Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Micronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2005. Available at: www.nap.edu/books/10490/html/.

Avellar M, Scoriels L, Madeira C, et al. The effect of D-serine administration on cognition and mood in older adults. Oncotarget. 2016;7(11):11881-8. View abstract.

Biemans EA, Verhoeven-Duif NM, Gerrits J, Claassen JA, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. CSF d-serine concentrations are similar in Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, and elderly controls. Neurobiol Aging. 2016;42:213-6. View abstract.

Billard JM. D-Serine in the aging hippocampus. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;116:18-24. View abstract.

Cho SE, Na KS, Cho SJ, Kang SG. Low d-serine levels in schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett. 2016;634:42-51. View abstract.

D'Souza DC, Radhakrishnan R, Perry E, et al. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the combination of D-serine and computerized cognitive retraining in schizophrenia: an international collaborative pilot study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(3):492-503. View abstract.

Ermilov M, Gelfin E, Levin R, et al. A pilot double-blind comparison of d-serine and high-dose olanzapine in treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(2-3):604-5. View abstract.

Fridman V, Suriyanarayanan S, Novak P, et al. Randomized trial of l-serine in patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1. Neurology. 2019;92(4):e359-e370. View abstract.

Garofalo K, Penno A, Schmidt BP, et al. Oral L-serine supplementation reduces production of neurotoxic deoxysphingolipids in mice and humans with hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type 1. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(12):4735-45. View abstract.

Gelfin E, Kaufman Y, Korn-Lubetzki I, et al. D-serine adjuvant treatment alleviates behavioural and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(4):543-9. View abstract.

Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ebstein R, et al. D-serine efficacy as add-on pharmacotherapy to risperidone and olanzapine for treatment-refractory schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57(6):577-85. View abstract.

Heresco-Levy U, Vass A, Bloch B, et al. Pilot controlled trial of D-serine for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2009;12(9):1275-82. View abstract.

Ishiwata S, Hattori K, Sasayama D, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid D-serine concentrations in major depressive disorder negatively correlate with depression severity. J Affect Disord. 2018;226:155-162. View abstract.

Ito Y, Takahashi S, Shen M, Yamaguchi K, Satoh M. Effects of L-serine ingestion on human sleep. Springerplus. 2014;3:456. View abstract.

Kantrowitz JT, Epstein ML, Lee M, et al. Improvement in mismatch negativity generation during d-serine treatment in schizophrenia: Correlation with symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2018;191:70-79. View abstract.

Kantrowitz JT, Malhotra AK, Cornblatt B, et al. High dose D-serine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2010 Aug;121(1-3):125-30. View abstract.

Lane HY, Chang YC, Liu YC, Chiu CC, Tsai GE. Sarcosine or D-serine add-on treatment for acute exacerbation of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(11):1196-204. View abstract.

Lane HY, Lin CH, Huang YJ, Liao CH, Chang YC, Tsai GE. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison study of sarcosine (N-methylglycine) and D-serine add-on treatment for schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(4):451-60. View abstract.

Lemmon ME, Grados M, Kline T, Thompson CB, Ali SF, Singer HS. Efficacy of Glutamate Modulators in Tic Suppression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Control Trial of D-serine and Riluzole in Tourette Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52(6):629-34. View abstract.

Levin R, Dor-Abarbanel AE, Edelman S, et al. Behavioral and cognitive effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist D-serine in healthy humans: initial findings. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;61:188-95. View abstract.

Levine TD, Miller RG, Bradley WG, et al. Phase I clinical trial of safety of L-serine for ALS patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2017;18(1-2):107-111. View abstract.

Lin CH, Yang HT, Lane HY. D-glutamate, D-serine, and D-alanine differ in their roles in cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019;185:172760. View abstract.

Tuominen HJ, Tiihonen J, Wahlbeck K. Glutamatergic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(2):CD003730. View abstract.

Malkesman O, Austin DR, Tragon T, et al. Acute D-serine treatment produces antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(8):1135-48. View abstract.

Singh SP, Singh V. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of adjunctive NMDA receptor modulators in chronic schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2011;25(10):859-85. View abstract.

Metcalf JS, Dunlop RA, Powell JT, Banack SA, Cox PA. L-Serine: a Naturally-Occurring Amino Acid with Therapeutic Potential. Neurotox Res. 2018;33(1):213-221. View abstract.

Moaddel R, Luckenbaugh DA, Xie Y, et al. D-serine plasma concentration is a potential biomarker of (R,S)-ketamine antidepressant response in subjects with treatment-resistant depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015;232(2):399-409. View abstract.

Montesinos Guevara C, Mani AR. The role of D-serine in peripheral tissues. Eur J Pharmacol. 2016;780:216-23. View abstract.

Nagamachi S, Nishigawa T, Takakura M, et al. Dietary L-serine modifies free amino acid composition of maternal milk and lowers the body weight of the offspring in mice. J Vet Med Sci. 2018;80(2):235-241. View abstract.

Nagasawa M, Otsuka T, Togo Y, et al. Single and chronic L-serine treatments exert antidepressant-like effects in rats possibly by different means. Amino Acids. 2017;49(9):1561-1570. View abstract.

MacKay MB, Kravtsenyuk M, Thomas R, Mitchell ND, Dursun SM, Baker GB. D-Serine: Potential Therapeutic Agent and/or Biomarker in Schizophrenia and Depression? Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:25. View abstract.

Seif T, Simms JA, Lei K, et al. D-Serine and D-Cycloserine Reduce Compulsive Alcohol Intake in Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(10):2357-67. View abstract.

Tsuda Y, Yamaguchi M, Noma T, Okaya E, Itoh H. Combined Effect of Arginine, Valine, and Serine on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients. 2019;11(4). pii: E862. doi: 10.3390/nu11040862. View abstract.

Verhoef P, Steenge GR, Boelsma E, van Vliet T, Olthof MR, Katan MB. Dietary serine and cystine attenuate the homocysteine-raising effect of dietary methionine: a randomized crossover trial in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(3):674-9. View abstract.

Weiser M, Heresco-Levy U, Davidson M, et al. A multicenter, add-on randomized controlled trial of low-dose d-serine for negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(6):e728-34. View abstract.

Chang CH, Kuo HL, Ma WF, Tsai HC. Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum D-Serine Levels in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020;9(12):3840. View abstract.

Sasahara I, Yamamoto A, Takeshita M, et al. L-Serine and EPA Relieve Chronic Low-Back and Knee Pain in Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2020;150(9):2278-2286. View abstract.

Asakawa T, Onizawa M, Saito C, et al. Oral administration of D-serine prevents the onset and progression of colitis in mice. J Gastroenterol 2021;56(8):732-745. View abstract.

Miura N, Matsumoto H, Cynober L, et al. Subchronic tolerance trials of graded oral supplementation with phenylalanine or serine in healthy adults. Nutrients 2021;13(6):1976. View abstract.

Yulug B, Altay O, Li X, et al. Combined metabolic activators improve cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease patients: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase-II trial. Transl Neurodegener. 2023 Jan 26;12(1):4. View abstract.

Umeda K, Shindo D, Somekawa S, et al. Effects of Five Amino Acids (Serine, Alanine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Tyrosine) on Mental Health in Healthy Office Workers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Exploratory Trial. Nutrients 2022;14(11):2357. View abstract.

Ohashi M, Lee SI, Eto T, et al. Intake of L-serine before bedtime prevents the delay of the circadian phase in real life. J Physiol Anthropol 2022;41(1):31. View abstract.

Sehatpour P, Iosifescu DV, De Baun HM, et al. Dose-Dependent Augmentation of Neuroplasticity-Based Auditory Learning in Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Target Engagement Clinical Trial of the NMDA Glutamate Receptor Agonist d-serine. Biol Psychiatry 2023. View abstract.