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Buchman, A. L., Ament, M. E., Sohel, M., Dubin, M., Jenden, D. J., Roch, M., Pownall, H., Farley, W., Awal, M., and Ahn, C. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2001;25(5):260-268. View abstract.

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Schmidt, C., Abicht, A., Krampfl, K., Voss, W., Stucka, R., Mildner, G., Petrova, S., Schara, U., Mortier, W., Bufler, J., Huebner, A., and Lochmuller, H. Congenital myasthenic syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase. Neuromuscul.Disord. 2003;13(3):245-251. View abstract.

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Growdon, J. H., Cohen, E. L., and Wurtman, R. J. Effects of oral choline administration on serum and CSF choline levels in patients with Huntington's disease. J.Neurochem. 1977;28(1):229-231. View abstract.

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Mandat, T., Wilk, A., Manowiec, R., Koziarski, A., Zielinski, G., and Podgorski, J. K. [Preliminary evaluation of risk and effectiveness of early choline alphoscerate treatment in craniocerebral injury]. Neurol.Neurochir.Pol. 2003;37(6):1231-1238. View abstract.

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Chhabra, S. K., Wadehra, N. R., Gaur, S. N., Joshi, A. P., and Agrawal, K. P. Prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma with theophylline, disodium cromoglycate and choline--a clinical, physiological and biochemical assessment. Indian J.Chest Dis.Allied Sci. 1987;29(2):65-76. View abstract.

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Mohs, R. C., Davis, K. L., Tinklenberg, J. R., Hollister, L. E., Yesavage, J. A., and Kopell, B. S. Choline chloride treatment of memory deficits in the elderly. Am.J.Psychiatry 1979;136(10):1275-1277. View abstract.

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Tamminga, C., Smith, R. C., Chang, S., Haraszti, J. S., and Davis, J. M. Depression associated with oral choline. Lancet 10-23-1976;2(7991):905. View abstract.

Nasrallah, H. A., Dunner, F. J., Smith, R. E., McCalley-Whitters, M., and Sherman, A. D. Variable clinical response to choline in tardive dyskinesia. Psychol.Med. 1984;14(3):697-700. View abstract.

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Domino, E. F., Lipper, S., Landau, S. G., and Domino, S. E. Levels of red blood cell choline after discontinuation of lithium therapy. Am.J.Psychiatry 1982;139(5):681-682. View abstract.

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Chuaqui, P. and Levy, R. Fluctuations of free choline levels in plasma of Alzheimer patients receiving lecithin: preliminary observations. Br.J.Psychiatry 1982;140:464-469. View abstract.

Boyd, W. D., Graham-White, J., Blackwood, G., Glen, I., and McQueen, J. Clinical effects of choline in Alzheimer senile dementia. Lancet 10-1-1977;2(8040):711. View abstract.

Thal, L. J., Rosen, W., Sharpless, N. S., and Crystal, H. Choline chloride fails to improve cognition of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol.Aging 1981;2(3):205-208. View abstract.

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Fovall, P., Dysken, M. W., Lazarus, L. W., Davis, J. M., Kahn, R. L., Jope, R., Finkel, S., and Rattan, P. Choline bitartrate treatment of Alzheimer-type dementias. Commun.Psychopharmacol. 1980;4(2):141-145. View abstract.

Growdon, J. H. and Gelenberg, A. J. Choline and lecithin administration to patients with tardive dyskinesia. Trans.Am.Neurol.Assoc. 1978;103:95-99. View abstract.

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Smith, C. M., Swash, M., Exton-Smith, A. N., Phillips, M. J., Overstall, P. W., Piper, M. E., and Bailey, M. R. Choline therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 8-5-1978;2(8084):318. View abstract.

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Sun S, Li X, Ren A, et al. Choline and betaine consumption lowers cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Sci Rep 2016;6:35547. View abstract.

Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Voutilainen S. Dietary intake of choline and phosphatidylcholine and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(8):3857-3861. View abstract.

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