VegaLite Chocolate Flavoured [Discontinued] by Thorne Research

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral pea protein for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of pea protein for this purpose.
• Exercise-induced muscle damage. It is unclear if oral pea protein is beneficial for exercise-induced muscle damage. Details: A small clinical study in healthy, untrained males shows that taking a specific type of pea protein (Nutralys S85 Plus, Roquette) 0.3 grams/kg 3 times daily for 5 days after a 90-minute whole-body high-intensity eccentric exercise bout does not reduce surrogate markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, including creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and myoglobin, when compared with whey protein or water (104758). However, the study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups and is further limited by double-blinding restricted only to the protein supplements. The water control did not match the taste, texture, or calorie content of the protein supplements. Another small clinical trial in healthy, physically active older adults shows that taking pea protein 25 grams daily for 10 days prior to and 3 days after a single 20-30 km endurance walk does not improve markers of muscle damage when compared with placebo and may be less effective when compared with whey protein (111729).
• Exercise-induced muscle soreness. It is unclear if oral pea protein is beneficial for exercise-induced muscle soreness. Details: A small clinical study in healthy, untrained males shows that taking a specific type of pea protein (Nutralys S85 Plus, Roquette) 0.3 grams/kg 3 times daily for 5 days after a 90-minute whole-body high-intensity eccentric exercise bout does not reduce exercise-induced muscle soreness when compared with whey protein or water (104758). However, the study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups and is further limited by double-blinding restricted only to the protein supplements. The water control did not match the taste, texture, or calorie content of the protein supplements. Another small clinical trial in healthy, physically active older adults shows that taking pea protein 25 grams daily for 10 days prior to and 3 days after a single 20-30 km endurance walk does not improve muscle soreness when compared with whey protein or placebo (111729).
• Hyperlipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral pea protein for hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of pea protein for this purpose.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral pea protein hydrolysate is beneficial for hypertension. Details: A small clinical study in adults with elevated blood pressure shows that taking a pea protein hydrolysate 3 grams daily for 3 weeks reduces systolic blood pressure by 6 mmHg when compared with placebo. Taking the same product at a dose of 1.5 grams daily does not reduce blood pressure (94973).
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral pea protein has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small open-label study in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS shows that taking two tablets of a specific product (Gelsectan, Noventure) containing pea protein, grape seed extract tannins, xyloglucan, and xylo-oligosaccharides (doses unknown) before breakfast and dinner daily for 6 months improves IBS-related symptoms, including diarrhea, pain, bloating, defecatory frequency, stool consistency, and defecatory urgency when compared to baseline (108881). The validity of this study is limited by a lack of placebo control group.
• Muscle strength. Clinical research on the impact of oral pea protein on muscle strength is mixed. Its effects might be similar to whey protein. Pea protein may be more effective in individuals with lower baseline muscle strength. Details: A clinical trial in physically active, but non-resistance trained, young male adults participating in a 12-week upper body resistance training program shows that taking a specific type of pea protein isolate (Nutralys, Roquette) 25 grams twice daily over the training program does not augment training-induced increases in muscle thickness or strength when compared with whey protein or isocaloric placebo. However, a post hoc analysis of participants with the lowest muscle strength at baseline shows that pea protein supplementation increases bicep muscle thickness more than placebo and to a similar degree as whey protein (95426). Additionally, a very small clinical study in trained adults shows that taking pea protein 24 grams twice daily during an 8-week high-intensity functional training program improves muscle strength to a similar degree as whey protein, while neither supplement appears to impact muscle thickness or body mass (102013). The small study size and lack of an isocaloric, protein-free control limits conclusions that can be drawn from this study.
• Obesity. Although there has been interest in using oral pea protein for obesity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of pea protein for this purpose.
• Postoperative recovery. Oral pea protein has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults undergoing gastrointestinal resection due to cancer shows that consuming a beverage (Providextra, Fresenius Kabi) containing pea protein hydrolysate 11% and carbohydrates 89% the night before (400 mL) and the morning of surgery (200 mL) reduces postoperative hospital stay by almost 2-fold when compared with conventional preoperative fasting (94933). It is unclear if these findings are due to pea protein, carbohydrates, or the combination. More evidence is needed to rate pea protein for these uses.

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POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Food allergies. Clinical research in infants 1 month of age and older with IgE-mediated allergy to cow's milk protein shows that administering either a partially hydrolyzed rice protein formula supplemented with lysine and threonine or a hydrolyzed cow's milk formula until age 24 months results in similar overall growth. Hydrolyzed rice protein formula is also similarly effective to hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for improving the rate of tolerance to cow's milk (97798).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Exercise-induced muscle soreness. Preliminary clinical research shows that taking rice protein isolate (Oryzatein rice protein, Axiom Foods) 48 grams in water immediately after resistance training three times weekly for 8 weeks is as effective for reducing muscle soreness and increasing perceived recovery as taking whey protein isolate 48 hours after each individual session (95674). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a placebo comparator group.
• Muscle strength. Preliminary clinical research shows that taking rice protein isolate (Oryzatein rice protein, Axiom Foods) 48 grams in water immediately after resistance training three times weekly for 8 weeks is as effective for increasing muscle mass and muscle strength as taking whey protein isolate 48 hours after each individual session (95674). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a placebo comparator group.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in food amounts. Pea protein is commonly consumed as a food (94935,94970,94981).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when pea protein is used orally in medicinal amounts, short term. Pea protein has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 50 grams daily for up to 12 weeks (95426,94934,102013,104758,104759). ...when pea protein hydrolysate is used orally, short term. A pea protein hydrolysate has been used with apparent safety at doses of up to 3 grams daily for up to 3 weeks (94973).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using in amounts greater than those found in food.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when rice protein is consumed in food. Rice protein has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the United States for use in food products at concentrations of up to 34.3% (97812). ...when hydrolyzed rice protein is used topically on the hair and skin. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has concluded that hydrolyzed rice protein is safe for use in cosmetic ingredients based on cutaneous tolerance testing in individuals with non-sensitive skin (97802).

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when hydrolyzed rice protein with additional lysine and threonine is used in infant formula as the sole source of nutrition in infants less than 6 months of age, and then as part of the diet until 24 months of age. However, hydrolyzed protein formulas are only recommended for use in infants unable to tolerate cow's milk or other proteins. Breast milk or standard formula is recommended for most infants (97794,97795,97798,97799). Rice is a source of inorganic arsenic, which is known to negatively impact long-term health. The amount of inorganic arsenic in rice protein products or hydrolyzed rice protein-based formulas is not known. Look for products that declare the inorganic arsenic content and provide information regarding its potential risk (97793).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using in amounts greater than those found in food.

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General ...Orally, pea protein seems to be well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.

Immunologic ...Orally, pea protein may cause allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to other foods. A case series describes 6 children who had anaphylactic reactions to pea protein present in a number of food items. Other symptoms included angioedema, urticaria, and asthma. All the children had a history of allergies to other foods including peanuts, tree nuts, chickpeas, lentils, or kidney beans (102012).

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General ...Orally, rice protein seems to be generally well tolerated. Enterocolitis associated with rice protein has been rarely reported in young children (97806,97811). Although rice protein is considered hypoallergenic, allergies to the proteins in rice have been reported when used topically and orally (97802,97806,97811).

Dermatologic ...The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel has concluded that hydrolyzed rice protein is safe for use in cosmetic ingredients based on cutaneous tolerance testing in individuals with non-sensitive skin (97802). However, topical application of undiluted hydrolyzed rice protein has been rarely reported to cause redness (97802).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, rice protein has been rarely reported to cause enterocolitis symptoms of vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration, possibly leading to acidosis and lethargy, in infants and young children (97806,97811). Rarely, enterocolitis symptoms are associated with an allergy to rice protein (97806,97811).

Immunologic ...Orally, rice protein has been rarely reported to cause enterocolitis. These symptoms have been possibly associated with an allergy to rice protein (97806,97811). In one case report of allergic enterocolitis, boiling did not adequately degrade the proteins involved in the IgE-mediated response. However, processing at high temperatures in a retort pouch allowed for adequate degradation (97806).
Hydrolysis of rice protein with enzymatic decomposition, typically used for oral consumption, reduces dermatologic allergic symptoms in most people (97802).

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