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Cox, C., Sutherland, W., Mann, J., de Jong, S., Chisholm, A., and Skeaff, M. Effects of dietary coconut oil, butter and safflower oil on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lathosterol levels. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;52(9):650-654. View abstract.

Abbey, M., Clifton, P., Kestin, M., Belling, B., and Nestel, P. Effect of fish oil on lipoproteins, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, and lipid transfer protein activity in humans. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10(1):85-94. View abstract.

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Wilt, T. J., Lofgren, R. P., Nichol, K. L., Schorer, A. E., Crespin, L., Downes, D., and Eckfeldt, J. Fish oil supplementation does not lower plasma cholesterol in men with hypercholesterolemia. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. Ann Intern Med 12-1-1989;111(11):900-905. View abstract.

Stacpoole, P. W., Alig, J., Kilgore, L. L., Ayala, C. M., Herbert, P. N., Zech, L. A., and Fisher, W. R. Lipodystrophic diabetes mellitus. Investigations of lipoprotein metabolism and the effects of omega-3 fatty acid administration in two patients. Metabolism 1988;37(10):944-951. View abstract.

Zucker, M. L., Bilyeu, D. S., Helmkamp, G. M., Harris, W. S., and Dujovne, C. A. Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 1988;73(1):13-22. View abstract.

Schectman, G., Kaul, S., and Kissebah, A. H. Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. Diabetes 1988;37(11):1567-1573. View abstract.

Demke, D. M., Peters, G. R., Linet, O. I., Metzler, C. M., and Klott, K. A. Effects of a fish oil concentrate in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 1988;70(1-2):73-80. View abstract.

Axelrod, L., Camuso, J., Williams, E., Kleinman, K., Briones, E., and Schoenfeld, D. Effects of a small quantity of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular risk factors in NIDDM. A randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Care 1994;17(1):37-44. View abstract.

Hodge, L., Salome, C. M., Hughes, J. M., Liu-Brennan, D., Rimmer, J., Allman, M., Pang, D., Armour, C., and Woolcock, A. J. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. Eur Respir.J 1998;11(2):361-365. View abstract.

Anderson, J. T., Grande, F., and Keys, A. Independence of the effects of cholesterol and degree of saturation of the fat in the diet on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29(11):1184-1189. View abstract.

Mascioli, E. A., McLennan, C. E., Schaefer, E. J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Hoy, C. E., Christensen, M. S., and Bistrian, B. R. Lipidemic effects of an interesterified mixture of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol and safflower oils. Lipids 1999;34(9):889-894. View abstract.

Yaqoob, P., Pala, H. S., Cortina-Borja, M., Newsholme, E. A., and Calder, P. C. Encapsulated fish oil enriched in alpha-tocopherol alters plasma phospholipid and mononuclear cell fatty acid compositions but not mononuclear cell functions. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30(3):260-274. View abstract.

Rahamatalla, A. B., Babiker, E. E., Krishna, A. G., and El Tinay, A. H. Changes in fatty acids composition during seed growth and physicochemical characteristics of oil extracted from four safflower cultivars. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2001;56(4):385-395. View abstract.

Jin, Y., Xu, D., and Xu, W. [Influence of safflower injection on hemorheology of patients of chronic cor pulmonale during acute attack]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 2000;20(6):430-432. View abstract.

Sutherland, W. H., De Jong, S. A., Walker, R. J., and Williams, S. M. Release of cholesterol from cell membranes to postprandial plasma from mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects: the effect of meals rich in olive and safflower oils. Metabolism 2002;51(10):1306-1312. View abstract.

Belury, M. A., Mahon, A., and Banni, S. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer, t10c12-CLA, is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2003;133(1):257S-260S. View abstract.

Vaidya, U. V., Hegde, V. M., Bhave, S. A., and Pandit, A. N. Vegetable oil fortified feeds in the nutrition of very low birthweight babies. Indian Pediatr 1992;29(12):1519-1527. View abstract.

Ciubotaru, I., Lee, Y. S., and Wander, R. C. Dietary fish oil decreases C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol ratio in postmenopausal women on HRT. J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14(9):513-521. View abstract.

Gradek, W. Q., Harris, M. T., Yahia, N., Davis, W. W., Le, N. A., and Brown, W. V. Polyunsaturated fatty acids acutely suppress antibodies to malondialdehyde-modified lipoproteins in patients with vascular disease. Am J Cardiol 4-1-2004;93(7):881-885. View abstract.

Kaji, K., Yoshida, S., Nagata, N., Yamashita, T., Mizukoshi, E., Honda, M., Kojima, Y., and Kaneko, S. An open-label study of administration of EH0202, a health-food additive, to patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(9):873-878. View abstract.

Adamkin, D. H., Radmacher, P. G., and Klingbeil, R. L. Use of intravenous lipid and hyperbilirubinemia in the first week. J Pediatr Gastroenterol.Nutr 1992;14(2):135-139. View abstract.

Zhang, Q., Peng, J. H., and Zhang, X. N. [A clinical study of Safflower Yellow injection in treating coronary heart disease angina pectoris with Xin-blood stagnation syndrome.]. Chin J Integr.Med 2005;11(3):222-225. View abstract.

Kwon, J. S., Snook, J. T., Wardlaw, G. M., and Hwang, D. H. Effects of diets high in saturated fatty acids, canola oil, or safflower oil on platelet function, thromboxane B2 formation, and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;54(2):351-358. View abstract.

Lu, Z. W., Liu, F., Hu, J., Bian, D., and Li, F. G. [Suppressive effects of safflower yellow on immune functions]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue.Bao. 1991;12(6):537-542. View abstract.

Wardlaw, G. M., Snook, J. T., Lin, M. C., Puangco, M. A., and Kwon, J. S. Serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in healthy men on diets enriched in either canola oil or safflower oil. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;54(1):104-110. View abstract.

Morales, E., Craig, L. D., and MacLean, W. C., Jr. Dietary management of malnourished children with a new enteral feeding. J Am Diet Assoc 1991;91(10):1233-1238. View abstract.

Friday, K. E., Failor, R. A., Childs, M. T., and Bierman, E. L. Effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler.Thromb. 1991;11(1):47-54. View abstract.

Schectman, G., Kaul, S., and Kissebah, A. H. Heterogeneity of low density lipoprotein responses to fish-oil supplementation in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Arteriosclerosis 1989;9(3):345-354. View abstract.

Wilson, J. H., Rietveld, T., Van den Berg, J. W., Jansen, H., Swart, G. R., and Lamberts, S. W. The effect of very low energy diets on the fatty acid composition of serum lipids. Int J Obes. 1989;13 Suppl 2:51-60. View abstract.

el Ashry, A., Heagerty, A. M., Ollerenshaw, J. D., and Thurston, H. The effect of dietary linoleic acid on blood pressure and erythrocyte sodium transport. J Hum Hypertens. 1989;3(1):9-15. View abstract.

McClead, R. E., Jr., Meng, H. C., Gregory, S. A., Budde, C., and Sloan, H. R. Comparison of the clinical and biochemical effect of increased alpha-linolenic acid in a safflower oil intravenous fat emulsion. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1985;4(2):234-239. View abstract.

Alden, P. B., Svingen, B. A., Johnson, S. B., Konstantinides, F. N., Holman, R. T., and Cerra, F. B. Partial correction by exogenous lipid of abnormal patterns of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma phospholipids of stressed and septic surgical patients. Surgery 1986;100(4):671-678. View abstract.

Miller, D. G., Williams, S. K., Palombo, J. D., Griffin, R. E., Bistrian, B. R., and Blackburn, G. L. Cutaneous application of safflower oil in preventing essential fatty acid deficiency in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;46(3):419-423. View abstract.

Failor, R. A., Childs, M. T., and Bierman, E. L. The effects of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism 1988;37(11):1021-1028. View abstract.

Sacks, F. M., Rouse, I. L., Stampfer, M. J., Bishop, L. M., Lenherr, C. F., and Walther, R. J. Effect of dietary fats and carbohydrate on blood pressure of mildly hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1987;10(4):452-460. View abstract.

Ghafoorunissa, Vidyasagar, R., and Krishnaswamy, K. Phrynoderma: is it an EFA deficiency disease? Eur J Clin Nutr 1988;42(1):29-39. View abstract.

Spann, W., Wolfram, G., and Zollner, N. [Effects of equal amounts of linoleic acid in orally administered, polyunsaturated phospholipids or in safflower oil on blood lipoproteins]. Klin.Wochenschr. 10-15-1987;65(20):980-984. View abstract.

Mischler, E. H., Parrell, S. W., Farrell, P. M., Raynor, W. J., and Lemen, R. J. Correction of linoleic acid deficiency in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Res 1986;20(1):36-41. View abstract.

Sacks, F. M., Stampfer, M. J., Munoz, A., McManus, K., Canessa, M., and Kass, E. H. Effect of linoleic and oleic acids on blood pressure, blood viscosity, and erythrocyte cation transport. J Am Coll Nutr 1987;6(2):179-185. View abstract.

Cooke, R. J., Zee, P., and Yeh, Y. Y. Safflower oil emulsion administration during parenteral nutrition in the preterm infant. 1. Effect on essential fatty acid status. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1985;4(5):799-803. View abstract.

Cooke, R. J., Buis, M., Zee, P., and Yeh, Y. Y. Safflower oil emulsion administration during parenteral nutrition in the preterm infant. 2. Effect on triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1985;4(5):804-807. View abstract.

Mattson, F. H. and Grundy, S. M. Comparison of effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in man. J Lipid Res 1985;26(2):194-202. View abstract.

Skolnik, P., Eaglstein, W. H., and Ziboh, V. A. Human essential fatty acid deficiency: treatment by topical application of linoleic acid. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113(7):939-941. View abstract.

Lloyd-Still, J. D., Simon, S. H., Wessel, H. U., and Gibson, L. E. Negative effects of oral fatty acid supplementation on sweat chloride in cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 1979;64(1):50-52. View abstract.

Nestel, P. J. and Couzens, E. A. Influence of diet on the composition of plasma cholesterol esters in man. J Lipid Res 1966;7(4):487-491. View abstract.

Bivins, B. A., Bryant, P. J., Record, K. E., Rapp, R. P., Bell, R. M., and Griffen, W. O., Jr. The effect of ten and twenty per cent safflower oil emulsion given as thirty to fifty per cent of total calories. Surg.Gynecol.Obstet. 1983;156(4):433-438. View abstract.

Kaminski, M. V., Jr., Abrahamian, V., Chrysomilides, S. A., Nasr, N. J., Armstrong, M. K., and Lynch, D. M. Comparative study of clearance of 10% and 20% fat emulsion. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1983;7(2):126-130. View abstract.

Bell, E. F., Weinstein, M. R., and Oh, W. Effects of intravenously administered safflower oil emulsion on respiratory gas exchange of low-birth-weight infants. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1983;2(3):517-520. View abstract.

Epstein, M., Lifschitz, M., and Rappaport, K. Augmentation of prostaglandin production by linoleic acid in man. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982;63(6):565-571. View abstract.

Bivins, B. A., Rapp, R. P., Record, K., Meng, H. C., and Griffen, W. O., Jr. Parenteral safflower oil emulsion (Liposyn 10%): safety and effectiveness in treating or preventing essential fatty acid deficiency in surgical patients. Ann.Surg. 1980;191(3):307-315. View abstract.

Connors, R. H., Coran, A. G., and Wesley, J. R. Pediatric TPN: efficacy and toxicity of a new fat emulsion. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1980;4(4):384-386. View abstract.

Coran, A. G., Drongowski, R., Sarahan, T. M., and Wesley, J. R. Comparison of a new 10% and 20% safflower oil fat emulsion in pediatric parenteral nutrition. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1981;5(3):236-239. View abstract.

Fisch, D. and Abel, R. M. Hemodynamic effects of intravenous fat emulsions in patients with heart disease. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1981;5(5):402-405. View abstract.

Marchildon, M. B. Parenteral 20% safflower oil emulsion safety and effectiveness as a caloric source in newborn infants. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1982;6(1):25-29. View abstract.

Coran, A. G., Drongowski, R., Sarahan, T. M., and Wesley, J. R. Studies on the efficacy of a new 20% fat emulsion in pediatric parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1982;6(3):222-225. View abstract.

Tabrett, D. G. and Phillips, G. D. A clinical evaluation of safflower oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition. Anaesth.Intensive Care 1982;10(3):258-264. View abstract.

Challen, A. D., Branch, W. J., and Cummings, J. H. The effect of aspirin and linoleic acid on platelet aggregation, platelet fatty acid composition and haemostasis in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 1983;37(3):197-208. View abstract.

Rao, R. H., Rao, U. B., and Srikantia, S. G. Effect of polyunsaturate-rich vegetable oils on blood pressure in essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 1981;3(1):27-38. View abstract.

Turner, J. D., Le, N. A., and Brown, W. V. Effect of changing dietary fat saturation on low-density lipoprotein metabolism in man. Am J Physiol 1981;241(1):E57-E63. View abstract.

Lieb, J. Linoleic acid in the treatment of lithium toxicity and familial tremor. Prostaglandins Med 1980;4(4):275-279. View abstract.

Lloyd-Still, J. D., Johnson, S. B., and Holman, R. T. Essential fatty acid status in cystic fibrosis and the effects of safflower oil supplementation. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1981;34(1):1-7. View abstract.

Cox, C., Mann, J., Sutherland, W., Chisholm, A., and Skeaff, M. Effects of coconut oil, butter, and safflower oil on lipids and lipoproteins in persons with moderately elevated cholesterol levels. J.Lipid Res. 1995;36(8):1787-1795. View abstract.

Nestel, P. J., Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., McArthur, R., and Howe, P. R. Enhanced blood pressure response to dietary salt in elderly women, especially those with small waist: hip ratio. J Hypertens. 1993;11(12):1387-1394. View abstract.

Sanders, K., Johnson, L., O'Dea, K., and Sinclair, A. J. The effect of dietary fat level and quality on plasma lipoprotein lipids and plasma fatty acids in normocholesterolemic subjects. Lipids 1994;29(2):129-138. View abstract.

Fuchs, G. J., Farris, R. P., DeWier, M., Hutchinson, S., Strada, R., and Suskind, R. M. Effect of dietary fat on cardiovascular risk factors in infancy. Pediatrics 1994;93(5):756-763. View abstract.

Liang, D. and Li, D. D. [Effect of verapamil with renal disease basic-prescription on hemorheology indexes of type II nephrotic syndrome]. Zhongguo Zhong.Xi.Yi.Jie.He.Za Zhi. 1993;13(2):86-7, 68. View abstract.

Ertel, W., Morrison, M. H., Ayala, A., and Chaudry, I. H. Modulation of macrophage membrane phospholipids by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids increases interleukin 1 release and prevents suppression of cellular immunity following hemorrhagic shock. Arch Surg 1993;128(1):15-20. View abstract.

Morgan, S. A., Sinclair, A. J., and O'Dea, K. Effect on serum lipids of addition of safflower oil or olive oil to very-low-fat diets rich in lean beef. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1993;93(6):644-648. View abstract.

Peck, L. W., Monsen, E. R., and Ahmad, S. Effect of three sources of long-chain fatty acids on the plasma fatty acid profile, plasma prostaglandin E2 concentrations, and pruritus symptoms in hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64(2):210-214. View abstract.

Peck, L. W. Essential fatty acid deficiency in renal failure: can supplements really help? J Am Diet Assoc 1997;97(10 Suppl 2):S150-S153. View abstract.

Labat, J. B., Martini, M. C., Carr, T. P., Elhard, B. M., Olson, B. A., Bergmann, S. D., Slavin, J. L., Hayes, K. C., and Hassel, C. A. Cholesterol-lowering effects of modified animal fats in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16(6):570-577. View abstract.

Kawashima, S., Hayashi, M., Takii, T., Kimura, H., Zhang, H. L., Nagatsu, A., Sakakibara, J., Murata, K., Oomoto, Y., and Onozaki, K. Serotonin derivative, N-(p-coumaroyl) serotonin, inhibits the production of TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 by endotoxin-stimulated human blood monocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1998;18(6):423-428. View abstract.

Nelson, S. E., Frantz, J. A., and Ziegler, E. E. Absorption of fat and calcium by infants fed a milk-based formula containing palm olein. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17(4):327-332. View abstract.

Fan S, Lin N, Shan G, Zuo P, Cui L. Safflower yellow for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Apr;22(2):354-61. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.01.001. Review. View abstract.

Asp ML, Collene AL, Norris LE, Cole RM, Stout MB, Tang SY, Hsu JC, Belury MA. Time-dependent effects of safflower oil to improve glycemia, inflammation and blood lipids in obese, post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-masked, crossover study. Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;30(4):443-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.001. View abstract.

Jones PJ, Senanayake VK, Pu S, Jenkins DJ, Connelly PW, Lamarche B, Couture P, Charest A, Baril-Gravel L, West SG, Liu X, Fleming JA, McCrea CE, Kris-Etherton PM. DHA-enriched high-oleic acid canola oil improves lipid profile and lowers predicted cardiovascular disease risk in the canola oil multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jul;100(1):88-97. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.081133. Epub 2014 May 14. View abstract.

Kong D, Xia W, Zhang Z, Xiao L, Yuan D, Liu Y, Yang G. Safflower yellow injection combined with conventional therapy in treating unstable angina pectoris: a meta-analysis. J Tradit Chin Med. 2013 Oct;33(5):553-61. View abstract.

Louw L. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid and high oleic acid safflower oil in the treatment of children with HPV-induced laryngeal papillomatosis: a randomized, double-blinded and crossover preliminary study. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Oct 12;11:136. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-136. View abstract.

Suzuki K, Tsubaki S, Fujita M, Koyama N, Takahashi M, Takazawa K. Effects of safflower seed extract on arterial stiffness. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010 Nov 3;6:1007-14. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S13998. View abstract.

Ekin Z. Resurgence of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Utilization: a global view. J Agronomy 2005;4(2):83-87.

Bielfeldt S, Blaak J, Staib P, et al. Observer-blind randomized controlled study of a cosmetic blend of safflower, olive and other plant oils in the improvement of scar and striae appearance. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2018;40(1):81-6. View abstract.

Liu Y, Liu S, Shi Y, et al. Effects of safflower injection on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of warfarin in rats. Xenobiotica. 2017 Oct 25:1-6. [Epub ahead of print] View abstract.

FDA completes review of qualified health claim petition for oleic acid and the risk of coronary heart disease. November 2018. Available at: www.fda.gov/Food/NewsEvents/ConstituentUpdates/ucm624758.htm. Accessed January 25, 2019.

de Ataide EC, Reges Perales S, de Oliveira Peres MA, et al. Acute liver failure induced by Carthamus tinctorius oil: Case reports and literature review. Transplant Proc. 2018;50(2):476-477. View abstract.

Jin X, Shi L, Chang F, Lu Y. Efficacy and Safety of Safflower Yellow in Early Diabetic Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Feb 14;2019:8065376. View abstract.

Ruyvaran M, Zamani A, Mohamadian A, et al. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil could improve abdominal obesity, blood pressure, and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Ethnopharmacol 2022;282:114590. View abstract.

da Silva Pérez EM, de Alencar NMN, de Figueiredo IST, Aragão KS, Gaban SVF. Effect of safflower oil (Carthamus tinctorius L.) supplementation in the abdominal adipose tissues and body weight of male Wistar rats undergoing exercise training. Food Chem (Oxf) 2022;4:100083. View abstract.

Lu Q, Xu J, Li Q, et al. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of safflower injection in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:6617772. View abstract.

Zhao F, Jiang H, Zhang T, et al. Mechanism Repositioning Based on Integrative Pharmacology: Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Safflower in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023;24(6):5313. View abstract.