Each capsule contains: Damiana 10:1 extract 150 mg • Hoodia Gordonii 20:1 extract 133 mg • Chamomile 5:1 extract 100 mg • Yerba Mate extract (containing 20% caffeine) 83 mg • Green Coffee extract (containing 10% chlorogenic acid) 83 mg • Cocoa extract 4 mg. Other Ingredients: Magnesium Stearate, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Vegetarian Capsule (water, hypromellose USP).
Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Hoodia Trim. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Hoodia Trim. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately (13161,14306,14307,14308,15655,15752,17187,92271,92274,103247)(103250,108898). However, cocoa naturally contains caffeine, and caffeine may be unsafe when used orally in doses of more than 400 mg daily (11733,98806). While most cocoa products contain only small amounts of caffeine (about 2-35 mg per serving) (2708,3900), one cup of unsweetened, dry cocoa powder can contain up to 198 mg of caffeine (100515). To be on the safe side, cocoa should be used in amounts that provide less than 400 mg of caffeine daily. Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine naturally found in ingredients such as cocoa does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product. Cocoa and dark chocolate products worldwide also contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. In the US, one ounce (approximately 28 grams) of most commercially available dark chocolate products tested contained levels of lead and/or cadmium above the maximum allowable dose level for California, with cadmium levels generally increasing with the percentage of cocoa (109847,109848,109849). Advise patients to consume cocoa in moderation. ...when used topically. Cocoa butter is used extensively as a base for ointments and suppositories and is generally considered safe (11).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when dark chocolate is used orally.
Cocoa and dark chocolate products worldwide contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. In the US, one ounce (approximately 28 grams) of most commercially available dark chocolate products tested contained levels of lead and/or cadmium above the maximum allowable dose level for California, with cadmium levels generally increasing with the percentage of cocoa (109847,109848,109849). Children are at increased risk of adverse effects from intake of lead and/or cadmium. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of other chocolate-based products that typically contain smaller quantities of cocoa.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally in moderate amounts.
However, due to the caffeine content of cocoa preparations, intake should be closely monitored during pregnancy to ensure moderate consumption. Fetal blood concentrations of caffeine approximate maternal concentrations (4260). Some research has found that intrauterine exposure to even modest amounts of caffeine, based on maternal blood levels during the first trimester, is associated with a shorter stature in children ages 4-8 years (109846). While many cocoa products contain only small amounts of caffeine (about 2-35 mg per serving) (2708,3900), unsweetened, dry cocoa powder can contain up to 198 mg of caffeine per cup (100515). According to a review by Health Canada, and a subsequent large meta-analysis conducted in the US, doses of up to 300 mg daily can be consumed during pregnancy without an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, still birth, preterm birth, fetal growth retardation, or congenital malformations (11733,98806). To be on the safe side, cocoa should be used in amounts that provide less than 300 mg of caffeine daily. Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine found in ingredients such as cocoa, which naturally contains caffeine, does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in large amounts.
Caffeine found in cocoa crosses the placenta producing fetal blood concentrations similar to maternal levels (4260). Consumption of caffeine in amounts over 300 mg daily is associated with a significantly increased risk of miscarriage in some studies (16014,98806). Additionally, high intake of caffeine during pregnancy have been associated with premature delivery, low birth weight, and loss of the fetus (6). While many cocoa products contain only small amounts of caffeine (about 2-35 mg per serving) (2708,3900), unsweetened, dry cocoa powder can contain up to 198 mg of caffeine per cup (100515). To be on the safe side, cocoa should be used in amounts that provide less than 300 mg of caffeine daily (2708). Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine found in ingredients such as cocoa, which naturally contains caffeine, does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product. Cocoa and dark chocolate products worldwide also contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. In the US, one ounce (approximately 28 grams) of most commercially available dark chocolate products tested contained levels of lead and/or cadmium above the maximum allowable dose level for California, with cadmium levels generally increasing with the percentage of cocoa (109847,109848,109849). Large doses or excessive intake of cocoa should be avoided during pregnancy.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used in moderate amounts or in amounts commonly found in foods.
Due to the caffeine content of cocoa preparations, intake should be closely monitored while breastfeeding. During lactation, breast milk concentrations of caffeine are thought to be approximately 50% of serum concentrations. Moderate consumption of cocoa would likely result in very small amounts of caffeine exposure to a nursing infant (6). Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine found in ingredients such as cocoa, which naturally contains caffeine, does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in large amounts.
Consumption of excess chocolate (16 oz per day) may cause irritability and increased bowel activity in the infant (6026). Cocoa and dark chocolate products worldwide also contain heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. In the US, one ounce (approximately 28 grams) of most commercially available dark chocolate products tested contained levels of lead and/or cadmium above the maximum allowable dose level for California, with cadmium levels generally increasing with the percentage of cocoa (109847,109848,109849). Large doses or excessive intake of cocoa should be avoided during lactation.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Damiana has Generally Recognized As Safe status (GRAS) for use in foods in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (12,46933,11866).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Green coffee extracts taken in doses up to 1000 mg daily, providing up to 500 mg chlorogenic acid, have been used with apparent safety for up to 12 weeks in clinical research (17971,17972,103954). A specific green coffee extract (Svetol, Naturex) has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 200 mg five times daily for up to 12 weeks (17981,17982,17983). Green coffee also contains caffeine, although in lower amounts than regular coffee. One cup of green coffee contains about 20-50 mg of caffeine, compared with about 100 mg in one cup of regular coffee. According to a review by Health Canada, and a subsequent large meta-analysis conducted in the US, doses of caffeine up to 400 mg daily are not associated with significant adverse cardiovascular, bone, behavioral, or reproductive effects in healthy adults (11733,98806). The US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee states that there is strong and consistent evidence that consumption of caffeine 400 mg daily is not associated with increased risk of major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease or cancer, in healthy adults (98806). Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine found in ingredients such as green coffee, which naturally contains caffeine, does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of hoodia.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term (11866). Yerba mate has been safely used in doses of 3 grams daily for up to 12 weeks (92152,96469,96470).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when yerba mate is used orally in large amounts or for prolonged periods of time. Drinking approximately 1-2 liters, or 4-8 cups, of yerba mate daily is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including esophageal, stomach, kidney, bladder, cervical, prostate, lung, renal cell, and possibly laryngeal and mouth cancer (1528,1529,1530,1531,11863,11864,92150). Yerba mate also contains caffeine. Acute use of high doses of caffeine (more than 400 mg per day), which is found in more than 8-10 cups of yerba mate, has been associated with significant adverse effects such as tachyarrhythmia and sleep disturbances (11832). Drinking yerba mate in amounts greater than 12-15 cups daily (about 600 mg caffeine) short-term or long-term can also cause caffeinism with symptoms of anxiety possibly progressing to delirium and agitation. Chronic use of caffeine, especially in large amounts, can sometimes produce tolerance, habituation, and psychological dependence (3719). Abrupt discontinuance of caffeine can cause physical withdrawal symptoms (11733). Keep in mind that only the amount of ADDED caffeine must be stated on product labels. The amount of caffeine found in ingredients such as yerba mate, which naturally contains caffeine, does not need to be provided. This can make it difficult to determine the total amount of caffeine in a given product.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Yerba mate is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including esophageal, kidney, bladder, cervical, prostate, lung, and possibly mouth and laryngeal cancer (1528,1529,1530,1531,11863,11864,92150).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Yerba mate is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including esophageal, kidney, bladder, cervical, prostate, lung, renal cell, and possibly mouth and laryngeal cancer (1528,1529,1530,1531,11863,11864,92150,86595,86614,86700,86701). However, teratogenic studies have not been performed. Yerba mate also contains caffeine. Caffeine crosses the placenta, producing fetal blood concentrations similar to parental levels. According to a review by Health Canada, and a subsequent large meta-analysis conducted in the US, most healthy pregnant patients can safely consume caffeine in doses up to 300 mg daily without an increased risk of spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, preterm birth, fetal growth retardation, or congenital malformations (11733,98806). It is generally recommended to avoid consuming more than 300 mg of caffeine daily, or around 6-7 cups of yerba mate daily, when pregnant (2708). High doses of caffeine throughout pregnancy have resulted in symptoms of caffeine withdrawal in newborn infants (9891,86618). Caffeine in doses of greater than 300 mg daily has also been associated with spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and low birth weight (2709,2711), although one retrospective study found that consuming yerba mate tea during pregnancy was not associated with preterm or small for gestational age births (13113). However, this study did not consider the amount of yerba mate or caffeine consumed, only the frequency of consumption. Some research has found that intrauterine exposure to even modest amounts of caffeine, based on maternal blood levels during the first trimester, is associated with a shorter stature in children ages 4-8 years (109846).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Yerba mate is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including esophageal, kidney, bladder, cervical, prostate, lung, renal cell, and possibly mouth and laryngeal cancer (1528,1529,1530,1531,11863,11864,92150). Whether carcinogenic constituents of yerba mate are transferred via breast milk is unknown. Yerba mate contains caffeine. Consumption of yerba mate might cause irritability and increased bowel activity in nursing infants (6026).
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Hoodia Trim. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, taking cocoa with ACEIs might increase the risk of adverse effects.
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Theoretically, cocoa might decrease the vasodilatory effects of adenosine and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine at the cellular level. However, caffeine does not seem to affect supplemental adenosine because high interstitial levels of adenosine overcome the antagonistic effects of caffeine. It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests. However, methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Alcohol reduces caffeine metabolism. Concomitant use of alcohol can increase caffeine serum concentrations and the risk of caffeine adverse effects (6370).
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Theoretically, cocoa may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
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Clinical research shows that intake of cocoa can inhibit platelet adhesion, aggregation, and activity (6085,17076,41928,41948,41957,41958,41995,42014,42070,42145)(111526) and increase aspirin-induced bleeding time (23800). For patients on dual antiplatelet therapy, cocoa may enhance the inhibitory effect of clopidogrel, but not aspirin, on platelet aggregation (111526).
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Theoretically, taking cocoa with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
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Theoretically, large amounts of cocoa might increase the cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Theoretically, large amounts of caffeine might increase cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists (15). A case of atrial fibrillation associated with consumption of large quantities of chocolate in a patient with chronic albuterol inhalation abuse has also been reported (42075).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine in cocoa.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine found in cocoa.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Caffeine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) (3941,5051,11741,23557,23573,23580,24958,24959,24960,24962), (24964,24965,24967,24968,24969,24971,38081,48603). Theoretically, drugs that inhibit CYP1A2 may decrease the clearance rate of caffeine from cocoa and increase caffeine levels.
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Theoretically, cocoa might decrease the vasodilatory effects of dipyridamole and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Caffeine may inhibit dipyridamole-induced vasodilation (11770,11772). It is recommended that methylxanthines and methylxanthine-containing products be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests (11770). Methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, disulfiram might increase the risk of adverse effects from caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. In human research, disulfiram decreases the rate of caffeine clearance (11840).
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Theoretically, using cocoa with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk for stimulant adverse effects.
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Theoretically, estrogens might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Estrogen inhibits caffeine metabolism (2714).
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Theoretically, fluconazole might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Fluconazole decreases caffeine clearance by approximately 25% (11022).
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Theoretically, cocoa might increase the levels and adverse effects of flutamide.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. In vitro evidence suggests that caffeine can inhibit the metabolism of flutamide (23553).
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Theoretically, fluvoxamine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Fluvoxamine reduces caffeine metabolism (6370).
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Theoretically, abrupt cocoa withdrawal might increase the levels and adverse effects of lithium.
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Theoretically, methoxsalen might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Methoxsalen can reduce caffeine metabolism (23572).
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Theoretically, metformin might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that metformin can reduce caffeine metabolism (23571).
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Theoretically, mexiletine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Large amounts of caffeine with MAOIs might precipitate a hypertensive crisis (15).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of hypertension.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Concomitant use of caffeine and nicotine has been shown to have additive cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. Blood pressure was increased by 10.8/12.4 mmHg when the agents were used concomitantly (36549).
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Theoretically, cocoa might decrease the effects of pentobarbital.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Caffeine might negate the hypnotic effects of pentobarbital (13742).
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Theoretically, cocoa might reduce the effects of phenobarbital and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Theoretically, phenothiazines might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, phenylpropanolamine might increase the risk of hypertension, as well as the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, cocoa might reduce the effects of phenytoin and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Theoretically, quinolone antibiotics might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of both caffeine and riluzole.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Caffeine and riluzole are both metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2, and concomitant use might reduce metabolism of one or both agents (11739).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase stimulant adverse effects.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Concomitant use might increase the risk of stimulant adverse effects (11832).
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Theoretically, terbinafine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Terbinafine decreases the rate of caffeine clearance (11740).
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Theoretically, cocoa might increase the levels and adverse effects of theophylline.
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Theoretically, cocoa tea might increase the levels and adverse effects of tiagabine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that chronic caffeine administration can increase the serum concentrations of tiagabine. However, concomitant use does not seem to reduce the antiepileptic effects of tiagabine (23561).
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Theoretically, ticlopidine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. In vitro evidence suggests that ticlopidine can inhibit caffeine metabolism (23557). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, cocoa might reduce the effects of valproate and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Theoretically, verapamil might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Cocoa contains caffeine. Verapamil increases plasma caffeine concentrations by 25% (11741).
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Theoretically, taking damiana with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
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Theoretically, green coffee might decrease the vasodilatory effects of adenosine and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine at the cellular level. However, caffeine does not seem to affect supplemental adenosine because high interstitial levels of adenosine overcome the antagonistic effects of caffeine (11771). It is recommended that methylxanthines such as caffeine, as well as methylxanthine-containing products, be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests (11770). However, methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, alcohol might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, green coffee may decrease the levels and effects of alendronate.
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In human research, drinking coffee with alendronate reduces the bioavailability of alendronate by 60% (11735). Whether green coffee reduces the bioavailability of alendronate has not been investigated. Separate green coffee ingestion and alendronate administration by two hours.
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Theoretically, green coffee may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine is reported to have antiplatelet activity (8028,8029). Theoretically, caffeine in green coffee might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with these agents. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans. There is some evidence that caffeinated coffee might increase the fibrinolytic activity in blood (8030).
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Theoretically, taking green coffee and antidiabetes drugs might interfere with blood glucose control.
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Theoretically, taking green coffee with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of green coffee might increase cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine can increase cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists (15).
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Theoretically, cimetidine might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine in green coffee.
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Theoretically, green coffee might increase the levels and adverse effects of clozapine and acutely exacerbate psychotic symptoms.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine can increase the effects and toxicity of clozapine. Caffeine doses of 400-1000 mg daily inhibit clozapine metabolism (5051). Clozapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Researchers speculate that caffeine might inhibit CYP1A2. However, there is no reliable evidence that caffeine affects CYP1A2. There is also speculation that genetic factors might make some patients more sensitive to an interaction between clozapine and caffeine (13741).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of caffeine found in green coffee.
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Theoretically, green coffee might decrease the vasodilatory effects of dipyridamole and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine is a methylxanthine that may inhibit dipyridamole-induced vasodilation (11770,11772,24974,37985,53795). It is recommended that methylxanthines such as caffeine, as well as methylxanthine-containing products such as green coffee, be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests (11770). Methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, disulfiram might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. In human research, disulfiram decreases the clearance and increases the half-life of caffeine (11840).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of hypokalemia.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of stimulant adverse effects.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. There is evidence that using ephedrine with caffeine might increase the risk of serious life-threatening or debilitating adverse effects such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, and death (1275,6486,9740,10307). Tell patients to avoid taking caffeine with ephedrine and other stimulants.
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Theoretically, estrogens might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Estrogen inhibits caffeine metabolism (2714).
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Theoretically, fluconazole might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, fluvoxamine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, abrupt green coffee withdrawal might increase the levels and adverse effects of lithium.
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Theoretically, mexiletine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of a hypertensive crisis.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the risk of hypertension.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Concomitant use of caffeine and nicotine has been shown to have additive cardiovascular effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. Blood pressure was increased by 10.8/12.4 mmHg when the agents were used concomitantly (36549).
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Theoretically, green coffee might reduce the effects of pentobarbital.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Theoretically, caffeine might negate the hypnotic effects of pentobarbital (13742).
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Theoretically, phenothiazines might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, phenylpropanolamine might increase the risk of hypertension, as well as the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, caffeine might increase the levels and clinical effects of pioglitazone.
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Green coffee contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that caffeine can modestly increase the maximum concentration, area under the curve, and half-life of pioglitazone, and also reduce its clearance. This increased the antidiabetic effects of pioglitazone (108812). However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.
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Theoretically, quinolone antibiotics might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of both caffeine and riluzole.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Caffeine and riluzole are both metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), and concomitant use might reduce metabolism of one or both agents (11739).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase stimulant adverse effects.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Due to the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant effects of caffeine, concomitant use with stimulant drugs can increase the risk of adverse effects (11832).
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Theoretically, terbinafine might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Terbinafine decreases the clearance of intravenous caffeine by 19% (11740).
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Theoretically, green coffee might increase the levels and adverse effects of theophylline.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Large amounts of caffeine might inhibit theophylline metabolism (11741).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of caffeine.
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Green coffee can contain caffeine. Verapamil increases plasma caffeine concentrations by 25% (11741).
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Animal research shows that a steroid glycoside of hoodia, gordonoside F, increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating GPR119. This effect enhances glucose disposal (91614). Theoretically, concomitant use of hoodia with antidiabetes medications may enhance blood glucose-lowering effects and increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Some antidiabetes medications include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others.
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Clinical research shows that hoodia can increase blood pressure (18052). Theoretically, concomitant use of hoodia with antihypertensive drugs might decrease the effectiveness of the antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypertension. Some antihypertensive drugs include captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), losartan (Cozaar), valsartan (Diovan), diltiazem (Cardizem), Amlodipine (Norvasc), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDiuril), furosemide (Lasix), and many others.
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Evidence from in vitro research shows that hoodia may stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors (91607). Also, clinical research shows that hoodia can increase blood pressure and heart rate (18052). Theoretically, using hoodia with beta-blockers might decrease the effects of these medications. Some beta-blocker drugs include atenolol (Tenormin), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), nadolol (Corgard), and propranolol (Inderal).
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Animal research shows that a steroid glycoside of hoodia, gordonoside F, increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by activating GPR119 (91614). Theoretically, concomitant use of hoodia with insulin may enhance the blood glucose-lowering effects of insulin. Blood glucose levels should be monitored.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might decrease the vasodilatory effects of adenosine and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Some evidence shows that caffeine is a competitive inhibitor of adenosine and can reduce the vasodilatory effects of adenosine in humans (38172). However, other research shows that caffeine does not seem to affect supplemental adenosine because high interstitial levels of adenosine overcome the antagonistic effects of caffeine (11771). Still, some researchers recommend that methylxanthines, such as caffeine, as well as methylxanthine-containing products, should be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress tests (11770). However, methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of alcohol and yerba mate might increase levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
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Theoretically, taking yerba mate with antidiabetes drugs might interfere with blood glucose control.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the efficacy of benzodiazepines.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists, especially if taken in large amounts.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine can increase cardiac inotropic effects of beta-agonists (15).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of carbamazepine and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that caffeine can lower the anticonvulsant effects of carbamazepine and can induce seizures when taken in doses above 400 mg/kg (23561). Human research has shown that taking caffeine 300 mg in three divided doses along with carbamazepine 200 mg reduces the bioavailability of carbamazepine by 32% and prolongs the plasma half-life of carbamazepine two-fold in healthy individuals (23562).
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Theoretically, cimetidine might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine contained in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the levels and adverse effects of clozapine and acutely exacerbate psychotic symptoms.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine might increase the effects and toxicity of clozapine. Caffeine doses of 400-1000 mg per day inhibit clozapine metabolism (5051). Clozapine is metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2). Although researchers speculate that caffeine might inhibit CYP1A2, there is no reliable evidence that caffeine affects CYP1A2. There is also speculation that genetic factors might make some patients more sensitive to an interaction between clozapine and caffeine (13741).
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Theoretically, contraceptive drugs might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine contained in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of CYP1A2 inhibitors and yerba mate might increase levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, yerba mate might increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
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In vitro research shows that yerba mate extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes (105811). Theoretically, taking yerba mate may increase levels and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might decrease the vasodilatory effects of dipyridamole and interfere with its use prior to stress testing.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine inhibits dipyridamole-induced vasodilation (11770,11772). Still, some researchers recommend that methylxanthines, such as caffeine, as well as methylxanthine-containing products, should be stopped 24 hours prior to pharmacological stress (11770). Methylxanthines appear more likely to interfere with dipyridamole (Persantine) than adenosine-induced stress testing (11771).
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Theoretically, disulfiram might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the risk of hypokalemia when used concomitantly with other diuretics.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the risk for stimulant adverse effects when used concomitantly with ephedrine.
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Use of ephedrine with caffeine can increase the risk of stimulatory adverse effects. There is evidence that using ephedrine with caffeine might increase the risk of serious life-threatening or debilitating adverse effects such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, seizures, and death (1275,6486,10307).
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Theoretically, estrogens might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Estrogen inhibits caffeine metabolism (2714).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of ethosuximide and increase the risk for convulsion.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research shows that caffeine 92.4 mg/kg can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of ethosuximide (23560). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of felbamate and increase the risk for convulsion.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research shows that a high dose of caffeine 161.7 mg/kg can decreases the anticonvulsant activity of felbamate (23563). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, fluconazole might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the levels and adverse effects of flutamide.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. In vitro evidence suggests that caffeine can inhibit the metabolism of flutamide (23553). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, fluvoxamine might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, abrupt withdrawal of the caffeine in yerba mate might increase serum lithium levels.
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Theoretically, metformin might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that metformin can reduce caffeine metabolism (23571). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, methoxsalen might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Methoxsalen reduces caffeine metabolism (23572).
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Theoretically, mexiletine might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, use of yerba mate with midazolam might increase midazolam metabolite levels and adverse effects.
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In vitro research shows that yerba mate extract containing 6.75% chlorogenic acid significantly inhibits the metabolism of midazolam via inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4)(105811).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase risk of a hypertensive crisis when used concomitantly with MAOIs.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine has been shown to inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B in laboratory studies (37724,37877,37912,38108). Concomitant intake of large amounts of caffeine with MAOIs might precipitate a hypertensive crisis (15). In a case report, a patient that consumed 10-12 cups of caffeinated coffee and took the MAOI tranylcypromine presented with severe hypertension (91086). Hypertension was resolved after the patient switched to drinking decaffeinated coffee.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase risk of hypertension when used concomitantly with nicotine.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might decrease the effects of pentobarbital.
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The caffeine in yerba mate might negate the hypnotic effects of pentobarbital (13742).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of phenobarbital and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Theoretically, phenylpropanolamine might increase the risk of hypertension as well as the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of phenytoin and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that caffeine can decrease the anticonvulsant activity of phenytoin (23561). The effect does not seem to be related to the seizure threshold-lowering effects of caffeine. However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the levels and clinical effects of pioglitazone.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that caffeine can modestly increase the maximum concentration, area under the curve, and half-life of pioglitazone, and also reduce its clearance. This increased the antidiabetic effects of pioglitazone (108812). However, the exact mechanism of this interaction is unclear.
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Theoretically, quinolone antibiotics might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of riluzole and yerba mate might increase levels and adverse effects of both riluzole and the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine and riluzole are both metabolized by cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), and concomitant use might reduce the metabolism of one or both agents (11739).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of stimulant drugs and yerba mate might increase stimulant adverse effects.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Due to the CNS stimulant effects of the caffeine, concomitant use can increase the risk of adverse effects (11832).
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Theoretically, terbinafine might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Terbinafine decreases the rate of caffeine clearance by 19% (11740).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the levels and adverse effects of theophylline.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Caffeine decreases theophylline clearance by 23% to 29% (11741).
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might increase the levels and adverse effects of tiagabine.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Animal research suggests that chronic caffeine administration can increase the serum concentrations of tiagabine. However, concomitant use does not seem to reduce the antiepileptic effects of tiagabine (23561).
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Theoretically, ticlopidine might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. In vitro research shows that ticlopidine can inhibit caffeine metabolism (23557). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, the caffeine in yerba mate might reduce the effects of valproate and increase the risk for convulsions.
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Theoretically, verapamil might increase the levels and adverse effects of the caffeine in yerba mate.
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Yerba mate contains caffeine. Verapamil increases plasma caffeine concentrations by 25% (11741).
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Hoodia Trim. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally and topically, cocoa is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Borborygmi, constipation, diuresis, gastrointestinal discomfort, headaches, and nausea.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Tachycardia.
Cardiovascular ...Some cases of increased heart rate have been reported with oral cocoa use (13161,42132).
Dermatologic ...In some cases, when taken orally, cocoa can cause allergic skin reactions (13161). Topically, cocoa butter has occasionally caused a rash. In animals, it has been shown to block pores and cause acne; however, this has not been found in humans (11).
Gastrointestinal ...In human trials, chocolate consumption was associated with a higher incidence of flatulence, irritable bowel syndrome, upset stomach, gastric upset, borborygmi (a gurgling noise made by fluid or gas in the intestines), bloating, nausea, vomiting, and constipation or obstipation (41986,42221,41921,1374,42220,1373,42099,42097,42156,42123,18229,42169,42111). Chocolate consumption has been implicated as a provoking factor in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (41974,42005,41946,1374). Unpalatability has been reported (42079,42169). Consumption of chocolate and other sweet foods may lead to increased dental caries (42129,42030).
Genitourinary ...In some cases, when taken orally, cocoa can cause increased urination (13161).
Neurologic/CNS ...In some cases, when taken orally, cocoa can cause shakiness and might trigger migraine and other headaches (13161,42169,92271).
Other ...Due to the high sugar and caloric content of chocolate, there is concern about weight gain in people who consume large amounts of chocolate (17187).
General ...Orally, adverse effects to damiana seem to be rare; however, a thorough safety evaluation has not been conducted.
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, 200 grams of damiana extract has caused tetanus-like convulsions and paroxysms resulting in symptoms similar to rabies or strychnine poisoning (4).
General ...Orally, green coffee appears to be well-tolerated. Although green coffee contains caffeine, it is present in small quantities which are less likely to cause adverse effects. Green coffee contains about 20-50 mg caffeine per cup, compared with about 100 mg caffeine per cup of brewed coffee.
Cardiovascular
...Although acute administration of caffeine, a constituent of green coffee, can cause increased blood pressure, regular consumption does not seem to increase either blood pressure or pulse, even in mildly hypertensive patients (1451,1452,2722,13739).
Drinking one or more cups daily of caffeinated coffee, such as green coffee, also doesn't seem to increase the risk of developing hypertension in habitual coffee drinkers (8033,13739).
Chlorogenic acids found in green coffee extracts may adversely affect plasma homocysteine levels. In one randomized controlled trial, 2 grams of chlorogenic acids (the amount found in about 1.5 L of strong coffee) daily for one week resulted in a 12% increase in plasma homocysteine levels (8035). However, in another trial of green coffee extract in a dose equivalent to 140 mg of chlorogenic acids daily for 4 months, there was a slight decrease in plasma homocysteine levels from baseline, but this did not differ significantly from placebo treatment (17970).
The diterpenes cafestol and kahweol found in green coffee beans have been implicated in the hypercholesterolemic effects of unfiltered coffee (19336,53599). However, these compounds are removed from some green coffee extracts. For instance, Svetol (Naturex, South Hackensack, NJ) is reported to contain less than 4 ppm of cafestol and kahweol (88171).
Dermatologic ...Positive skin tests and symptoms of contact allergy have been reported in workers exposed to green coffee bean dust (53568,53653).
Endocrine
...Some evidence shows that caffeine, a constituent of green coffee, is associated with fibrocystic breast disease, breast cancer, and endometriosis in females; however, this is controversial since findings are conflicting (8043).
Restricting caffeine in females with fibrocystic breast conditions doesn't seem to affect breast nodularity, swelling, or pain (8996). A population analysis of the Women's Health Initiative observational study has found no association between consumption of caffeine-containing beverages and the incidence of invasive breast cancer in models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors (108806). Also, a dose-response analysis of 2 low-quality observational studies has found that high consumption of caffeine is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (108807).
Clinical research in healthy adults shows that increased consumption of caffeine results in increased insulin resistance (91023).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, stomach irritation was reported by one person in a clinical trial of green coffee extract (104831).
Musculoskeletal ...Epidemiological evidence regarding the relationship between caffeine, which is found in green coffee, and the risk of osteoporosis is contradictory. Caffeine can increase urinary excretion of calcium (2669,10202,11317). Females identified with a genetic variant of the vitamin D receptor appear to be at an increased risk of the detrimental effect of caffeine on bone mass (2669). However, moderate caffeine intake, less than 300 mg per day, does not seem to significantly increase osteoporosis risk in most postmenopausal adults with normal calcium intake (2669,6025,10202,11317).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, dizziness was reported by one person in a clinical trial of green coffee extract (104831).
Ocular/Otic ...Conjunctivitis caused by green coffee bean dust in coffee workers has been described in case reports (53657,53589).
Psychiatric ...Chronic use of caffeine, especially in large amounts, may produce tolerance, habituation, and psychological dependence (3719). Abrupt discontinuation of caffeine may result in physical withdrawal symptoms, including headache, fatigue, drowsiness, decreased physical energy, difficulty concentrating, depression, anxiety, irritability, and reduced alertness (13738). Certain populations such as children and the elderly may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of caffeine (13736).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Occupational exposure to green coffee beans has been documented to cause numerous adverse respiratory reactions, including bronchial reactivity, asthma, and rhinitis (53589,53641,53644,53648,53650,53665). Healthy subjects exposed experimentally to green coffee dust displayed acute decreases in expiratory flow rates (53653). In one study, green coffee workers displayed numerous acute respiratory symptoms when exposed to dust; these included coughing, increased sputum, sneezing, difficulty in breathing, running nose, and wheezing; these symptoms resolved after leaving work (53647).
General ...Orally, hoodia has been reported to cause minor adverse effects including disturbances of skin sensation, headache, dizziness, giddiness, and nausea (18052). There is also concern that hoodia may increase blood pressure and heart rate (18052).
Cardiovascular ...Orally, hoodia might increase blood pressure and heart rate. Clinical research in healthy women shows that intake of purified hoodia extract containing steroid glycosides increases systolic blood pressure by 5.9 to 15.9 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure by 4.6 to 11.5 mmHg, and heart rate by 4.8 to 12.4 beats per minute (18052).
Dermatologic ...Orally, hoodia extract has been reported to cause disturbances of skin sensation (18052).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, hoodia extract has been reported to cause nausea (18052).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, hoodia extract has been reported to cause headache, dizziness, and giddiness (18052).
General
...When used orally in high doses or long-term, yerba mate may be unsafe.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Many of the adverse effects of yerba mate can be attributed to its caffeine content, such as diuresis, gastric irritation, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, restlessness, tachycardia, tachypnea, and tremors.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Cancer, hyperglycemia, ketosis, metabolic acidosis, sinus tachycardia. These adverse effects are more common with high doses or long-term use.
Cardiovascular
...Orally, yerba mate may cause cardiovascular-related adverse effects due to its caffeine content.
High doses of mate providing 250 mg of caffeine can increase blood pressure. However, this doesn't seem to occur in people who habitually consume caffeine products (2722). Also, epidemiological research suggests that there is no association of caffeine consumption with incidence of hypertension (13739).
Due to its caffeine content, yerba mate may cause other adverse cardiovascular effects when used orally. These effects include tachycardia, quickened respiration, chest pain, premature heartbeat, arrhythmia, and hypertension (11832,11838,13735). Large doses of caffeine can also cause massive catecholamine release and subsequent sinus tachycardia (13734). There is also one report of venous occlusive disease associated with excessive, long-term mate consumption (5614).
Epidemiological research has found that regular caffeine intake of up to 400 mg per day, or approximately 8-10 cups of yerba mate, is not associated with an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (38018,38076,91028,91034,97451,97453), atherosclerosis (38033), cardiac ectopy (91127), stroke (37804), ventricular arrhythmia (95948,97453), and cardiovascular disease in general (37805,98806).
Combining caffeine beverages such as yerba mate with ephedra may theoretically increase the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. There is one report of ischemic stroke in an athlete who consumed ephedra 40-60 mg, creatine monohydrate 6 grams, caffeine 400-600 mg, and a variety of other supplements daily for six weeks (1275).
Endocrine ...Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, large doses of caffeine can cause massive catecholamine release and subsequent metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and ketosis (13734). Some evidence shows caffeine is associated with fibrocystic breast disease, breast cancer, and endometriosis in females. However, this is controversial since findings are conflicting (8043). Restricting caffeine in females with fibrocystic breast conditions doesn't seem to affect breast nodularity, swelling, or pain (8996). A population analysis of the Women's Health Initiative observational study has found no association between consumption of caffeine-containing beverages and the incidence of invasive breast cancer in models adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors (108806). Also, a dose-response analysis of 2 low-quality observational studies has found that high consumption of caffeine is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (108807).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, drinking yerba mate infusions has been associated with nausea and irritation of the stomach or oral mucosa in a small number of patients in one clinical study (86657). Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine can cause gastric irritation, nausea, and vomiting (11832,11838,13735). Caffeine-containing beverages can stimulate gastric secretion in humans, which may potentiate ulcer symptoms (36404). Some believe that long-term use of caffeine can cause withdrawal symptoms following discontinuation of use. However, the existence of caffeine withdrawal is controversial. Some researchers think that if it exists, it appears to be of little clinical significance (2723,11839). Gastrointestinal withdrawal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting have been described. However, these symptoms may be from nonpharmacological factors related to knowledge and expectation of effects. Clinically significant gastrointestinal symptoms caused by caffeine withdrawal may be uncommon (2723,11839).
Hematologic ...Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine can cause hypokalemia (11832,11838,13735).
Immunologic ...Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine can cause anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals, although true IgE-mediated caffeine allergy seems to be relatively rare (11315).
Musculoskeletal
...Yerba mate contains caffeine.
Some epidemiological research suggests that caffeine may be associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis, but conflicting evidence exists. Caffeine can increase urinary excretion of calcium (2669,10202,11317). Females identified with a genetic variant of the vitamin D receptor appear to be at an increased risk for the detrimental effect of caffeine on bone mass (2669). However, moderate caffeine intake of less than 400 mg per day, or approximately 8-10 cups of yerba mate, does not seem to significantly increase osteoporosis risk in most postmenopausal adults with normal calcium intake (2669,6025,10202,11317,98806).
Some researchers believe that stopping regular use of caffeine may cause withdrawal symptoms such as muscle tension and muscle pains. However, these symptoms may be from nonpharmacological factors related to knowledge and expectation of effects (2723,11839). However, there is a case of withdrawal in a premature neonate following chronic parental drinking of yerba mate (86618). Symptoms included hypertonia in the limbs and brisk tendon reflexes. The authors indicated that high concentrations of caffeine and theobromine were found in the placenta, cord serum, neonatal urine, parental and neonatal hair, meconium, and breast milk. Although symptoms progressively disappeared at 84 hours of age, irritability was still occasionally present at discharge (24 days of age).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, drinking yerba mate infusions has been associated with insomnia in a small number of patients in one clinical study (86657).
Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine can cause insomnia, nervousness, headache, anxiety, agitation, jitteriness, restlessness, ringing in the ears, tremors, delirium, and convulsions (11832,11838,13735). Caffeine may also exacerbate sleep disturbances in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (10204).
There is some concern that stopping regular use of caffeine may cause withdrawal symptoms such as headache, tiredness and fatigue, decreased energy, alertness, and attentiveness, drowsiness, decreased contentedness, depressed mood, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and lack of clear-headedness are typical of caffeine withdrawal (13738). Other symptoms such as delirium, nervousness, restlessness, and anxiety have been described. However, these symptoms may be from nonpharmacological factors related to knowledge and expectation of effects (2723,11839). However, there is a case of withdrawal in a premature neonate following chronic parental drinking of yerba mate (86618). Symptoms included jitteriness and irritability and a high-pitched cry. The authors indicated that high concentrations of caffeine and theobromine were found in the placenta, cord serum, neonatal urine, parental and neonatal hair, meconium, and breast milk. Although symptoms progressively disappeared at 84 hours of age, irritability was still occasionally present at discharge (24 days of age).
Oncologic ...Orally, the prolonged use of yerba mate or use of yerba mate in high doses (typically more than 1-2 liters daily) is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including mouth, esophageal, laryngeal, kidney, bladder, cervical, prostate, and lung cancer (1528,1529,1530,1531,11863,11864,92150,86595,86614,86700,86701). The effect seems to be cumulative and dose dependent. The risk of cancer with yerba mate use seems to increase if it is taken as a warm beverage. In 1991, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), reported that hot yerba mate drinking is a 2A agent, meaning it is probably carcinogenic for humans (92150). A statement published in 2016 stated there is no conclusive evidence for carcinogenicity when yerba mate is consumed at temperatures that are "not very hot" (95015). Drinking very hot beverages is believed to be a probable cause of esophageal cancer in humans (95015). Concomitant tobacco and alcohol use can increase risk 7-fold (11863).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine may cause tachypnea-induced respiratory alkalosis (11832,11838,13735). Some researchers think that stopping regular use of caffeine may cause withdrawal symptoms such as runny nose. However, this symptom may be from nonpharmacological factors related to knowledge and expectation of effects (2723,11839).
Renal ...Yerba mate contains caffeine. Orally, caffeine may cause diuresis (11832,11838,13735).
