The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Qiao ZS, Wu H, Su ZW. [Comparison with the pharmacological actions of Morinda officinalis, Damnacanthus officinarum and Schisandra propinqua]. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1991;11:390,415-7. View abstract.

Upton R, ed. Schisandra Berry: Analytical, quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1999;1-25.

Lee IS, Jung KY, Oh SR, et al. Structure-activity relationships of lignans from Schisandra chinensis as platelet activating antagonists. Biol Pharm Bull 1999;22:265-7. View abstract.

Sun HD, Qiu SX, Lin LZ, et al. Nigranoic acid, a triterpenoid from Schisandra sphaerandra that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Nat Prod 1996;59:525-7. View abstract.

Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.

Amaryan G, Astvatsatryan V, Gabrielyan E, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pilot clinical trial of ImmunoGuard--a standardized fixed combination of Andrographis paniculata Nees, with Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim, Schizandra chinensis Bail. and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extracts in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Phytomedicine 2003;10:271-85. View abstract.

Iwata H, Tezuka Y, Kadota S, et al. Identification and characterization of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in Schisandra fruit extract. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:1351-8. View abstract.

Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, et al. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;316:1369-77. View abstract.

Xin HW, Wu XC, Li Q, et al. Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64:469-75. View abstract.

Qin XL, Bi HC, Wang XD, et al. Mechanistic understanding of the different effects of Wuhzi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) on the absorption and first-pass intestinal and hepatic metabolism of tacrolimus (FK506). Int J Pharm 2009;389:114-21. View abstract.

Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study of single dose effects of ADAPT-232 on cognitive functions. Phytomedicine 2010;17:494-9. View abstract.

Makino, T., Mizuno, F., and Mizukami, H. Does a kampo medicine containing schisandra fruit affect pharmacokinetics of nifedipine like grapefruit juice? Biol.Pharm.Bull. 2006;29(10):2065-2069. View abstract.

Narimanian, M., Badalyan, M., Panosyan, V., Gabrielyan, E., Panossian, A., Wikman, G., and Wagner, H. Impact of Chisan (ADAPT-232) on the quality-of-life and its efficacy as an adjuvant in the treatment of acute non-specific pneumonia. Phytomedicine 2005;12(10):723-729. View abstract.

Azizov, A. P. and Seifulla, R. D. [The effect of elton, leveton, fitoton and adapton on the work capacity of experimental animals]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1998;61(3):61-63. View abstract.

Panossian, A. G., Oganessian, A. S., Ambartsumian, M., Gabrielian, E. S., Wagner, H., and Wikman, G. Effects of heavy physical exercise and adaptogens on nitric oxide content in human saliva. Phytomedicine. 1999;6(1):17-26. View abstract.

Akbar, N., Tahir, R. A., Santoso, W. D., Soemarno, Sumaryono, Noer, H. M., and Liu, G. Effectiveness of the analogue of natural Schisandrin C (HpPro) in treatment of liver diseases: an experience in Indonesian patients. Chin Med J (Engl.) 1998;111(3):248-251. View abstract.

Kvasnickova, L., Glatz, Z., Sterbova, H., Kahle, V., Slanina, J., and Musil, P. Application of capillary electrochromatography using macroporous polyacrylamide columns for the analysis of lignans from seeds of Schisandra chinensis. J Chromatogr.A 5-4-2001;916(1-2):265-271. View abstract.

Ip, S. P., Che, C. T., Kong, Y. C., and Ko, K. M. Effects of schisandrin B pretreatment on tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced apoptosis and Hsp70 expression in mouse liver. Cell Stress.Chaperones. 2001;6(1):44-48. View abstract.

Chiu, P. Y., Tang, M. H., Mak, D. H., Poon, M. K., and Ko, K. M. Hepatoprotective mechanism of schisandrin B: role of mitochondrial glutathione antioxidant status and heat shock proteins. Free Radic.Biol.Med 8-15-2003;35(4):368-380. View abstract.

Chen, J. and Tian, G. [Ecological investigation on Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. of the Changbai Mountain]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 1992;17(4):204-5, 255. View abstract.

Kubo, S., Ohkura, Y., Mizoguchi, Y., Matsui-Yuasa, I., Otani, S., Morisawa, S., Kinoshita, H., Takeda, S., Aburada, M., and Hosoya, E. Effect of Gomisin A (TJN-101) on liver regeneration. Planta Med 1992;58(6):489-492. View abstract.

Shidoji, Y. and Ogawa, H. Natural occurrence of cancer-preventive geranylgeranoic acid in medicinal herbs. J Lipid Res 2004;45(6):1092-1103. View abstract.

Huang, L., Chen, L., and Zhang, Z. [Pathological observations of Fructus Schisandrae polysaccharide on anti-tumor effects in S180-bearing mice]. Zhong.Yao Cai. 2004;27(3):202-203. View abstract.

Yasukawa, K., Ikeya, Y., Mitsuhashi, H., Iwasaki, M., Aburada, M., Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, M., and Takido, M. Gomisin A inhibits tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology 1992;49(1):68-71. View abstract.

Huang, T., Shen, P., and Shen, Y. Preparative separation and purification of deoxyschisandrin and gamma-schisandrin from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr.A 2-25-2005;1066(1-2):239-242. View abstract.

Xiao, W. L., Zhu, H. J., Shen, Y. H., Li, R. T., Li, S. H., Sun, H. D., Zheng, Y. T., Wang, R. R., Lu, Y., Wang, C., and Zheng, Q. T. Lancifodilactone G: a unique nortriterpenoid isolated from Schisandra lancifolia and its anti-HIV activity. Org.Lett. 5-26-2005;7(11):2145-2148. View abstract.

Li, R. T., Han, Q. B., Zheng, Y. T., Wang, R. R., Yang, L. M., Lu, Y., Sang, S. Q., Zheng, Q. T., Zhao, Q. S., and Sun, H. D. Structure and anti-HIV activity of micrandilactones B and C, new nortriterpenoids possessing a unique skeleton from Schisandra micrantha. Chem.Commun.(Camb.) 7-14-2005;(23):2936-2938. View abstract.

Melhem, A., Stern, M., Shibolet, O., Israeli, E., Ackerman, Z., Pappo, O., Hemed, N., Rowe, M., Ohana, H., Zabrecky, G., Cohen, R., and Ilan, Y. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants: results of a phase I clinical trial. J Clin.Gastroenterol. 2005;39(8):737-742. View abstract.

Chiu, P. Y., Leung, H. Y., Poon, M. K., and Ko, K. M. Chronic schisandrin B treatment improves mitochondrial antioxidant status and tissue heat shock protein production in various tissues of young adult and middle-aged rats. Biogerontology. 2006;7(4):199-210. View abstract.

Huang, X., Song, F., Liu, Z., and Liu, S. Studies on lignan constituents from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. fruits using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2007;42(9):1148-1161. View abstract.

Matsuzaki, Y., Matsuzaki, T., Takeda, S., Koguchi, S., Ikeya, Y., Mitsuhashi, H., Sasaki, H., Aburada, M., Hosoya, E., and Oyama, T. [Studies on the metabolic fate of gomisin A (TJN-101). I. Absorption in rats]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(9):524-530. View abstract.

Matsuzaki, Y., Ishibashi, E., Koguchi, S., Wakui, Y., Takeda, S., Aburada, M., and Oyama, T. [Determination of gomisin A (TJN-101) and its metabolite in rat serum by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1991;111(10):617-620. View abstract.

Lu, Y. and Chen, D. F. Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera. J Chromatogr.A 9-26-2008; View abstract.

Niu, X. Y., Bian, Z. J., and Ren, Z. H. [Metabolic fate of schizandrol A and its distribution in the rat brain determined by thin layer chromatography]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 1983;18(7):491-495. View abstract.

Liu, K. T. and Lesca, P. Pharmacological properties of Dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene derivatives isolated from Fructus Schizandrae Chinensis III. Inhibitory effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation, metabolism and covalent binding of carbon tetrachloride to lipids. Chem Biol Interact. 7-15-1982;41(1):39-47. View abstract.

Ko, K. M., Ip, S. P., Poon, M. K., Wu, S. S., Che, C. T., Ng, K. H., and Kong, Y. C. Effect of a lignan-enriched fructus schisandrae extract on hepatic glutathione status in rats: protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Planta Med 1995;61(2):134-137. View abstract.

Nomura, M., Ohtaki, Y., Hida, T., Aizawa, T., Wakita, H., and Miyamoto, K. Inhibition of early 3-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by gomisin A in rats. Anticancer Res 1994;14(5A):1967-1971. View abstract.

Ohtaki, Y., Nomura, M., Hida, T., Miyamoto, K., Kanitani, M., Aizawa, T., and Aburada, M. Inhibition by gomisin A, a lignan compound, of hepatocarcinogenesis by 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats. Biol Pharm.Bull. 1994;17(6):808-814. View abstract.

Ko, K. M., Mak, D. H., Li, P. C., Poon, M. K., and Ip, S. P. Enhancement of hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity by a lignan-enriched extract of fructus schisandrae in rats. Jpn.J Pharmacol. 1995;69(4):439-442. View abstract.

Ono, H., Matsuzaki, Y., Wakui, Y., Takeda, S., Ikeya, Y., Amagaya, S., and Maruno, M. Determination of schizandrin in human plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.B Biomed.Appl. 12-15-1995;674(2):293-297. View abstract.

Minejeva KD, v, and dyukova ZP. The treatment of myopia in children using Schizandra chinensis. Materials of 3rd Joint Scientific Conference on the Treatment-Prophylactic Institutions, Moscow, Russia:Pediatric Outpatient Clinic No.5 1968;167-170.

Luo W and Wu C. Fifty-six cases of stubborn eczema treated by oral administration and topical application of herbal medicine. JTCM 2001;21(4):259-260.

Ahumada F, Hermosilla J, Hola R, and et al. Studies on the effect of

Bao TT, Liu GT, Xu GF, and et al. [Studies on Fructus shizandrae: its effect on the increase of serum transaminase (SGPT) induced by chemicals]. Natl Med J China 1974;54:275-278.

Fan L, Mao XQ, Tao GY, Wang G, Jiang F, Chen Y, Li Q, Zhang W, Lei HP, Hu DL, Huang YF, Wang D, Zhou HH. Effect of Schisandra chinensis extract and Ginkgo biloba extract on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica. 2009 Mar;39(3):249-54. View abstract.

Jiang W, Wang X, Xu X, Kong L. Effect of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the concentration of tacrolimus in the blood of liver transplant patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Mar;48(3):224-9. View abstract.

Xin HW, Wu XC, Li Q, Yu AR, Xiong L. Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera extract on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 May;67(5):541-6. View abstract.

Panossian A, Wikman G. Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Jul 23;118(2):183-212. View abstract.

Li J, Chen S, Qin X, et at. Wuzhi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera Extract) is a Promising Tacrolimus-Sparing Agent for Renal Transplant Recipients Who are CYP3A5 Expressers: a Two-Phase Prospective Study. Drug Metab Dispos. 2017;45(11):1114-1119. View abstract.

Park JY, Kim KH. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Schisandra chinensis for menopausal symptoms. Climacteric. 2016;19(6):574-580. View abstract.

Cho YH, Lee SY, Lee CH, Park JH, So YS. Effect of Schisandra chinensis Baillon extracts and regular low-intensity exercise on muscle strength and mass in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021:nqaa447. View abstract.

Park J, Han S, Park H. Effect of Schisandra Chinensis Extract Supplementation on Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Fatigue in Adult Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2475. View abstract.

Qin XL, Li JL, Wang SH, Chen X, Huang M, Bi HC. Co-administration of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) alters tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in a dose- and time-dependent manner in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;263:113233. View abstract.

Wang XY, Song XL, Zhang Y, et al. Evaluation of Beneficial and Adverse Effects of a Diet Supplemented with Schisandrae Fructus Seed Ethanol Extract on Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Normal and Hypercholesterolemic/Hyperglycemic Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:8858962. View abstract.

Yuan F, Liang X, Chen X, Qin X, Tan C, Wang L. CYP2C19 is involved in the effect of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) and its constituents on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous voriconazole. Pharmazie. 2020;75(11):559-564. View abstract.

Zhang Z, Lu X, Dong L, Ma J, Fan X. Clinical observation on the effect of Wuzhi soft capsule on FK506 concentration in membranous nephropathy patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(48):e18150. View abstract.

Yoo HH, Lee M, Lee MW, Lim SY, Shin J, Kim DH. Effects of Schisandra lignans on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux in human intestinal Caco-2. Planta Med. 2007;73(5):444-50. View abstract.

Qiangrong P, Wang T, Lu Q, Hu X. Schisandrin B--a novel inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;335(2):406-11. View abstract.

Karosanidze I, Kiladze U, Kirtadze N, et al. Efficacy of adaptogens in patients with long COVID-19: a randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022;15(3):345. View abstract.

Chen L, Ji N, Zhang M, Chen W. The influence of Wuzhi capsule on the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021. View abstract.

Cheng X, Ma J, Xu X, Zhang L, Wang X, Wu R. Effect of Wuzhi capsules on cyclosporine A concentration in children with aplastic anemia immunotherapy: a single-center observational study. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022:1-5. View abstract

Cheng F, Li Q, Wang J, Zeng F, Zhang Y. Effects and safety evaluation of Wuzhi capsules combined with tacrolimus for the treatment of kidney transplantation recipients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021;46(6):1636-49. View abstract.

Teng F, Wang W, Zhang W, et al. Effect of hepar-protecting Wuzhi capsule on pharmacokinetics and dose-effect character of tacrolimus in healthy volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2022. View abstract.

Kou K, Sun X, Li M, et al. Beneficial effects of Wuzhi capsule on tacrolimus blood concentrations in liver transplant patients with different donor-recipient CYP3A5 genotypes. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022;47(2):200-10. View abstract.

Peng Y, Jiang F, Zhou R, et al. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of co-administration of Wuzhi capsule and tacrolimus in adult Chinese patients with myasthenia gravis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021;17:2281-9. View abstract.