| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
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Go-Stone Proprietary Blend
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1000 mg |
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(root)
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(leaf)
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(root)
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(root)
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(berry)
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(root)
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(seed)
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(flowers)
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(leaf)
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(leaf)
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(seed)
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Cellulose, Glycerin, Water Note: vegan capsule
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Go-Stone 1000 mg. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of gravel root.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Go-Stone 1000 mg. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in food. Anise and anise oil have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when anise powder is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Anise powder has been used with apparent safety in clinical research at doses of up to 9 grams daily for up to 4 weeks (94944,94945). ...when anise oil is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Anise oil has been used with apparent safety in clinical research at doses of up to 600 mg daily for up to 4 weeks (94946,94947).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in food.
Anise and anise oil have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of anise when used by children in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in food.
Anise and anise oil have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of anise when taken orally in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Blessed thistle has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of blessed thistle when used in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally (4,12); avoid using.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when taken orally in doses of up to 3 grams daily for up to 12 months (3924,3928,41180,41186,41224,41287,41294,41318,98846,107946)(114011). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of chanca piedra when used topically.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used during pregnancy or in those trying to become pregnant.
Animal research shows that chanca piedra, particularly at high doses, may have contraceptive effects or may increase the risk of low birth weight or birth defects (41183,41316,41317); avoid using.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Dandelion has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (12). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of dandelion when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using amounts greater than those in foods.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in the amounts typically found in foods. Elderberry has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when elderberry fruit extract is used orally, short-term. One specific elderberry fruit extract (Sambucol, Nature's Way) has been used with apparent safety for up to 5 days (5260,12235,103831); another (BerryPharma, Iprona AG) has been used with apparent safety for up to 15 days (91374). A specific elderberry fruit extract lozenge (ViraBLOC, HerbalScience) has been used with apparent safety for 2 days (17022). Other elderberry fruit extracts have been used with apparent safety for up to 12 weeks (21141,21142).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when elder tree leaves and stems, or unripe or uncooked elderberries, are consumed. The unripe green fruit, as well as the leaves and stems of the elder tree, contain a cyanide-producing chemical, which can cause serious toxicity (17020,17021,21143,21144,91374). Cooking eliminates the toxin.
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally for up to 3 days.
A specific fruit extract (Sambucol, Nature's Way) has been used in doses of 15 mL twice daily for 3 days in children 5 years and older (5260,103831).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when unripe or uncooked elderberries are consumed.
The unripe green fruit, as well as the leaves and stems of the elder tree, contain a cyanide-producing chemical , which can cause serious toxicity (17020,17021,21143,21144,91374). Cooking eliminates the toxin.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of elderberry when used for medicinal purposes; avoid using in amounts greater than those found in foods.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Fennel has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when fennel essential oil or extract is used orally and appropriately, short-term. Twenty-five drops (about 1.25 mL) of fennel fruit extract standardized to fennel 2% essential oil has been safely used four times daily for 5 days (49422). Also, two 100 mg capsules each containing fennel 30% essential oil standardized to 71-90 mg of anethole has been safely used daily for 8 weeks (97498). Powdered fennel extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 800 mg daily for 2 weeks (104199). ...when creams containing fennel 2% to 5% are applied topically (49429,92509).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when combination products containing fennel are used to treat colic in infants for up to one week.
Studied products include up to 20 mL of a fennel seed oil emulsion; a specific product (ColiMil) containing fennel 164 mg, lemon balm 97 mg, and German chamomile 178 mg; and up to 450 mL of a specific tea (Calma-Bebi, Bonomelli) containing fennel, chamomile, vervain, licorice, and lemon balm (16735,19715,49428).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Observational research has found that regular use of fennel during pregnancy is associated with shortened gestation (100513).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Case reports have linked consumption of an herbal tea containing extracts of fennel, licorice, anise, and goat's rue to neurotoxicity in two breast-feeding infants. The adverse effect was attributed to anethole, a constituent of fennel and anise (16744). However, levels of anethole were not measured in breastmilk, and the herbal tea was not tested for contaminants. Furthermore, other adverse effects related to use of fennel during lactation have not been reported. However, until more is known, avoid using.
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when products containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) constituents are used orally. Repeated exposure to low concentrations of hepatotoxic PAs can cause severe veno-occlusive disease. Hepatotoxic PAs might also be carcinogenic and mutagenic (12841,12842). Tell patients not to use gravel root preparations that are not certified and labeled as hepatotoxic PA-free. ...when products containing hepatotoxic PAs are used topically on abraded or broken skin. Absorption of hepatotoxic PAs through broken skin can lead to systemic toxicities (12841). Tell patients not to use topical gravel root preparations that are not certified and labeled as hepatotoxic PA-free. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using PA-free gravel root orally or topically.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Gravel root preparations containing hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) constituents might be teratogenic and hepatotoxic (12841,12842). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using gravel root products that do not contain hepatotoxic PAs during pregnancy.
LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) constituents in gravel root are excreted in milk (12841,12842). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using gravel root products that do not contain hepatotoxic PAs during lactation.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Juniper, juniper berry, and juniper extract have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically on limited areas of skin (12230). ...when the oil is used by inhalation and appropriately as aromatherapy (7107). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of juniper when used orally in doses of less than 10 grams of berries or 100 mg of oil daily, short-term. Juniper oil and berry have a long history of traditional use (12,103759).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when used orally in excessive amounts or long-term. Use of daily doses greater than 10 grams of juniper berries (about 60 berries) or 100 mg of juniper essential oil, or prolonged oral use longer than 4 weeks, have been reported to increase the risk of severe adverse effects such as convulsions or kidney damage (8,19,103759).
PREGNANCY: UNSAFE
when used orally.
Juniper can increase uterine tone, interfere with fertility and implantation, and cause abortion (4,19).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Lemongrass has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally or topically, short-term for medicinal purposes. Dried leaves of lemongrass or lemongrass essential oil have been safely used in studies lasting up to 2 weeks (6,12,2612,93950). ...when the essential oil of lemongrass is used by inhalation as a component of aromatherapy (2612).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Lemongrass seems to have uterine and menstrual flow stimulating effects (12); avoid using.
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in food.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately (854,856,857,14000,14333). A specific 10% Oregon grape cream (Relieva, Apollo Pharmaceutical) has been used with apparent safety in studies lasting up to 12 weeks (14000,14333). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Oregon grape when used orally in medicinal amounts.
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally in newborns.
The berberine constituent of Oregon grape can cause kernicterus in newborns, particularly preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (2589).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Berberine, a constituent of Oregon grape, is thought to cross the placenta and may cause harm to the fetus. Kernicterus has developed in newborn infants exposed to berberine (2589).
LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Berberine and other harmful constituents can be transferred to the infant through breast milk (2589).
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Parsley has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts, short-term (12,13173).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when used orally in very large doses e., 200 grams). Parsley oil contains significant amounts of the potentially toxic constituents, apiole and myristicin (11). Apiole can cause blood dyscrasias, kidney toxicity, and liver toxicity; myristicin can cause giddiness and hallucinations (4). ...when parsley seed oil is used topically. Applying parsley seed oil to the skin can cause photodermatitis upon sun exposure (4). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of the topical use of parsley leaf and root.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts.
Parsley has been used orally as an abortifacient and to stimulate menstrual flow (4,12,515,19104,92873). Population evidence suggests that maternal intake of An-Tai-Yin, an herbal combination product containing parsley and dong quai, during the first trimester increases the risk of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system, connective tissue, and eyes (15129).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used in amounts commonly found in foods. Spearmint and spearmint oil have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally or topically for medicinal reasons (11,12). Spearmint extract up to 900 mg daily has been used safely for up to 90 days (94925,101713,101714). Spearmint tea has been consumed safely twice daily for up to 16 weeks (68500,94923).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used in the amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally during pregnancy in excessive amounts.
Animal research suggests that spearmint tea may cause uterine damage (68448). Avoid using in amounts greater than those typically found in foods during pregnancy.
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used in the amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of spearmint during lactation. Avoid using in amounts greater than those typically found in foods.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Stinging nettle root 360-600 mg has been used safely for up to 1 year (5093,11230,15195,76406,96744). ...when used topically and appropriately (12490).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally due to possible abortifacient and uterine-stimulant effects (4,6,19).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Go-Stone 1000 mg. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the levels and clinical effects of acetaminophen.
 Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with acetaminophen decreases peak plasma levels of acetaminophen but does not reduce overall bioavailability (94951). Whether this interaction will occur in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise seed might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
A small clinical study shows that anise seed powder decreases fasting blood glucose levels by 36% when compared to baseline (94953).
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Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of caffeine.
Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with caffeine decreases the bioavailability of caffeine (94951). Whether this interaction will occur in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of codeine.
Details
Animal research shows that anise oil increases the analgesic effects of codeine, possibly by inducing its phase I metabolism and increasing conversion to morphine (94950). Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise might interfere with contraceptive drug therapy.
Details
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Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of diazepam.
Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with diazepam increases the motor impairment associated with diazepam, possibly by inhibiting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 3A4 (94950). Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise might interfere with estrogen-based hormone replacement therapy.
Details
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Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of fluoxetine.
Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with fluoxetine reduces the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine, possibly by promoting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 2D6 (94950). Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise oil might decrease the efficacy of imipramine.
Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with imipramine reduces the antidepressant effects of imipramine, possibly by promoting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 2D6 (94950). Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise oil might increase the effects and adverse effects of midazolam.
Details
Animal research shows that taking anise oil with midazolam increases the motor impairment associated with midazolam, possibly by inhibiting its breakdown by cytochrome P450 3A4 (94950). Whether this interaction occurs in humans is unclear.
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Theoretically, anise might interfere with tamoxifen therapy.
Details
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Theoretically, blessed thistle might decrease the effectiveness of antacids.
Details
There are reports that blessed thistle increases stomach acid (19).
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Theoretically, blessed thistle might decrease the effectiveness of H2-blockers.
Details
There are reports that blessed thistle increases stomach acid (19).
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Theoretically, blessed thistle might decrease the effectiveness of PPIs.
Details
There are reports that blessed thistle increases stomach acid (19).
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Theoretically, chanca piedra might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
Details
In vitro research suggests that methyl brevifolincarboxylate, a constituent isolated from chanca piedra, can inhibit platelet aggregation (41234). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use with antidiabetes drugs might affect glucose control and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Animal research suggests that chanca piedra can have hypoglycemic effects (19,41226,41280,41305,41306,41307). However, a small clinical study in adults with diabetes shows that chanca piedra extract 25 grams orally daily for 1 week does not lower fasting or postprandial blood glucose levels (41186).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of chanca piedra with antihypertensive drugs might have additive blood pressure lowering effects.
Details
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Theoretically, chanca piedra might reduce the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that chanca piedra extract increases CYP1A2 activity (115492). Theoretically, chanca piedra might increase metabolism of CYP1A2 substrates and lower serum concentrations. This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, use of chanca piedra might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that chanca piedra extract inhibits CYP3A4 (115492). Theoretically, chanca piedra might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates. This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of chanca piedra with diuretics might increase diuresis.
Details
Some preliminary clinical research in adults with hypertension shows that chanca piedra has diuretic properties (3928). However, higher quality research in adults with kidney stones shows taking chanca piedra does not increase urine volume when compared with placebo (41202). Until more is known, use cautiously in patients taking diuretic drugs.
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Theoretically, chanca piedra might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Details
Some preliminary clinical research in adults with hypertension shows that chanca piedra has diuretic properties (3928). However, higher quality research in adults with kidney stones shows that taking chanca piedra does not increase urine volume when compared with placebo (41202). Until more is known, use cautiously in patients taking lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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Theoretically, chanca piedra may reduce the effects of norepinephrine.
Details
Animal research suggests that methyl brevifolincarboxylate, a constituent isolated from chanca piedra, can reverse blood vessel contraction caused by norepinephrine (41215).
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Theoretically, taking dandelion root along with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Details
In vitro research suggests that dandelion root inhibits platelet aggregation (18291).
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that dandelion extract may have moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity and might also increase insulin secretion (13474,90926). Also, in a case report, a 58-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who was being treated with insulin developed hypoglycemia 2 weeks after beginning to eat salads containing dandelion (46960).
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that dandelion might inhibit CYP1A2 (12734). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, until more is known, watch for an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 in patients taking dandelion.
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the clearance of drugs that are UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates.
Details
There is some preliminary evidence that dandelion might induce UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, a phase II enzyme (12734).
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Theoretically, through diuretic effects, dandelion might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Details
Animal research suggests that dandelion has diuretic properties (13475). As diuretics can increase serum lithium levels, the dose of lithium might need to be decreased when taken with dandelion.
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Details
Dandelion contains significant amounts of potassium (13465).
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Theoretically, dandelion might lower fluoroquinolone levels.
Details
Animal research shows that dandelion reduces absorption of ciprofloxacin and can lower levels by 73% (13477). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, elderberry might interfere with immunosuppressant therapy due to its immunostimulant activity.
Details
Elderberry has immunostimulant activity, increasing the production of cytokines, including interleukin and tumor necrosis factor (10796).
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Theoretically, elderberry might interact with pazopanib, potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects.
Details
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Theoretically, fennel might increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, fennel might decrease the levels and clinical effects of ciprofloxacin.
Details
Animal research shows that fennel reduces ciprofloxacin bioavailability by nearly 50%, possibly due to the metal cations such as calcium, iron, and magnesium contained in fennel. This study also found that fennel increased tissue distribution and slowed elimination of ciprofloxacin (6135). |
Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the effects of contraceptive drugs due to competition for estrogen receptors.
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Theoretically, fennel might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might interfere with hormone replacement therapy due to competition for estrogen receptors.
Details
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Theoretically, taking large amounts of fennel might decrease the antiestrogenic effect of tamoxifen.
Details
Some constituents of fennel have estrogenic activity (11), which may interfere with the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen. |
Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are substrates of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) (12841,12860). Theoretically, drugs that induce CYP3A4 might increase the conversion of PAs to toxic metabolites. Some drugs that induce CYP3A4 include carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), rifampin, rifabutin (Mycobutin), and others.
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Gravel root is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, gravel root might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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Theoretically, taking juniper berry with antidiabetes medications might cause additive hypoglycemia.
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Theoretically, juniper berry might increase the risk of adverse effects from diuretic drugs.
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Theoretically, juniper berry might reduce lithium excretion and increase serum levels of lithium.
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Theoretically, lemongrass might decrease the metabolism of CYP1A1 substrates.
Details
Animal research shows that lemongrass and its constituent citral inhibit CYP1A1 (97051).
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Theoretically, lemongrass might decrease the metabolism of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
Animal research shows that lemongrass and its constituent citral inhibit CYP3A4 (97051).
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Theoretically, lemongrass might increase the clearance and decrease the levels of glucuronidated drugs.
Details
Animal research shows that lemongrass and its constituent citral induce uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT), the major phase 2 enzyme that is responsible for glucuronidation (97051).
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Theoretically, lemongrass might increase the effects and adverse effects of pentobarbital.
Details
Animal research shows that high doses of lemongrass essential oil increases sleep time and decreases time to fall asleep in animals administered pentobarbital.
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.
Details
Animal research suggests that berberine, a constituent of Oregon grape, can have hypotensive effects (33692,34308). Also, an analysis of clinical evidence suggests that taking berberine in combination with amlodipine (Norvasc) can lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with taking amlodipine alone (91956).
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase the effects and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
Details
Berberine, a constituent of Oregon grape, can reduce metabolism of cyclosporine and increase serum levels. It might inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes cyclosporine (13524).
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Details
Preliminary clinical evidence suggests that berberine, a constituent of Oregon grape, can inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) (34279).
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase serum levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Theoretically, Oregon grape might increase serum levels of drugs that are P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates.
Details
In vitro research suggests that Oregon grape extracts inhibit P-gp efflux (112342).
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Theoretically, parsley might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
Animal research suggests that parsley has antiplatelet effects (68209).
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Theoretically, parsley might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, aspirin might increase the severity of allergic reactions to parsley.
Details
In one case, severe urticaria and swelling were reported after taking aspirin with parsley in an individual with a known mild parsley allergy (5054).
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Theoretically, parsley might increase serum levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that parsley can inhibit CYP1A2 (68176).
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Theoretically, parsley might enhance or interfere with the effects of diuretic drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, parsley might increase the duration of pentobarbital effects.
Details
Animal research suggests that parsley juice prolongs the action of pentobarbital, perhaps by decreasing cytochrome P450 levels (25362). It is not known if this occurs in humans or if this applies to other barbiturates or sedatives.
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Theoretically, large quantities of parsley might increase sirolimus levels.
Details
In one case report, an adult female with a history of kidney transplant presented with elevated blood sirolimus levels, approximately 4-7 times greater than previous measures, after daily consumption of a juice containing approximately 30 grams of parsley for 7 days. Sirolimus levels returned to normal a week after the parsley juice was discontinued (106010).
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Theoretically, large amounts of parsley leaf and root might decrease the effects of warfarin.
Details
Parlsey contains vitamin K (19).
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Theoretically, spearmint might alter the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Details
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Theoretically, high doses of spearmint might increase the risk of liver damage when taken with hepatotoxic drugs.
Details
Animal research suggests that drinking spearmint tea for 30 days can increase markers of liver damage, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cause liver degeneration and necrosis, in a dose-dependent manner (12731). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, stinging nettle might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, combining stinging nettle with diuretic drugs may have additive effects.
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Theoretically, stinging nettle might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Details
Animal research suggests that stinging nettle has diuretic and natriuretic properties, which could alter the excretion of lithium (76402). The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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There is some concern that stinging nettle might decrease the effects of anticoagulant drugs such as warfarin.
Details
Stinging nettle contains a significant amount of vitamin K (19). When taken in large quantities, this might interfere with the activity of warfarin.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Go-Stone 1000 mg. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, anise seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.
Dermatologic ...Topically, anise, in combination with other herbs, has been reported to cause localized pruritus (13483).
Immunologic ...Anise can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Orally or by inhalation, anise can cause rhinoconjunctivitis, occupational asthma, and anaphylaxis (13484). Topically, anise can cause contact dermatitis, rhinitis, and asthma (31319,31341). Contact dermatitis and cheilitis have also been reported following the use of toothpaste containing anethole, a constituent of anise (31403,31528).
General ...Orally, there is limited information available about the adverse effects of blessed thistle when used in medicinal amounts.
Dermatologic ...Topically, blessed thistle can cause an allergic reaction, such as dermatitis, in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family. Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs (12).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, when blessed thistle is used in doses higher than 5 grams per cup of tea, it can cause stomach irritation and vomiting (12).
Immunologic ...Blessed thistle can cause allergic reaction in individuals with sensitivity to the Asteraceae/Compositae family, which includes ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs (12).
General
...Orally, chanca piedra seems to be well tolerated.
However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, use of chanca piedra can cause abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting (99849,107946).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, chanca piedra was associated with cases of visual impairment in one clinical trial (107946).
Other ...Orally, chanca piedra was associated with cases of fatigue in one clinical trial (107946).
General
...Orally, dandelion seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, heartburn, and stomach discomfort.
Topically: Dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.
Cardiovascular ...In one report, a 39-year-old obese woman developed palpitations and syncope after taking a weight loss supplement containing a combination of dandelion, bladderwrack, and boldo for 3 weeks. The patient was found to have prolonged QT-interval on ECG and frequent episodes of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (14321). It is not clear whether dandelion, another ingredient, or the combination of ingredients is responsible for this adverse effect. The product was not analyzed to determine the presence of any potential toxic contaminants.
Dermatologic ...Topically, dandelion can cause contact dermatitis and erythema multiforme in sensitive individuals. Dandelion can cause an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family (13478,13481,42893,46945,46977). Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs.
Endocrine ...In one report, a 56-year-old man with renal impairment developed hyperoxalaemia and peripheral gangrene after ingesting large amounts of dandelion tea (10 to 15 cups daily for 6 months). The adverse effect was attributed to the high oxalate content of dandelion tea (258 mcmol/L) and reduced renal oxalate clearance caused by renal impairment (90639). In another report, a 58-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who was being treated with insulin developed hypoglycemic symptoms 2 weeks after beginning to eat salads containing dandelion (46960). The hypoglycemic effect was attributed to the potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of dandelion.
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal symptoms, including stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and heartburn, have been reported following oral use of dandelion (19146,36931). A case of intestinal blockage has been reported for a patient who ingested a large amount of dandelion greens three weeks after undergoing a stomach operation (46981). Also, a case of hemorrhagic cystitis has been reported for a 33-year-old woman who took a specific herbal product (Slim-Kombu, Balestra and Mech, Vicenza, Italy) containing 20 herbal extracts, including dandelion extract. Symptoms resolved after the patient discontinued using the product, and symptoms resumed when the patient began taking the supplement again four months later. While various ingredients in the supplement may have contributed to the symptoms, it is possible that dandelion extract may have contributed to the effect due to its diuretic, laxative, cholagogue, and antirheumatic properties (46959).
Other ...Orally, products containing dandelion pollen can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis (13479,13480). Also, rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma have been reported after handling products such as bird feed containing dandelion and other herbs, with reported positive skin tests for dandelion hypersensitivity (46948). Dandelion pollen may cause pollinosis, such as allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (18065,46951,46964,46966,46972).
General
...Orally, elderberry extracts prepared from ripe fruit seem to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: When adverse effects occur, they are likely due to ingestion of raw and unripe elderberries, or seeds, leaves, and other plant parts. Due to cyanogenic glycosides, these may cause nausea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, numbness, and stupor. Cooking eliminates the toxin.
Gastrointestinal
...Orally, nausea and vomiting have been reported after consuming a specific elderberry and echinacea product
Vogel Bioforce AG) (95650). However, it is unclear if this was due to the elderberry or Echinacea contained in the product.
Raw and unripe elderberries, and the seeds, leaves, and other elder tree parts might cause nausea, vomiting, or severe diarrhea due to cyanogenic glycosides (17020,17021). Cooking eliminates the toxin.
Hepatic ...In one case report, a 60-year-old female with underlying autoimmune disease presented with autoimmune hepatitis after taking elderberry at an unknown dose for several years. The patient presented with nausea, jaundice, abdominal pain, and abdominal distention. Liver function tests returned to baseline 4 weeks after initiating treatment with prednisone 40 mg daily and discontinuing elderberry (110123).
Immunologic ...Elder tree pollen might cause an allergic reaction characterized by rhinitis and dyspnea in some patients who are allergic to grass pollen. These patients might also experience an allergic reaction to elderberry extracts (11095).
Neurologic/CNS ...Raw and unripe elderberries might cause weakness, dizziness, numbness, and stupor due to cyanogenic glycosides (17020,17021). Cooking eliminates the toxin.
General
...Orally and topically, fennel seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal discomfort, photosensitivity, and allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Seizures.
Dermatologic ...Advise patients to avoid excessive sunlight or ultraviolet light exposure while using fennel (19). Allergic reactions affecting the skin such as atopic dermatitis and photosensitivity may occur in patients who consume fennel (6178,49507).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, fennel may cause gastrointestinal complaints, including nausea and vomiting (19146,104196).
Hematologic ...Methemoglobinemia has been reported in four infants following intoxication related to ingestion of a homemade fennel puree that may have been made from improperly stored fennel (49444).
Immunologic ...A case report describes an 11-year-old male who developed an allergy to fennel-containing toothpaste. Immediately after using the toothpaste, the patient experienced sneezing, coughing, itchy mouth, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, wheezing, difficulty breathing, and palpitations, which resolved within 10 minutes of spitting out the toothpaste and rinsing the mouth. In challenge tests, the patient reacted to chewing fresh fennel root, but not ground fennel seeds (103822).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, fennel oil has been associated with tonic clonic and generalized seizures (12868). New-onset cluster headaches are reported in a 24-year-old female while using a toothpaste containing fennel and camphor for 3 months. The headaches resolved upon stopping the toothpaste (112368). It is unclear if this adverse effect can be attributed to fennel, camphor, or the combination.
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, fennel and fennel seed have been reported to cause bronchial asthma (49478).
General
...Orally, the major concern with gravel root use is its pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content.
These constituents can cause liver and lung injury (12841,12842). Chronic exposure to other plants containing hepatotoxic PA constituents has been associated with veno-occlusive disease (4021). Sub-acute veno-occlusive disease can cause vague symptoms, including colicky pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and ascites within several days; persistent liver enlargement occurs within a few weeks (4021,12842).
Topically, PA can be absorbed through the skin in quantities sufficient to cause systemic toxicity when applied to broken skin or in large quantities (11990).
Gravel root products containing PAs should be avoided. There is currently a limited amount of information available about the adverse effects of PA-free gravel root.
Hepatic ...Orally, gravel root might cause liver damage. The major concern with gravel root use is its hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content (12841,12842). Chronic exposure to other plants containing hepatotoxic PA constituents is associated with veno-occlusive disease (4021). Sub-acute veno-occlusive disease can cause vague symptoms, including colicky pains, vomiting, diarrhea, and ascites within several days; persistent liver enlargement occurs within a few weeks (4021,12842).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, gravel root might cause lung damage. The major concern with gravel root use is its pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) content. These constituents can cause lung damage with pulmonary-arterial hypertension (12841,12842).
General
...Orally and topically, juniper seems to be generally well tolerated when used short-term in low doses.
However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Allergies, skin irritation.
Dermatologic ...Topically, juniper can cause skin irritation. Signs of topical poisoning include burning, erythema, inflammation with blisters, and edema (4). Repeated exposure to the juniper pollen can cause occupational allergies that affect the skin (6). In a case report, a 62-year-old woman developed burn-like blistering lesions after carrying juniper in close contact to her skin. Concurrent sun exposure was thought to worsen the skin irritation caused by juniper (103756).
Genitourinary ...Orally, large amounts of the juniper berry can cause purplish urine (4).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Repeated exposure to the juniper pollen can cause occupational allergies that affect the respiratory tract (6).
General
...Lemongrass is generally well tolerated when taken orally, applied topically, or inhaled as aromatherapy.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Allergic reactions, irritation, rash.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Inhalation: Toxic alveolitis.
Dermatologic ...Topical use of lemongrass essential oil has caused a rash or irritation, possibly due to an allergic reaction (59513,59517,59567,59500). However, allergic reactions to topical use of lemongrass essential oil are rare (2,18).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...There have been two cases of toxic alveolitis associated with inhalation of an unknown quantity of lemongrass essential oil (2).
General ...Information regarding the adverse effects of mullein is limited. A thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Dermatologic ...Two case reports have described dermatitis, with positive patch tests, after topical exposure to the whole plant, or by occupational inhalation of plant dust (92839,97316). In the case of topical exposure, the patient also had positive patch tests to other plants.
General ...Orally, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted. Topically, Oregon grape seems to be well tolerated.
Dermatologic ...Topically, Oregon grape may cause itching, burning, and skin irritation in some patients (854,14000).
Immunologic ...Topically, Oregon grape may cause allergic skin reactions in some patients (854,14000).
General
...Orally, parsley seems to be well tolerated when used low to moderate doses.
Large doses may be unsafe.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally, Hallucinations, hemolytic anemia, hypotension, hepatic impairment, kidney impairment, nephrotic syndrome, paralysis, and thrombocytopenia purpura when taken in very high doses (200 grams parsley oil or 10 grams or more of parsley's apiole or myristicin constituents).
Cardiovascular ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituent, myristicin, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). Adverse effects specifically associated with myristicin include hypotension and bradycardia (4).
Dermatologic
...Orally, parsley oil can cause contact photodermatitis with sun exposure (4).
Topically, parsley can cause contact photodermatitis (4).
Hematologic ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituent apiole, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). Adverse effects specifically associated with more than 10 grams of the constituent apiole include hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia purpura (4).
Hepatic ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituents, apiole and myristicin, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). Adverse effects specifically associated with more than 10 grams of the constituent apiole include hepatic dysfunction (4). Adverse effects specifically associated with the constituent myristicin include fatty degeneration of the liver (4).
Immunologic ...A case of anaphylaxis involving severe angioedema leading to unconsciousness has been reported in a woman who consumed parsley 45 minutes prior to symptoms. The patient responded to epinephrine, antihistamines, intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and 1 mg/kg methylprednisolone. The woman had consumed one cup of chopped parsley nearly every day for several years, but upon skin testing, the patient tested positive to parsley (92869). There is also a report of lip angioedema after consumption of raw parsley. The patient had anaphylaxis to raw arugula, and reported itchy red lesions after contact with the leaves of either raw parsley or arugula. The patient had positive skin prick tests to both plants. The reaction may have been due to oral allergy syndrome, as the patient could tolerate cooked arugula and parsley, but not raw (92870).
Ocular/Otic ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituent, myristicin, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). An adverse effect specifically associated with the constituent myristicin includes deafness (4).
Psychiatric ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituent, myristicin, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). Adverse effects specifically associated with the constituent myristicin include giddiness and hallucinations (4).
Renal ...Parsley contains the potentially toxic constituents, apiole and myristicin, which can cause significant adverse effects at high doses (11). Adverse effects specifically associated with more than 10 grams of the constituent apiole include nephrosis and kidney irritation (4). Adverse effects specifically associated with the constituent myristicin include fatty degeneration of the kidneys (4).
General
...Orally, spearmint is well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Allergic contact dermatitis or cheilitis in sensitive individuals.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, taking spearmint extract 600 mg daily has been associated with one report of tachycardia in one clinical trial. However, it is not certain that this adverse event was caused by spearmint extract (94925).
Dermatologic ...Orally, drinking 2 cups of spearmint tea with normal amounts of rosmarinic acid has been associated with one report of itchy skin in clinical research (94923).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, taking spearmint extract 600 mg daily has been associated with dyspepsia in one clinical trial (94925). Taking a higher dose of 900 mg daily has been associated with diarrhea and belching (94925). Drinking 2 cups of spearmint tea with normal amounts of rosmarinic acid has been associated with one report of dry mouth in clinical research. Drinking 2 cups of spearmint tea containing high amounts of rosmarinic acid has been associated with three reports of constipation and one report of loose bowel movements (94923). Taking 1 mL of spearmint oil equivalent to 500 mg of spearmint has been associated with reports of regurgitation in clinical research (75700).
Immunologic ...Topically, spearmint oil and leaves have caused allergic dermatitis (75711,75731,75737). Allergic contact cheilitis has also occurred from spearmint oil in toothpaste or chewing gum (31403,31528,75706,75739,75777,75790). Spearmint oil inhalation has also caused allergic dermatitis (56955). Orally, spearmint leaves have caused allergy-associated swelling of the soft palate. A specific 50 KDa protein in the spearmint was found to be the responsible allergen (94922). In some cases, spearmint allergy was associated with oral lichen planus of the tongue, lips, palate, buccal mucosa, and gingivae. Observational studies suggest that exposure to spearmint is associated with exacerbation of oral lichen planus as confirmed by patch testing (94924,112844).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, drinking 2 cups of spearmint tea containing high amounts of rosmarinic acid has been associated with two reports of headache in clinical research (94923).
Psychiatric ...Orally, taking spearmint extract 600 mg daily has been associated with one report of anxiety in one clinical trial. However, it is not certain that this adverse event was caused by spearmint extract (94925).
Other ...Orally, taking spearmint extract 600 mg daily has been associated with one report of increased appetite and weight gain in one clinical trial. However, it is not certain that these adverse events were caused by spearmint extract (94925).
General
...Orally, stinging nettle seems to be generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Constipation, diarrhea.
Topically: Contact with the raw plant causes itching, rash, and stinging.
Dermatologic ...Topically, fresh stinging nettle leaves and stalk can cause localized rash, itching, and stinging (12490,76399,76412,76414,76417,76428,76448,96746). Usually, short exposure to stinging nettle results in a transient urticarial reaction and a stinging sensation which may persist for more than 12 hours (76399,76414,76417,96746). In one report, a patient placed a fresh stinging nettle leaf on the tongue to suck out the sap of the leaf. Severe tongue edema, pain, and urticaria developed within 5 minutes. Symptoms continued for several hours after the leaf was removed (15197). In another case report, a young couple intoxicated with methamphetamine fell and laid in a stinging nettle bush for 20 minutes, after which urticaria and pain continued for 2-3 weeks, and a heightened sensitivity to cold persisted for several months (96746).
Endocrine
...A case of gynecomastia has been reported for a 33-year-old male who consumed stinging nettle tea 2 cups daily for one month prior to symptom onset.
The condition subsided one month after discontinuing stinging nettle tea (76410).
There have been two cases of galactorrhea associated with the consumption of stinging nettle for one month (76410,108902). In one case, a 33-year-old female consuming stinging nettle tea showed high levels of estradiol and low levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The levels of these hormones normalized 6 weeks after discontinuing stinging nettle tea (76410). In the other case report describing a 30-year-old female self-treating with stinging nettle 500 mg daily, hormone levels were not reported; however, a mammogram showed scattered areas of fibroglandular density and benign-appearing calcifications. This patient had complete resolution of symptoms 1 week after discontinuation of stinging nettle (108902).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, stinging nettle root can cause gastrointestinal complaints, including diarrhea and constipation (1,7,11230). Stinging nettle above ground parts may cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort when taken on an empty stomach (7035). Stinging nettle juice may cause diarrhea (1). One patient taking a combination product containing stinging nettle root extract and pygeum bark extract (Prostatonin, Pharmaton) experienced continual gastrointestinal pain and hyperperistalsis. It is not clear if this effect was due to stinging nettle or pygeum (70230).
Genitourinary ...There is a case report of decreased ejaculatory volume associated with an herbal blend product containing stinging nettle root extract, saw palmetto extract, pumpkin seed oil extract, lemon bioflavonoid extract, and beta-carotene (5093). It is unclear if this was due to stinging nettle, other ingredients, or the combination.
Hepatic ...A case of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver disease (DILI) is reported in a 36-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain after 1 month of taking an herbal liver detox tea containing stinging nettle and other ingredients. Remarkable laboratory values included elevated liver enzymes, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin. The patient received a loading dose of N-acetylcysteine and was hospitalized for 12 days (112178). However, it is unclear if the adverse effect was due to the stinging nettle, other ingredients, or the combination.
Other ...Orally, stinging nettle root can cause sweating (1,7).
