropathic pain. Although there has been interest in using oral Panax ginseng for neuropathic pain, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Panax ginseng for this condition.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for NAFLD. Details: A small clinical study in adults with NAFLD shows that taking Panax ginseng 2 grams (containing ginsenosides 4.5 mg/gram) daily for 30 days modestly reduces fatigue and plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) when compared with placebo. All patients were also given milk thistle dried extract 450 mg (Legalon, Bukwang Pharmaceutical) daily and asked to exercise daily for at least 30 minutes (105671).
Oral cancer. It is unclear if topical Panax ginseng is beneficial for oral health in patients with oral cancer. Details: A small clinical study in patients with oral cancer and poor oral hygiene shows that rinsing with a specific herbal mouthwash (Dr. Dental care liquid, Jangin Pharm Co., Ltd.) containing Panax ginseng 8 mL for 1 minute twice daily for 14 days reduces oral bacterial load and improves oral hygiene and gingival indices when compared with chlorhexidine or saline rinses (114987).
Osteoarthritis. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for osteoarthritis of the hand. Details: A small clinical study in postmenopausal adults with degenerative osteoarthritis of the hand shows that taking oral Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, 1 gram three times daily for 12 weeks improves pain scores at rest, during daily activity, and at work or sport, and also improves disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score when compared with placebo (107747). The validity of this trial is limited due to the lack of objective outcome measures.
Pneumonia. Injectable Panax ginseng has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Oral Panax ginseng has not been evaluated for this use. Details: A meta-analysis of 20 small, low-quality randomized and non-randomized studies in older Chinese adults with severe pneumonia shows that administering an injection containing Panax ginseng extract 0.8 mg/mL and aconite extract 0.1 mg/mL in addition to standard treatment leads to improvement in symptoms such as fever, cough, and chest tightness in 77% of patients as compared with 61% of those who received standard treatment alone. This combination injection may also modestly reduce disease severity and the risk of mortality when compared with standard treatment alone. However, these outcomes were not evaluated in all studies, and dosing regimens were heterogenous (110472). Additionally, it is unclear whether these effects are due to Panax ginseng, aconite, or the combination.
Premature ejaculation. Oral Panax ginseng has primarily been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Applying a multi-ingredient cream preparation containing Panax ginseng, angelica root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, torlidis seed, clove flower, asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom (SS Cream) to the glans penis one hour prior to intercourse and washing off immediately before intercourse seems to improve ejaculatory latency in adults with premature ejaculation when compared with placebo (2537). It is unclear if this effect is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Quality of life. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for quality of life. Details: While some research suggests that Panax ginseng might improve self-rated quality of life (6254,23644), other studies show no benefit (8601,10314). In studies showing benefit for quality of life, doses have included one capsule daily of a specific Panax ginseng extract (Pharmaton Capsules, Pharmaton Natural Health Products) for 12 weeks (6254) and Panax ginseng extract (G115) 40 mg twice daily for 12 weeks (23644).
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for improving symptoms of RA. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in patients with RA, Sjogren syndrome, or both shows that taking Panax ginseng 2000 mg daily for 3 months does not improve fatigue scores when compared with placebo (114984).
Sjogren syndrome. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial in patients with Sjogren syndrome. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in patients with RA, Sjogren syndrome, or both shows that taking Panax ginseng 2000 mg daily for 3 months does not improve fatigue scores when compared with placebo (114984).
Stress. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for stress. Details: A small clinical study in healthy patients with occupational stress shows that taking a specific Panax ginseng root preparation (HRG80) high in ginsenosides daily for 14 days modestly reduces perceived stress and improves attention and memory when compared with placebo. However, taking a standard Panax ginseng preparation with a lower quantity of ginsenosides was no better than placebo (103050). However, a moderate-sized clinical study in adult males shows that taking Panax ginseng 2000 mg daily for 8 weeks does not improve self-reported stress response when compared with placebo (114988).
Stroke. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng prevents stroke. Details: A small clinical study in adults with severe atherosclerosis in major intracranial arteries or extracranial carotid arteries at high risk for ischemic stroke shows that taking an extract of Korean red ginseng, a type of Panax ginseng, 1000 mg twice daily for 12 months does not prevent transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke and does not improve neurological disability, cerebral blood flow, or the incidence of new ischemic brain lesions when compared with placebo (112835).
Traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for asthenic syndrome due to TBI. Details: A small study in adults with asthenic syndrome secondary to mild combat TBI shows that taking Panax ginseng improves autonomic nervous system functioning and asthenic symptoms when compared to baseline (112834). The validity of these effects is limited by a lack of a comparator group.
Vascular dementia. Oral Panax ginseng has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients aged 60 years or older with vascular dementia shows that taking a supplement containing extracts of Panax ginseng, ginkgo, and saffron three times daily for 16 weeks modestly improves some cognitive function scores, caregiver assessed activities of daily living, and patient-reported quality of life when compared with placebo. However, these effects were not maintained after patients stopped taking the supplement (111336). Additionally, it is unclear if these effects are due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination.
Wrinkled skin. It is unclear if oral Panax ginseng is beneficial for wrinkled skin. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking 3 grams of a combination of Korean red ginseng root with Torilus fructus and Corni fructus daily for 24 weeks may reduce wrinkles when compared with placebo. However, it does not seem to affect skin elasticity, moisture, thickness, or color (23645). It is unclear if this benefit is due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination. More evidence is needed to rate Panax ginseng for these uses.

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PORIA MUSHROOM (Poria cocos)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Cancer. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for CFS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for CKD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although there has been interest in using oral poria mushroom for COVID-19, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this purpose.
Dementia. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for dementia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Diabetes. Oral poria mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of generally small clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking Chinese herbal medicine combinations containing poria mushroom for 2-24 weeks along with hypoglycemic medications modestly reduces fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels when compared with control groups taking hypoglycemic agents only. There were also modest improvements in levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and in insulin sensitivity (111920). Given the large number of other ingredients in the available formulations, it is unclear if any beneficial effects are related to poria mushroom, other ingredients in the formulation, or their combination.
Diarrhea. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Endometriosis. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for endometriosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Influenza. Oral poria mushroom has only been evaluated for influenza vaccine enhancement in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking a product containing poria mushroom extract, rosemary extract, and aloe gel powder twice daily for 28 days prior to and following an influenza vaccination does not affect upper respiratory tract illness symptoms, severity, duration, or medication-related use when compared with taking placebo (111921). It is unclear if this study was large enough to detect differences between groups. Also, the effect of poria mushroom itself on influenza vaccine enhancement is unclear.
Tinnitus. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for tinnitus, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for UTIs, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this use. More evidence is needed to rate poria mushroom for these uses.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

REHMANNIA (Rehmannia glutinosa)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Oral rehmannia acteosides might reduce proteinuria when used in conjunction with angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with CKD. Details: A large clinical trial in adults with chronic glomerulonephritis shows that taking rehmannia acteosides extract 400 mg twice daily, in conjunction with irbesartan 150 mg daily, for 8 weeks decreases proteinuria by 36%, compared with a reduction of 28% with irbesartan alone (93662).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Aplastic anemia. It is unclear if oral rehmannia is beneficial in patients with aplastic anemia. Details: A small clinical study in adults with aplastic anemia shows that taking rehmannia polysaccharide (dose unknown), in conjunction with stanozolol, increases the incidence of symptom remission by 45% when compared with stanozolol alone (70704).
Atopic disease. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for atopic disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
Diabetic nephropathy. Oral rehmannia has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large clinical study in adults with chronic kidney disease due to type 2 diabetes receiving standard care with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker shows that taking a specific combination product (Rehmannia-6, PuraPharm) containing rehmannia, Japanese cornel dogwood, wild yam, poria mushroom, Asian water plantain, and peony root bark twice daily for 48 weeks modestly slows the decline in kidney function when compared with standard care alone (112821). It is unclear if this effect is due to rehmannia, other ingredients, or the combination.
Metabolic syndrome. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for metabolic syndrome, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
Obesity. It is unclear if oral rehmannia root extract is beneficial in patients with obesity. Details: A very small clinical study in females with obesity shows that taking steamed rehmannia root extract 4 grams twice daily for 8 weeks decreases waist circumference by 2.6%, but does not affect body weight or body fat percentage, when compared to baseline (93660). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group.
Osteoporosis. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for osteoporosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate rehmannia for these uses.

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

REISHI MUSHROOM (Ganoderma lucidum)

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

Hyperlipidemia. Preliminary clinical studies show that oral reishi mushroom does not improve lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia or type 2 diabetes. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 1440 mg daily for 12 weeks does not significantly improve the lipid profile in patients with hyperlipidemia (70776). Also, a meta-analysis shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 1400-4000 mg daily for 12-16 weeks does not reduce total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes (91435).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Aging. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for aging, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Altitude sickness. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for altitude sickness, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Alzheimer disease. A small clinical study suggests that oral reishi mushroom does not improve Alzheimer disease symptoms. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with Alzheimer disease shows that taking reishi mushroom powder 1000 mg three times daily for 6 weeks does not improve memory, language skills, or quality of life when compared with placebo (97942).
Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Preliminary clinical research suggests that oral reishi mushroom extract can help reduce some lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with BPH. Details: Clinical research in patients with mild to moderate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with BPH, urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, or other conditions, shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 6 mg orally once daily for up to 12 weeks moderately improves total symptom severity measured on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) scale, when compared with placebo (91436,91437). A higher dose of 60 mg daily is not more effective than the 6 mg dose, and a lower dose of 0.6 mg daily is not more effective than placebo (91437). Reishi mushroom extract does not improve peak urine flow rate, residual urine volume, prostate volume, or quality of life when compared with placebo (91436,91437). The relevance of these results is unclear since not all of the patients with LUTS had BPH.
Bronchitis. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for bronchitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Cancer. It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. Details: A meta-analysis of 9 clinical trials using various reishi mushroom products in combination with chemotherapy found that complete and partial responses increased by 30% with combination therapy when compared with chemotherapy alone. However, there was no difference in overall survival (102915). The reliability and applicability of these results are unclear since the trials looked at several different types of cancer, used varying doses and durations of therapy, and were all conducted in China or other Asian countries.
Cancer-related fatigue. It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial in patients with breast cancer and fatigue. Details: Results from a small clinical study in breast cancer patients show that taking reishi mushroom powder 1000 mg orally three times daily for 4 weeks can improve cancer-related fatigue when compared with placebo (91438). However, it is not clear if the improvement is clinically meaningful.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial for reducing CVD risk factors. Details: A meta-analysis of 5 low-quality studies in adults with diabetes shows that taking reishi mushroom 1400-3000 mg daily for 12-16 weeks does not reduce CVD risk factors, including total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body mass index, when compared with placebo (91435).
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for CFS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for CKD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Colorectal adenoma. Limited clinical research suggests that oral reishi mushroom extract may be beneficial for reducing colorectal adenoma size. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with colorectal adenomas shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 1500 mg orally in two divided doses daily for 12 months reduces the number and size of adenomas when compared with no treatment (70774).
Coronary heart disease (CHD). It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial for CHD. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific reishi mushroom extract (Ganopoly, Encore International Co.) 1800 mg orally three times daily for 12 weeks reduces symptoms of CHD, such as chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath, in a greater percentage of patients when compared with placebo (70800).
Diabetes. Evidence on the use of oral reishi mushroom in patients with type 2 diabetes is conflicting. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical research in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 1400-4000 mg daily for 12-16 weeks does not reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or plasma lipids (91435). However, one preliminary clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking a specific reishi mushroom extract (Ganopoly, Encore International Co.) 1800 mg three times daily for 12 weeks reduces HbA1c, but not fasting blood glucose, when compared with placebo (70801).
Fibromyalgia. It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial for fibromyalgia. Details: A small clinical trial in patients with fibromyalgia shows that taking reishi mushroom (MundoReishi Salud S.L.) powder 3 grams twice daily for 6 weeks does not improve mood, quality of life, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, or glycemic or lipid parameters when compared with placebo (108309,108310). However, the study may have been underpowered to detect any differences between groups.
Genital herpes. Oral reishi mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with recurrent genital herpes shows that taking 4.4 grams of a mixture of hot water extracts of reishi mushroom, terminalia, Job's tears, Wisteria floribunda, Trapa natans, and Elfvingia applanata orally once daily for 2 days, then 2.2 grams daily thereafter until outbreak resolution, decreases the time to outbreak resolution by 6 days when compared with previous outbreaks (91434).
Gulf war syndrome. It is unclear if oral reishi mushroom is beneficial for Gulf war syndrome. Details: A very small exploratory clinical trial in adults with Gulf war syndrome shows that taking reishi mushroom extract (JHS Natural Products, Mushroom Science) 1600 mg in two divided doses daily for 30 days does not improve symptoms when compared with placebo. Also, symptoms modestly worsened after an additional 30 days of treatment at a dose of 3200 mg daily (108311).
Hepatitis B. One small clinical study suggests that a specific reishi mushroom extract may reduce hepatitis B activity and improve liver function. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific reishi mushroom extract (Ganopoly, Encore International Co.) 1800 mg orally three times daily for 12 weeks reduces levels of hepatitis B viral DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen, which are markers of hepatitis B activity, and normalizes aminotransferase levels in a greater percentage of patients when compared with placebo (70799).
Herpes labialis (cold sores). Oral reishi mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with recurrent herpes labialis shows that taking 4.4 grams of a mixture of hot water extracts of reishi mushroom, terminalia, Job's tears, Wisteria floribunda, Trapa natans, and Elfvingia applanata orally once daily for 2 days, then 2.2 grams daily thereafter until outbreak resolution, decreases the time to outbreak resolution by almost 4 days when compared with previous outbreaks (91434).
Herpes zoster (shingles). Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for herpes zoster, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Human papillomavirus (HPV). Oral reishi mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with oral HPV shows that taking a combination of reishi and coriolus mushroom powders, 400 mg orally daily for 2 months, clears HPV in 88% of patients when compared with baseline (91433). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
Hypertension. Limited research suggests that oral reishi mushroom may be beneficial in some types of hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 1440 mg daily for 12 weeks does not lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension (70776). However, in other clinical research, taking reishi mushroom extract 330-1440 mg daily for 1-6 months reduces blood pressure in patients with stage II or essential hypertension, but not in those with mild hypertension or diabetes (70786,70802,91435).
Influenza. Although there has been interest in using reishi mushroom for influenza, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using reishi mushroom for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Lung cancer. Small clinical studies suggest that oral reishi mushroom does not reduce the size of lung tumors. Details: A meta-analysis of preliminary clinical research shows that taking reishi mushroom does not reduce the size of lung tumors. However, it may stimulate immune function and improve quality of life in lung cancer patients when compared with control (70779).
Peptic ulcers. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Oral reishi mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical trial in patients with active RA who are taking disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs shows that taking reishi mushroom extract 4 grams in combination with San Miao San (containing 2.4 grams each of atractylodes, phellodendron, and Achyranthes bidentata) daily for 24 weeks does not increase the percentage of patients achieving a 20% response based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria or modify blood markers of disease and inflammation when compared with placebo (70767).
Stress. Although there has been interest in using oral reishi mushroom for stress, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of reishi mushroom for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate reishi mushroom for these uses.

(Read more about REISHI MUSHROOM)

ZIZYPHUS (Ziziphus spinosa)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

Aging skin. Although there has been interest in using topical zizyphus for aging skin, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Anemia of chronic disease. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for anemia of chronic disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Athletic performance. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus to improve athletic performance, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Constipation. It is unclear if oral zizyphus fruit extract is beneficial in patients with constipation. Details: A small clinical study in patients with idiopathic constipation shows that taking zizyphus fruit extract 20-40 drops daily for 12 weeks improves bloating, abdominal pain, difficult evacuation, and quality of life when compared to baseline. Significant improvements in constipation-related symptoms were lacking in patient taking placebo drops (93316). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of statistical comparison between groups.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral zizyphus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19 shows that taking a combination product containing zizyphus, barley, and Assyrian plum 200 mL twice daily for 5 days in addition to standard therapy improves oxygen saturation levels and fatigue but does not improve cough severity or frequency, respiratory rate, or temperature when compared with control (112818). It is unclear if these effects are due to zizyphus, other ingredients, or the combination. It is also unclear if these changes are due to the product or the natural resolution of the condition.
Diabetes. It is unclear if oral zizyphus fruit powder is beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Details: A small clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking zizyphus fruit powder 30 grams daily for 12 weeks reduces measures of insulin resistance and improves measures of insulin sensitivity, but does not affect fasting blood glucose levels or glycated hemoglobin, when compared with placebo (104507).
Diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral zizyphus fruit powder is beneficial in patients with hyperlipidemia. Details: A small clinical study in obese adolescents with hyperlipidemia shows that taking zizyphus fruit powder 5 grams three times daily for one month modestly lowers total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, but does not improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, when compared with placebo (93317). However, a small clinical study in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking zizyphus fruit powder 30 grams daily for 12 weeks does not improve lipid levels when compared with placebo (104507).
Hypertension. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Insomnia. It is unclear if oral zizyphus seed extract is beneficial in patients with insomnia. Details: A very small crossover trial in patients with chronic insomnia shows that taking zizyphus seed extract 2 grams one hour before bedtime for 4 weeks improves sleep quality as measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, but not when assessed on the Insomnia Severity Index, when compared with placebo. While patients self-reported significant improvements in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep onset latency with zizyphus, these findings were not consistent with data gathered from actigraphy wrist watches worn during the study (107921). Zizyphus has also been evaluated in combination with other ingredients. A clinical trial in healthy adults with mild insomnia shows that taking a specific product (LZ Complex3, Sanofi) containing zizyphus 4.5 grams, hops 500 mg, lactium 75 mg, magnesium oxide 52.5 mg, and vitamin B6 10 mg daily for 2 weeks does not improve sleep quality, daytime functioning, or physical fatigue when compared with placebo (95971). Liver disease. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for liver disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Melasma. Oral zizyphus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with hyperpigmentation of facial skin shows that taking a syrup containing extracts of zizyphus and several other herbal plants 7.5 mL twice daily for 8 weeks reduces the number of pigments, total area of pigmentation, and percentage area of pigmentation when compared with baseline and placebo (112816). However, it is unclear if these changes are clinically significant. In addition, it is unclear if these effects are due to zizyphus, other ingredients, or the combination.
Neonatal jaundice. It is unclear if oral zizyphus fruit extract is beneficial for neonatal jaundice. Details: A small clinical study in hospitalized infants with jaundice who are also being treated with phototherapy shows that giving zizyphus fruit extract 1 mL/kg orally three times daily does not significantly reduce levels of bilirubin, but modestly reduces the duration of hospitalization by 0.2 days, when compared with placebo (93306).
Peptic ulcers. Although there has been interest in using oral zizyphus for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose.
Wound healing. Although there has been interest in using topical zizyphus for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of zizyphus for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate zizyphus for these uses.

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Safety view details

Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

BUPLEURUM (Bupleurum Chinense)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Bupleurum has been used with apparent safety as part of a multi-ingredient decoction (sho-saiko-to) for up to 5 years (37391,37410). It has also been used with apparent safety as part of another multi-ingredient decoction (chima qingwen) at doses of up to 40 grams bupleurum daily for up to 5 days (100167).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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CASSIA CINNAMON (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

LIKELY SAFE ...when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods. Cassia cinnamon has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US for use as a spice or flavoring agent (4912) ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Cassia cinnamon up to 2 grams daily has been used safely for up to 3 months (17011,21914). Cassia cinnamon 3-6 grams daily has been used safely for up to 6 weeks (11347,14344). Cassia cinnamon extract corresponding to 3 grams daily of cassia cinnamon powder has also been used safely for up to 4 months (21916).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically, short-term. Cassia cinnamon oil 5% cream applied topically to the legs has been used safely in one clinical trial (59580).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in high doses, long-term. Some cassia cinnamon products contain high levels of coumarin. Coumarin can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299,21920). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg daily can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin use is discontinued (15302). In most cases, ingestion of cassia cinnamon will not provide a high enough amount of coumarin to cause significant toxicity; however, in especially sensitive people, such as those with liver disease, prolonged ingestion of large amounts of cassia cinnamon might exacerbate the condition.

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily has been used safely in adolescents 13-18 years of age for up to 3 months (89648).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of cassia cinnamon when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and stick to food amounts.

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DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Dong quai has been used with apparent safety in a dose of 4.5 grams daily for 24 weeks, or in combination with other ingredients in doses of up to 150 mg daily for up to 6 months (19552,35797). ...when used intravenously as a 25% solution, in a dose of 200-250 mL daily for up to 20 days (48438,48442,48443,48483).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in large amounts, long-term. Theoretically, long-term use of large amounts of dong quai could be harmful. Dong quai contains several constituents such as bergapten, safrole, and isosafrole that are considered carcinogenic (7162). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of dong quai when used topically.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally. Dong quai has uterine stimulant and relaxant effects (8142); theoretically, it could adversely affect pregnancy. Observational research has found that intake of An-Tai-Yin, an herbal combination product containing dong quai and parsley, during the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system, connective tissue, and eyes (15129).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid use.

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ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Biota Orientalis)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the leafy twig is used orally in tea at appropriate doses, short-term. Traditionally, tea made with 6-15 grams of raw or charred leafy twig has been used with apparent safety, short-term (12).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when the leafy twig is used orally long-term or at higher doses. Oriental arborvitae contains thujone. Using thujone-containing herbs long-term or at higher doses may cause harmful adverse effects, including kidney damage and convulsions (12). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oriental arborvitae seed when used orally or about the safety of any part of oriental arborvitae when used topically.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when the leafy twig is used orally during pregnancy. Oriental arborvitae contains thujone (12). Thujone might stimulate uterine activity (19); avoid using. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oriental arborvitae when used topically during pregnancy; avoid using.

LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oriental arborvitae when used orally or topically during lactation; avoid using.

PANAX GINSENG

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Panax ginseng seems to be safe when used for up to 6 months (8813,8814,17736,89741,89743,89745,89746,89747,89748,103044)(103477,114980,114981,114984,114985). Panax ginseng sprout extract has also been used with apparent safety in doses up to 450 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (114983).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally, long-term. There is some concern about the long-term safety due to potential hormone-like effects, which might cause adverse effects with prolonged use (12537). Tell patients to limit continuous use to less than 6 months. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Panax ginseng when used topically.

CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally in infants. Use of Panax ginseng in newborns is associated with intoxication that can lead to death (12). There is limited reliable information available about use in older children (24109,103049); avoid using.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally. Ginsenoside Rb1, an active constituent of Panax ginseng, has teratogenic effects in animal models (10447,24106,24107); avoid using.

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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PORIA MUSHROOM (Poria cocos)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of poria mushroom.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

REHMANNIA (Rehmannia glutinosa)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short term. Rehmannia root extract 4 grams daily or rehmannia leaf extract 800 mg daily has been used with apparent safety for 8 weeks in clinical studies (93660,93662).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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REISHI MUSHROOM (Ganoderma lucidum)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when an extract of reishi mushroom is used orally and appropriately for up to one year (12,5485,70767,70774,70786,70799,70800,70801,70802). ...when whole powdered reishi mushroom is used orally and appropriately for up to 16 weeks (70776,70799,70800,70801,91433,91435,91436,91437,108309).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using

(Read more about REISHI MUSHROOM)

ZIZYPHUS (Ziziphus spinosa)

LIKELY SAFE ...when zizyphus fruit is consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when zizyphus fruit or seed is used orally and appropriately, short-term. Zizyphus fruit powder has been used with apparent safety at doses up to 30 grams daily for up to 12 weeks (93317,104507). Zizyphus fruit extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 20-40 drops daily for up to 12 weeks (93316). Zizyphus seed extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 2 grams daily for 4 weeks (107921). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of zizyphus when used topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when zizyphus fruit is consumed in the amounts typically found in foods. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of zizyphus fruit in amounts greater than those found in foods; avoid using.

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Interactions with Drugs view details

Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

BUPLEURUM (Bupleurum Chinense)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, bupleurum might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.

Details

In vitro research suggests that saikosaponins, constituents of bupleurum, can inhibit platelet aggregation (3159,3156).

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, bupleurum might decrease the effects of antidiabetes drugs.

Details

Animal research suggests that saikosaponins, constituents of bupleurum, can increase blood glucose (37402,37403).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, bupleurum might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.

Details

In vitro and animal research suggests that bupleurum might stimulate immune function (2598,3160,3161).

(Read more about BUPLEURUM)

CASSIA CINNAMON (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, cassia cinnamon may have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.

Details

Cassia cinnamon may lower blood glucose levels, and have additive effects in patients treated with antidiabetic agents (11347,17011,21914,21918,89649). Dose adjustments to diabetes medications might be necessary.

HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, large doses of cassia cinnamon might cause additive effects when used with hepatotoxic drugs.

Details

There is some concern that ingesting large amounts of cassia cinnamon for an extended duration might cause hepatotoxicity in some people. Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299,21920). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg/day can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin use is discontinued (15302,97249). Lower amounts might also cause liver problems in sensitive people, such as those with liver disease or those taking potentially hepatotoxic agents.

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DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; however, research is conflicting.

Details

Animal studies suggest that dong quai has antithrombin activity and inhibits platelet aggregation due to its coumarin components (6048,10057,96137). Additionally, some case reports in humans suggest that dong quai can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (3526,6048,23310,48439). However, clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking 1 gram of dong quai root daily for 3 weeks does not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation or cause bleeding (96137). Until more is known, use dong quai with caution in patients taking antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.

ESTROGENS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, dong quai may reduce the effects of estrogens.

Details

Dong quai has estrogenic effects (6180,7860,15108,15535,48459). Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of dong quai might interfere with hormone replacement therapy due to competition for estrogen receptors.

WARFARIN (Coumadin)

Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = D

Dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with warfarin.

Details

Case reports suggest that concomitant use of dong quai with warfarin can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding (3526,6048,23310,48439). In one case, after 4 weeks of taking dong quai 565 mg once or twice daily, the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to 4.9. The INR normalized 4 weeks after discontinuation of dong quai (3526).

(Read more about DONG QUAI)

ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Biota Orientalis)

None known.

PANAX GINSENG

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Unlikely • Level of Evidence = B

Although Panax ginseng has shown antiplatelet effects in the laboratory, it is unlikely to increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.

Details

In vitro evidence suggests that ginsenoside constituents in Panax ginseng might decrease platelet aggregation (1522,11891). However, research in humans suggests that ginseng does not affect platelet aggregation (11890). Animal research indicates low oral bioavailability of Rb1 and rapid elimination of Rg1, which might explain the discrepancy between in vitro and human research (11153). Until more is known, use with caution in patients concurrently taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Details

Clinical research suggests that Panax ginseng might decrease blood glucose levels (89740). Monitor blood glucose levels closely.

CAFFEINE

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with caffeine might increase the risk of adverse stimulant effects.

Details

Panax ginseng has been shown to have stimulant effects (589,594). Theoretically, caffeine might have an additive effect on the stimulant effects of Panax ginseng.

CYTOCHROME P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) SUBSTRATES

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Severity = Mild • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A1.

Details

In vitro research shows that Panax ginseng can induce the CYP1A1 enzyme (24104).

CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) SUBSTRATES

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6. However, research is conflicting.

Details

There is some evidence that Panax ginseng can inhibit the CYP2D6 enzyme by approximately 6% (1303,51331). In addition, in animal research, Panax ginseng inhibits the metabolism of dextromethorphan, a drug metabolized by CYP2D6, by a small amount (103478). However, contradictory research suggests Panax ginseng might not inhibit CYP2D6 (10847). Until more is known, use Panax ginseng cautiously in patients taking drugs metabolized by these enzymes.

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.

Details

Panax ginseng may affect the clearance of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. One such drug is imatinib. Inhibition of CYP3A4 was believed to be responsible for a case of imatinib-induced hepatotoxicity (89764). In contrast, Panax ginseng has been shown to increase the clearance of midazolam, another drug metabolized by CYP3A4 (89734,103478). Clinical research shows that Panax ginseng can reduce midazolam area under the curve by 44%, maximum plasma concentration by 26%, and time to reach maximum plasma concentration by 29% (89734). Midazolam metabolism was also increased in animals given Panax ginseng (103478). Until more is known, use Panax ginseng cautiously in combination with CYP3A4 substrates.

ESTROGENS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of Panax ginseng might interfere with hormone replacement therapy.

Details

Laboratory research and some case reports suggest that Panax ginseng can have estrogenic effects due to competition for estrogen receptors (590,591,592,6180,10982,10983,10984). The estrogenic activity is attributed to the ginsenoside constituents of Panax ginseng (10984).

FEXOFENADINE (Allegra)

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Severity = Mild • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might decrease blood levels of oral or intravenous fexofenadine.

Details

Animal research suggests that taking Panax ginseng in combination with oral or intravenous fexofenadine may reduce the bioavailability of fexofenadine. Some scientists have attributed this effect to the ability of Panax ginseng to increase the expression of P-glycoprotein (24101).

FUROSEMIDE (Lasix)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might reduce the effects of furosemide.

Details

There is some concern that Panax ginseng might contribute to furosemide resistance. There is one case of resistance to furosemide diuresis in a patient taking a germanium-containing ginseng product (770).

IMATINIB (Gleevec)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might increase the effects and adverse effects of imatinib.

Details

A case of imatinib-induced hepatotoxicity has been reported for a 26-year-old male with chronic myelogenous leukemia stabilized on imatinib for 7 years. The patient took imatinib 400 mg along with a Panax ginseng-containing energy drink daily for 3 months. Since imatinib-associated hepatotoxicity typically occurs within 2 years of initiating therapy, it is believed that Panax ginseng affected imatinib toxicity though inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4. CYP3A4 is the primary enzyme involved in imatinib metabolism (89764).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, Panax ginseng use might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.

Details

Panax ginseng might have immune system stimulating properties (3122).

INSULIN

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with insulin might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Details

Clinical research suggests that Panax ginseng might decrease blood glucose levels (89740). Insulin dose adjustments might be necessary in patients taking Panax ginseng; use with caution.

LOPINAVIR/RITONAVIR (Kaletra)

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Severity = Insignificant • Occurrence = Unlikely • Level of Evidence = B

Although Panax ginseng has demonstrated variable effects on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes lopinavir, Panax ginseng is unlikely to alter levels of lopinavir/ritonavir.

Details

Lopinavir is metabolized by CYP3A4 and is administered with the CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir to increase its plasma concentrations. Panax ginseng has shown variable effects on CYP3A4 activity in humans (89734,89764). However, taking Panax ginseng (Vitamer Laboratories) 500 mg twice daily for 14 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir in 12 healthy volunteers (93578).

MIDAZOLAM (Versed)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, Panax ginseng may increase the clearance of midazolam.

Details

Midazolam is metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Clinical research suggests that Panax ginseng can reduce midazolam area under the curve by 44%, maximum plasma concentration by 26%, and time to reach maximum plasma concentration by 29% (89734). Midazolam metabolism was also increased in animals given Panax ginseng (103478).

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIs)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng can interfere with MAOI therapy.

Details

Concomitant use of Panax ginseng with phenelzine (Nardil) is associated with insomnia, headache, tremors (617), and hypomania (618,23650).

NIFEDIPINE (Procardia)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with nifedipine might increase serum levels of nifedipine and the risk of hypotension.

Details

Preliminary clinical research shows that concomitant use can increase serum levels of nifedipine in healthy volunteers (22423). This might cause the blood pressure lowering effects of nifedipine to be increased when taken concomitantly with Panax ginseng.

QT INTERVAL-PROLONGING DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, Panax ginseng has an additive effect with drugs that prolong the QT interval and potentially increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. However, research is conflicting.

Details

Clinical research shows that short-term use of Panax ginseng can increase the QT interval (4322,96218). However, no changes in QT interval have been identified with prolonged use (4322).

RALTEGRAVIR (Isentress)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with raltegravir might increase the risk of liver toxicity.

Details

A case report suggests that concomitant use of Panax ginseng with raltegravir can increase serum levels of raltegravir, resulting in elevated liver enzymes levels (23621).

SELEGILINE (Eldepryl)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, Panax ginseng might increase or decrease levels of selegiline, possibly altering the effects and side effects of selegiline.

Details

Animal research shows that taking selegiline with a low dose of Panax ginseng extract (1 gram/kg) reduces selegiline bioavailability, while taking a high dose of Panax ginseng extract (3 grams/kg) increases selegiline bioavailability (103053). More research is needed to confirm these effects.

STIMULANT DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, taking Panax ginseng with stimulant drugs might increase the risk of adverse stimulant effects.

Details

Panax ginseng has been shown to have stimulant effects (589,594).

WARFARIN (Coumadin)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Unlikely • Level of Evidence = B

Panax ginseng might affect the clearance of warfarin. However, this interaction appears to be unlikely.

Details

There has been a single case report of decreased effectiveness of warfarin in a patient who also took Panax ginseng (619). However, it is questionable whether Panax ginseng was the cause of this decrease in warfarin effectiveness. Some research in humans and animals suggests that Panax ginseng does not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin (2531,11890,17204,24105). However, other research in humans suggests that Panax ginseng might modestly increase the clearance of the S-warfarin isomer (15176). More evidence is needed to determine whether Panax ginseng causes a significant interaction with warfarin.

(Read more about PANAX GINSENG)

PORIA MUSHROOM (Poria cocos)

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, poria mushroom might decrease the clinical effects of anticholinergic drugs.

Details

In animal research, poria mushroom essential oil reduces acetylcholinesterase activity (111917). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, poria mushroom might have additive effects when used with cholinergic drugs.

Details

In animal research, poria mushroom essential oil reduces acetylcholinesterase activity (111917). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

CNS DEPRESSANTS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, taking poria mushroom extract may enhance the therapeutic and adverse effects of sedatives.

Details

Animal research shows that poria mushroom extract has sedative properties (111916). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

REHMANNIA (Rehmannia glutinosa)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, rehmannia might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.

Details

Animal research shows that rehmannia may have hypoglycemic effects (15061,93668).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, rehmannia might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.

Details

Animal research shows that rehmannia may have hypotensive effects. Laboratory research shows that formulations of dried and processed rehmannia root inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (104272).

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

REISHI MUSHROOM (Ganoderma lucidum)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, high doses of reishi mushroom might increase the risk of bleeding.

Details

A dose of 1.5 grams daily of reishi mushroom does not seem to decrease platelet aggregation, but a higher dose of 3 grams daily does (5476,13235).

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, reishi mushroom might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.

Details

Animal research suggests that reishi mushroom decreases blood sugar (70769). However, in patients with type 2 diabetes, taking reishi mushroom does not reduce fasting glucose levels, and its effects on glycated hemoglobin are inconsistent (70801,91435).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, concurrent use of reishi mushroom with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.

Details

Reishi mushroom has shown hypotensive activity in animal research (5488,70784). Clinical evidence suggests that reishi mushroom reduces blood pressure in some, but not all, patients with hypertension (70786,70802).

(Read more about REISHI MUSHROOM)

ZIZYPHUS (Ziziphus spinosa)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, zizyphus might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.

Details

Animal research shows that zizyphus has hypoglycemic activity (87589,87591,87617,87637,87659,87671). However, a small clinical study shows that zizyphus fruit powder does not reduce fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (104507).

CNS DEPRESSANTS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, zizyphus might cause additive sedative effects when taken with CNS depressants.

Details

Some animal research has found that various parts of zizyphus have sedative effects (87572,87644,87646,87658). However, other animal research shows that zizyphus plant extract does not alter sleep parameters when used in combination with pentobarbital (93308).

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, zizyphus might decrease the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.

Details

Animal research shows that zizyphus induces CYP1A2 enzymes (93311). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.

(Read more about ZIZYPHUS)

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Adverse Effects view details

Report an Adverse Reaction to Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan

Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Fu Fang Ling Zhi Wan. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

BUPLEURUM (Bupleurum Chinense)

General ...Orally, bupleurum seems to be well tolerated. However, most research has evaluated bupleurum in combination with other ingredients; the adverse effects of bupleurum when used alone are unclear.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, a specific bupleurum-containing combination product (sho-saiko-to) has been reported to cause nausea, anorexia, and abdominal fullness (37391). It is unclear if these adverse effects are due to bupleurum, other ingredients, or the combination.

Hepatic ...Orally, a specific bupleurum-containing combination product (sho-saiko-to) has been associated with at least 24 reported cases of hepatotoxicity (92575). It is unclear if these adverse effects are due to bupleurum, other ingredients, or the combination.

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, a specific bupleurum-containing combination product (sho-saiko-to) has been reported to cause fatigue and paresthesia (37391). It is unclear if these adverse effects are due to bupleurum, other ingredients, or the combination.

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, combination products containing bupleurum have been reported to cause eosinophilic pneumonia (354), pulmonary edema (361), and multiple cases of pneumonitis (355,356,357,37404). A specific combination product (sho-saiko-to), used in combination with interferon-alpha in patients with chronic active hepatitis, has also been associated with multiple cases of pneumonitis (358,359,360). It is unclear if these adverse effects are due to bupleurum, other ingredients, or the combination.

(Read more about BUPLEURUM)

CASSIA CINNAMON (Ramulus Cinnamomi)

General ...Orally, cassia cinnamon appears to be well-tolerated. Significant side effects have not been reported in most patients.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Burning mouth, stomatitis.

Dermatologic ...In one clinical trial, a rash was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 90 days (17011).
In one case, a 58-year-old female with a documented allergy to topically applied cinnamic alcohol presented with eyelid dermatitis, which was found to be a manifestation of systemic contact dermatitis to cinnamon in the diet. Symptoms improved in two days and completely cleared five days after discontinuing the addition of cinnamon to food products (95599). In other case reports, two adults presented with allergic contact cheilitis following the ingestion of chai tea with cinnamon and yogurt with cinnamon. Cinnamon components were confirmed as the causative allergic agents with patch tests, and both cases of allergic contact cheilitis completely resolved upon cessation of the cinnamon-containing products (113516,113515).
Topically, allergic skin reactions and stomatitis from toothpaste flavored with cassia cinnamon have been reported (11915,11920). Intraoral allergic reactions with symptoms of tenderness and burning sensations of the oral mucosa have also been reported in patients using breath fresheners, toothpaste, mouthwash, candy, or chewing gum containing cinnamon, cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamic alcohol as flavoring agents. Glossodynia, or burning mouth syndrome, has also been reported in a 62-year-old female who ate apples dipped in cinnamon nightly (95598), and allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in a teenage female using a homemade cinnamon sugar face scrub (95596).

Endocrine ...In one clinical trial, a hypoglycemic seizure was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 3 months. The event occurred one day after enrolling in the study (89648). It is unclear if cassia cinnamon caused this event.

Hepatic ...There is some concern about the safety of ingesting large amounts of cassia cinnamon for extended durations due to its coumarin content. Coumarin can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg/day can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin is discontinued (15302). In clinical trials, taking cassia cinnamon 360 mg to 12 grams daily for 3 months did not significantly increase levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) (21918,96280,108259). However, in one case report, acute hepatitis with elevated AST and ALT occurred in a 73-year-old female who started taking a cinnamon supplement (dose unknown) one week prior to admission. The cinnamon supplement was added on to high-dose rosuvastatin, which may have led to additive adverse hepatic effects. After discontinuing both products, liver function returned to normal, and the patient was able to restart rosuvastati without further complications (97249). In most cases, ingestion of cassia cinnamon won't provide a high enough amount of coumarin to cause significant toxicity; however, in especially sensitive people, such as those with liver disease or taking potentially hepatotoxic agents, prolonged ingestion of large amounts of cassia cinnamon might exacerbate the condition.

Immunologic ...An unspecified allergic reaction was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 3 months (89648).

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

DONG QUAI (Angelica sinensis)

General ...Orally, dong quai is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Burping and flatulence.
Intravenously: Headache.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, dong quai might cause hypertension; according to one case report, a parent and breastfed infant experienced hypertension (195/85 mmHg and 115/69 mmHg, respectively) after the parent consumed a soup containing dong quai root (48428).

Dermatologic ...Dong quai contains psoralens that may cause photosensitivity and photodermatitis (10054,10057,48461).

Endocrine ...In a case report, a male developed gynecomastia after ingesting dong quai tablets (48504).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, burping and gas may occur with dong quai (738).

Hematologic ...In one case report, a 55-year-old female with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had temporary vision loss in the left eye from hemiretinal vein thrombosis three days after taking a phytoestrogen preparation containing dong quai 100 mg, black cohosh 250 mg, wild Mexican yam 276 mg, and red clover 250 mg (13155). It is unclear if dong quai contributed to this event.

Neurologic/CNS ...Dong quai given orally or by injection may be associated with headache (738,48438).

Oncologic ...Dong quai contains constituents that are carcinogenic; however, whether these constituents are present in concentrations large enough to cause cancer with long-term or high-dose use is unknown (7162).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A pharmacist experienced allergic asthma and rhinitis after occupational exposure to dong quai and other herbs (48435).

(Read more about DONG QUAI)

ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (Biota Orientalis)

General ...Orally, taking oriental arborvitae long-term or at high doses might cause adverse effects due to the thujone constituent. Thujone-containing herbs can cause restlessness, vomiting, dizziness, tremors, kidney damage, hallucinations, and convulsions when used long-term or at high doses. Thujone intoxication can cause psychoactivity similar to tetrahydrocannibinol, the active constituent in marijuana. (12).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, thujone-containing herbs such as oriental arborvitae may cause vomiting when used long-term or at high doses (12).

Musculoskeletal ...Orally, thujone-containing herbs such as oriental arborvitae may cause tremors when used long-term or at high doses (12).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, thujone-containing herbs such as oriental arborvitae may cause dizziness and convulsions when used long-term or at high doses (12).

Psychiatric ...Orally, thujone-containing herbs such as oriental arborvitae may cause restlessness and hallucinations when used long-term or at high doses. Thujone intoxication can cause psychoactivity similar to tetrahydrocannibinol, the active constituent in marijuana. (12).

Renal ...Orally, thujone-containing herbs such as oriental arborvitae may cause kidney damage when used long-term or at high doses (12).

PANAX GINSENG

General ...Orally, Panax ginseng is generally well tolerated when used for up to 6 months. There is some concern about the long-term safety due to potential hormone-like effects.
Topically, no adverse effects have been reported when ginseng is used as a single ingredient. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Insomnia.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis, arrhythmia, ischemia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Cardiovascular ...Panax ginseng may cause hypertension, hypotension, and edema when used orally in high doses, long-term (3353). However, single doses of Panax ginseng up to 800 mg are not associated with changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters or increases in heart rate or blood pressure (96218). There is a case report of menometrorrhagia and tachyarrhythmia in a 39-year-old female who took Panax ginseng 1000-1500 mg/day orally and also applied a facial cream topically that contained Panax ginseng. Upon evaluation for menometrorrhagia, the patient also reported a history of palpitations. It was discovered that she had sinus tachycardia on ECG. However, the patient was a habitual consumer of coffee 4-6 cups/day and at the time of evaluation was also mildly anemic. The patient was advised to discontinue taking Panax ginseng. During the 6 month period following discontinuation the patient did not have any more episodes of menometrorrhagia or tachyarrhythmia (13030). Also, a case of transient ischemic attack secondary to a hypertensive crisis has been reportedly related to oral use of Panax ginseng (89402).

Dermatologic ...Orally, Panax ginseng may cause itching or an allergic response consisting of systemic rash and pruritus (89743,89760,104953,114984,114985). Skin eruptions have also been reported with use of Panax ginseng at high dosage, long-term (3353). Uncommon side effects with oral Panax ginseng include Stevens-Johnson syndrome (596).
In one case report, a 6-year-old male with a previous diagnosis of generalized pustular psoriasis, which had been in remission for 18 months, presented with recurrent pustular lesions after consuming an unspecified dose of Panax ginseng. The patient was diagnosed with pityriasis amiantacea caused by subcorneal pustular dermatosis. Treatment with oral dapsone 25 mg daily was initiated, and symptoms resolved after 4 weeks (107748). In another case report, a 26-year-old female presented with itchy exanthem and oval erythematous lesions on the face, neck, and abdomen after consuming a decoction containing Panax ginseng, aconite, ginger, licorice, Cassia cinnamon, goldthread, and peony 400 mL twice daily for 1 week. Pityriasis rosea-like eruption was suspected, but the patient refused topical or oral antihistamines or corticosteroids. The patient continued taking the decoction but with Panax ginseng and aconite removed. After 6 days, symptoms began to resolve, and by 17 days symptom improvement was significant (114986). It is unclear if this reaction was due to Panax ginseng, aconite, the combination, or some other factor. Pityriasis rosea typically resolves spontaneously.
Topically, when a specific multi-ingredient cream preparation (SS Cream) has been applied to the glans penis, mild pain, local irritation, and burning have occurred (2537).

Endocrine ...The estrogenic effects of ginseng are controversial. Some clinical evidence suggests it doesn't have estrogen-mediated effects (10981). However, case reports of ginseng side effects such as postmenopausal vaginal bleeding suggest estrogenic activity (590,591,592,10982,10983).
In a 12-year-old Korean-Japanese male, enlargement of both breasts with tenderness in the right breast (gynecomastia) occurred after taking red ginseng extract 500 mg daily orally for one month. Following cessation of the product, there was no further growth or pain (89733). Swollen and tender breasts also occurred in a 70-year-old female using Panax ginseng orally (590).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, Panax ginseng can cause decreased appetite (3353), constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia (3353,89734,103477,112841,114980,114985), abdominal pain (89734,87984,112841,114985), and nausea (589,87984). However, these effects are typically associated with long-term, high-dose usage (3353). Some evidence suggests that fermented Panax ginseng is more likely to cause abdominal pain and diarrhea when compared with unfermented Panax ginseng (112841).

Genitourinary ...Amenorrhea has been reported with oral use of Panax ginseng (3353).
Topically, when a specific multi-ingredient cream preparation (SS Cream) has been applied to the glans penis, sporadic erectile dysfunction and excessively delayed ejaculation have occurred (2537). Less commonly, patients can experience vaginal bleeding (591,592,3354,23630).

Hepatic ...It is unclear if Panax ginseng is associated with adverse hepatic effects. Cholestatic hepatitis has been reported in a 65-year old male following oral use of a combination product containing Panax ginseng and other ingredients (Prostata). However, it is unclear if this adverse effect was due to Panax ginseng, other ingredients, or the combination (598). An elevation in liver enzymes has been rarely reported in clinical research (114985).

Immunologic ...A case of anaphylaxis, with symptoms of hypotension and rash, has been reported following ingestion of a small amount of Panax ginseng syrup (11971).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, one of the most common side effects to Panax ginseng is insomnia (589,89734,111336,114985). Headache (594,23638,112840,114985), vertigo, euphoria, and mania (594) have also been reported. Migraine and somnolence occurred in single subjects in a clinical trial (87984). In a case report of a 46-year-old female, orobuccolingual dyskinesia occurred following oral use of a preparation containing black cohosh 20 mg and Panax ginseng 50 mg twice daily for menopausal symptoms. The patient's condition improved once the product was stopped and treatment with baclofen 40 mg and clonazepam 20 mg daily was started (89735).

(Read more about PANAX GINSENG)

PORIA MUSHROOM (Poria cocos)

General ...Orally, poria mushroom seems to be well tolerated. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

Immunologic ...Allergic reactions have been reported rarely, including allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma (12).

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REHMANNIA (Rehmannia glutinosa)

General ...Orally, rehmannia seems to be well tolerated.

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REISHI MUSHROOM (Ganoderma lucidum)

General ...Orally, reishi mushroom is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Dizziness, dry mouth, itching, nausea, rash, and stomach upset.

Dermatologic ...Orally, reishi mushroom can cause itching, rash, and other skin reactions (12,5479).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, reishi mushroom can cause dryness of the mouth, throat, or nasal cavity, nausea, stomach upset, and, more rarely, diarrhea (12,70779,91438,108309).

Hematologic ...Orally, reishi mushroom can cause nosebleed and bloody stools (12,91438).

Hepatic ...One case of hepatotoxicity and one case of fatal fulminant hepatitis have been reported in patients who had used reishi mushroom powder for 1-2 months (70766). There is a case report of a 61-year-old male with hypereosinophilia associated with hepatic nodules following the use of reishi mushroom powder for about 2 months. Symptoms resolved after discontinuation of the product. Although these side effects were thought to be associated with the use of reishi mushroom powder, it is unclear if other factors played a role. The patient had been taking tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil potassium for about 4 months following anterior resection for rectal adenocarcinoma but discontinued these agents and initiated reishi mushroom due to liver injury (108312).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, reishi mushroom can cause dizziness (91438). Other rare symptoms include insomnia and headache (70776,70779).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Respiratory allergy to reishi spores can occur (12,5479). Sore throat and runny nose have also been reported (70776,91438).

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ZIZYPHUS (Ziziphus spinosa)

General ...Orally, zizyphus fruit extract and powder seem to be well tolerated.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, zizyphus fruit extract was associated with three cases of mild diarrhea in newborn infants (93306). Zizyphus seed extract was associated with one case of dry mouth and one case of increased bowel movements in a small clinical study (107921).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, zizyphus seed extract was associated with two cases of headache in a small clinical study (107921).

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