Kombucha 250 mg by Digestive Benefits

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging. Although there has been interest in using oral kombucha for aging, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of kombucha for this purpose.
• Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral kombucha for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of kombucha for this purpose.
• Memory. Although there has been interest in using oral kombucha to improve memory, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of kombucha for this purpose.
• Obesity. Although there has been interest in using oral kombucha for weight loss, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of kombucha for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate kombucha for these uses.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when consumed orally after being properly and hygienically prepared (2650,2651,2652,2653).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when non-sterile home preparations are consumed orally. These preparations are at risk for contamination with opportunistic pathogens (2650,2651,2652,2653).

LIKELY UNSAFE ...when consumed orally after being prepared or stored in a container with toxic constituents, such as lead glaze (1366,2655). Lead poisoning was reported in two people who consumed kombucha prepared in a lead-glazed ceramic pot for six months (1366).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally; avoid using.

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ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, kombucha might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Animal research shows that administering kombucha can lower blood glucose levels (57756,109596).

DISULFIRAM (Antabuse) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, kombucha might cause a disulfiram reaction when taken with disulfiram.  Details Kombucha products can contain up to 3.6% alcohol (2650,103179,109594).

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General ...Orally, kombucha seems to be well tolerated. However, kombucha that is prepared in non-sterile environments or stored in containers made with toxic constituents might be unsafe.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal complaints, including nausea and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Cardiac arrest and death.

Cardiovascular ...Two cases of cardiac arrest, one resulting in death, possibly associated with kombucha consumption have been reported (2655,57764).

Dermatologic ...In one case report, topical application of kombucha was associated with cutaneous anthrax infection. However, the kombucha could have been contaminated due to unhygienic preparation conditions (2651,57733,57767).

Endocrine ...In one case, a 22 year-old male with HIV presented with hyperthermia, lactic acidosis, and acute renal failure 15 hours after ingesting kombucha (57748).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, use of kombucha has been associated with reports of stomach problems, nausea, and vomiting (2652,2656,57733,57742). The acidic content of kombucha increases with the duration of fermentation during preparation, which may contribute to development of stomach ulcers (103179).

Hepatic ...Two cases of hepatotoxicity likely related to contaminated kombucha consumption for a month or more have been reported (57761,57733,94519).

Musculoskeletal ...Head and neck pain associated with consumption of kombucha was described in a single patient (2656,57733). In one case, a male developed anti-Jo1 antibody-positive myositis after drinking kombucha (57737).

Neurologic/CNS ...Dizziness associated with consumption of kombucha, possibly due to its alcohol content, has been reported (57733,57762).

Renal ...In one case, a 22 year-old male with HIV presented with hyperthermia, lactic acidosis, and acute renal failure 15 hours after ingesting kombucha (57748).

Other ...Due to the acidic nature of kombucha, toxic elements present in storage containers may leach into the product (2655). In one report, symptomatic lead poisoning requiring chelation decontamination therapy occurred in two people who consumed kombucha prepared in a lead-glazed ceramic pot for six months (1366).

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