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Handelman, G. J., Nightingale, Z. D., Lichtenstein, A. H., Schaefer, E. J., and Blumberg, J. B. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70(2):247-251. View abstract.

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Paetau, I., Rao, D., Wiley, E. R., Brown, E. D., and Clevidence, B. A. Carotenoids in human buccal mucosa cells after 4 wk of supplementation with tomato juice or lycopene supplements. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70(4):490-494. View abstract.

Sommerburg, O. G., Siems, W. G., Hurst, J. S., Lewis, J. W., Kliger, D. S., and van Kuijk, F. J. Lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with photoreceptors in the human retina. Curr.Eye Res. 1999;19(6):491-495. View abstract.

Castenmiller, J. J., Lauridsen, S. T., Dragsted, L. O., het Hof, K. H., Linssen, J. P., and West, C. E. beta-carotene does not change markers of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity in human blood. J Nutr 1999;129(12):2162-2169. View abstract.

Wright, A. J., Hughes, D. A., Bailey, A. L., and Southon, S. Beta-carotene and lycopene, but not lutein, supplementation changes the plasma fatty acid profile of healthy male non-smokers. J Lab Clin Med 1999;134(6):592-598. View abstract.

Siems, W. G., Sommerburg, O., and van Kuijk, F. J. Lycopene and beta-carotene decompose more rapidly than lutein and zeaxanthin upon exposure to various pro-oxidants in vitro. Biofactors 1999;10(2-3):105-113. View abstract.

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Sumantran, V. N., Zhang, R., Lee, D. S., and Wicha, M. S. Differential regulation of apoptosis in normal versus transformed mammary epithelium by lutein and retinoic acid. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9(3):257-263. View abstract.

Rapp, L. M., Maple, S. S., and Choi, J. H. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41(5):1200-1209. View abstract.

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Berendschot, T. T., Goldbohm, R. A., Klopping, W. A., van de, Kraats J., van Norel, J., and van Norren, D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41(11):3322-3326. View abstract.

Chopra, M., O'Neill, M. E., Keogh, N., Wortley, G., Southon, S., and Thurnham, D. I. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clin.Chem. 2000;46(11):1818-1829. View abstract.

Bone, R. A., Landrum, J. T., Mayne, S. T., Gomez, C. M., Tibor, S. E., and Twaroska, E. E. Macular pigment in donor eyes with and without AMD: a case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2001;42(1):235-240. View abstract.

Beatty, S., Murray, I. J., Henson, D. B., Carden, D., Koh, H., and Boulton, M. E. Macular pigment and risk for age-related macular degeneration in subjects from a Northern European population. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2001;42(2):439-446. View abstract.

Mares-Perlman, J. A., Fisher, A. I., Klein, R., Palta, M., Block, G., Millen, A. E., and Wright, J. D. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum and their relation to age-related maculopathy in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am.J.Epidemiol. 3-1-2001;153(5):424-432. View abstract.

Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Southon, S., Wright, A. J., Blanco, I., Gil-Martinez, E., Berg, H., Corridan, B., Roussel, A. M., Chopra, M., and Thurnham, D. I. Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins A, E, and C in control subjects from five European countries. Br J Nutr 2001;85(2):227-238. View abstract.

O'Neill, M. E., Carroll, Y., Corridan, B., Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Blanco, I., van den, Berg H., Hininger, I., Rousell, A. M., Chopra, M., Southon, S., and Thurnham, D. I. A European carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study. Br J Nutr 2001;85(4):499-507. View abstract.

Dwyer, J. H., Navab, M., Dwyer, K. M., Hassan, K., Sun, P., Shircore, A., Hama-Levy, S., Hough, G., Wang, X., Drake, T., Merz, C. N., and Fogelman, A. M. Oxygenated carotenoid lutein and progression of early atherosclerosis: the Los Angeles atherosclerosis study. Circulation 6-19-2001;103(24):2922-2927. View abstract.

Junghans, A., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin as blue light filters studied in liposomes. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 7-15-2001;391(2):160-164. View abstract.

Jacques, P. F., Chylack, L. T., Jr., Hankinson, S. E., Khu, P. M., Rogers, G., Friend, J., Tung, W., Wolfe, J. K., Padhye, N., Willett, W. C., and Taylor, A. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1009-1019. View abstract.

Gale, C. R., Hall, N. F., Phillips, D. I., and Martyn, C. N. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract. Ophthalmology 2001;108(11):1992-1998. View abstract.

Curran-Celentano, J., Hammond, B. R., Jr., Ciulla, T. A., Cooper, D. A., Pratt, L. M., and Danis, R. B. Relation between dietary intake, serum concentrations, and retinal concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin in adults in a Midwest population. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2001;74(6):796-802. View abstract.

Taylor, A., Jacques, P. F., Chylack, L. T., Jr., Hankinson, S. E., Khu, P. M., Rogers, G., Friend, J., Tung, W., Wolfe, J. K., Padhye, N., and Willett, W. C. Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;75(3):540-549. View abstract.

Rock, C. L., Thornquist, M. D., Neuhouser, M. L., Kristal, A. R., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Cooper, D. A., Patterson, R. E., and Cheskin, L. J. Diet and lifestyle correlates of lutein in the blood and diet. J.Nutr. 2002;132(3):525S-530S. View abstract.

Duncan, J. L., Aleman, T. S., Gardner, L. M., De Castro, E., Marks, D. A., Emmons, J. M., Bieber, M. L., Steinberg, J. D., Bennett, J., Stone, E. M., MacDonald, I. M., Cideciyan, A. V., Maguire, M. G., and Jacobson, S. G. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp.Eye Res. 2002;74(3):371-381. View abstract.

Eichler, O., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Divergent optimum levels of lycopene, beta-carotene and lutein protecting against UVB irradiation in human fibroblastst. Photochem.Photobiol. 2002;75(5):503-506. View abstract.

Valero, M. P., Fletcher, A. E., De Stavola, B. L., Vioque, J., and Alepuz, V. C. Vitamin C is associated with reduced risk of cataract in a Mediterranean population. J.Nutr. 2002;132(6):1299-1306. View abstract.

Snellen, E. L., Verbeek, A. L., Van Den Hoogen, G. W., Cruysberg, J. R., and Hoyng, C. B. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake. Acta Ophthalmol.Scand. 2002;80(4):368-371. View abstract.

Broekmans, W. M., Berendschot, T. T., Klopping-Ketelaars, I. A., de Vries, A. J., Goldbohm, R. A., Tijburg, L. B., Kardinaal, A. F., and van Poppel, G. Macular pigment density in relation to serum and adipose tissue concentrations of lutein and serum concentrations of zeaxanthin. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;76(3):595-603. View abstract.

Bowen, P. E., Herbst-Espinosa, S. M., Hussain, E. A., and Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J.Nutr. 2002;132(12):3668-3673. View abstract.

Berendschot, T. T., Broekmans, W. M., Klopping-Ketelaars, I. A., Kardinaal, A. F., Van, Poppel G., and Van, Norren D. Lens aging in relation to nutritional determinants and possible risk factors for age-related cataract. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2002;120(12):1732-1737. View abstract.

Olmedilla, B., Granado, F., Blanco, I., and Vaquero, M. Lutein, but not alpha-tocopherol, supplementation improves visual function in patients with age-related cataracts: a 2-y double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutrition 2003;19(1):21-24. View abstract.

Falsini, B., Piccardi, M., Iarossi, G., Fadda, A., Merendino, E., and Valentini, P. Influence of short-term antioxidant supplementation on macular function in age-related maculopathy: a pilot study including electrophysiologic assessment. Ophthalmology 2003;110(1):51-60. View abstract.

Djuric, Z., Uhley, V. E., Naegeli, L., Lababidi, S., Macha, S., and Heilbrun, L. K. Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and antioxidant capacity in a 12-week intervention study to reduce fat and/or energy intakes. Nutrition 2003;19(3):244-249. View abstract.

Bone, R. A., Landrum, J. T., Guerra, L. H., and Ruiz, C. A. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary supplements raise macular pigment density and serum concentrations of these carotenoids in humans. J.Nutr. 2003;133(4):992-998. View abstract.

Cardinault, N., Gorrand, J. M., Tyssandier, V., Grolier, P., Rock, E., and Borel, P. Short-term supplementation with lutein affects biomarkers of lutein status similarly in young and elderly subjects. Exp.Gerontol. 2003;38(5):573-582. View abstract.

Gale, C. R., Hall, N. F., Phillips, D. I., and Martyn, C. N. Lutein and zeaxanthin status and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2003;44(6):2461-2465. View abstract.

Williams, M. A., Woelk, G. B., King, I. B., Jenkins, L., and Mahomed, K. Plasma carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and lipoproteins in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant Zimbabwean women. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(8):665-672. View abstract.

Kiokias, S. and Gordon, M. H. Dietary supplementation with a natural carotenoid mixture decreases oxidative stress. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(9):1135-1140. View abstract.

Abnet, C. C., Qiao, Y. L., Dawsey, S. M., Buckman, D. W., Yang, C. S., Blot, W. J., Dong, Z. W., Taylor, P. R., and Mark, S. D. Prospective study of serum retinol, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lutein/zeaxanthin and esophageal and gastric cancers in China. Cancer Causes Control 2003;14(7):645-655. View abstract.

Bartlett, H. and Eperjesi, F. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of nutritional supplementation on visual function in normal, and age-related macular disease affected eyes: design and methodology [ISRCTN78467674]. Nutr.J. 10-10-2003;2:12. View abstract.

Upritchard, J. E., Schuurman, C. R., Wiersma, A., Tijburg, L. B., Coolen, S. A., Rijken, P. J., and Wiseman, S. A. Spread supplemented with moderate doses of vitamin E and carotenoids reduces lipid peroxidation in healthy, nonsmoking adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(5):985-992. View abstract.

Dwyer, J. H., Paul-Labrador, M. J., Fan, J., Shircore, A. M., Merz, C. N., and Dwyer, K. M. Progression of carotid intima-media thickness and plasma antioxidants: the Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 2004;24(2):313-319. View abstract.

Molldrem, K. L., Li, J., Simon, P. W., and Tanumihardjo, S. A. Lutein and beta-carotene from lutein-containing yellow carrots are bioavailable in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(1):131-136. View abstract.

van der Horst-Graat JM, Kok, F. J., and Schouten, E. G. Plasma carotenoid concentrations in relation to acute respiratory infections in elderly people. Br J Nutr 2004;92(1):113-118. View abstract.

Dorgan, J. F., Boakye, N. A., Fears, T. R., Schleicher, R. L., Helsel, W., Anderson, C., Robinson, J., Guin, J. D., Lessin, S., Ratnasinghe, L. D., and Tangrea, J. A. Serum carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(8):1276-1282. View abstract.

Natarajan, L., Rock, C. L., Major, J. M., Thomson, C. A., Caan, B. J., Flatt, S. W., Chilton, J. A., Hollenbach, K. A., Newman, V. A., Faerber, S., Ritenbaugh, C. K., Gold, E., Stefanick, M. L., Jones, L. A., Marshall, J. R., and Pierce, J. P. On the importance of using multiple methods of dietary assessment. Epidemiology 2004;15(6):738-745. View abstract.

Morganti, P., Fabrizi, G., and Bruno, C. Protective effects of oral antioxidants on skin and eye function. Skinmed. 2004;3(6):310-316. View abstract.

Ito, Y., Wakai, K., Suzuki, K., Ozasa, K., Watanabe, Y., Seki, N., Ando, M., Nishino, Y., Kondo, T., Ohno, Y., and Tamakoshi, A. Lung cancer mortality and serum levels of carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and folic acid in men and women: a case-control study nested in the JACC Study. J Epidemiol. 2005;15 Suppl 2:S140-S149. View abstract.

Coyne, T., Ibiebele, T. I., Baade, P. D., Dobson, A., McClintock, C., Dunn, S., Leonard, D., and Shaw, J. Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: findings of a population-based study in Queensland, Australia. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(3):685-693. View abstract.

Zhao, X., Aldini, G., Johnson, E. J., Rasmussen, H., Kraemer, K., Woolf, H., Musaeus, N., Krinsky, N. I., Russell, R. M., and Yeum, K. J. Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(1):163-169. View abstract.

Andersen, L. F., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Gross, M. D., Schreiner, P. J., Dale, Williams O., and Lee, D. H. Longitudinal associations between body mass index and serum carotenoids: the CARDIA study. Br J Nutr 2006;95(2):358-365. View abstract.

Herron, K. L., McGrane, M. M., Waters, D., Lofgren, I. E., Clark, R. M., Ordovas, J. M., and Fernandez, M. L. The ABCG5 polymorphism contributes to individual responses to dietary cholesterol and carotenoids in eggs. J Nutr 2006;136(5):1161-1165. View abstract.

Bahrami, H., Melia, M., and Dagnelie, G. Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289]. BMC.Ophthalmol. 2006;6:23. View abstract.

Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Wang, J. J., Mitchell, P., and Smith, W. Lutein and zeaxanthin dietary intake and age related macular degeneration. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):927-928. View abstract.

Shao, A. and Hathcock, J. N. Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Regul.Toxicol Pharmacol 2006;45(3):289-298. View abstract.

Moeller, S. M., Parekh, N., Tinker, L., Ritenbaugh, C., Blodi, B., Wallace, R. B., and Mares, J. A. Associations between intermediate age-related macular degeneration and lutein and zeaxanthin in the Carotenoids in Age-related Eye Disease Study (CAREDS): ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2006;124(8):1151-1162. View abstract.

Schalch, W., Cohn, W., Barker, F. M., Kopcke, W., Mellerio, J., Bird, A. C., Robson, A. G., Fitzke, F. F., and van Kuijk, F. J. Xanthophyll accumulation in the human retina during supplementation with lutein or zeaxanthin - the LUXEA (LUtein Xanthophyll Eye Accumulation) study. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 2-15-2007;458(2):128-135. View abstract.

Trumbo, P. R. and Ellwood, K. C. Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for health claims. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2006;84(5):971-974. View abstract.

Rosenthal, J. M., Kim, J., de, Monasterio F., Thompson, D. J., Bone, R. A., Landrum, J. T., de Moura, F. F., Khachik, F., Chen, H., Schleicher, R. L., Ferris, F. L., III, and Chew, E. Y. Dose-ranging study of lutein supplementation in persons aged 60 years or older. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2006;47(12):5227-5233. View abstract.

Hozawa, A., Jacobs, D. R., Jr., Steffes, M. W., Gross, M. D., Steffen, L. M., and Lee, D. H. Relationships of circulating carotenoid concentrations with several markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants (YALTA) study. Clin Chem 2007;53(3):447-455. View abstract.

Bartlett, H. E. and Eperjesi, F. Effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;61(9):1121-1127. View abstract.

Cangemi, F. E. TOZAL Study: an open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD. BMC Ophthalmol 2007;7:3. View abstract.

Palombo, P., Fabrizi, G., Ruocco, V., Ruocco, E., Fluhr, J., Roberts, R., and Morganti, P. Beneficial long-term effects of combined oral/topical antioxidant treatment with the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on human skin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2007;20(4):199-210. View abstract.

Richer, S., Devenport, J., and Lang, J. C. LAST II: Differential temporal responses of macular pigment optical density in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration to dietary supplementation with xanthophylls. Optometry. 2007;78(5):213-219. View abstract.

Gouado, I., Schweigert, F. J., Ejoh, R. A., Tchouanguep, M. F., and Camp, J. V. Systemic levels of carotenoids from mangoes and papaya consumed in three forms (juice, fresh and dry slice). Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;61(10):1180-1188. View abstract.

Tan, J. S., Wang, J. J., Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Smith, W., and Mitchell, P. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115(2):334-341. View abstract.

Robman, L., Vu, H., Hodge, A., Tikellis, G., Dimitrov, P., McCarty, C., and Guymer, R. Dietary lutein, zeaxanthin, and fats and the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Can.J.Ophthalmol. 2007;42(5):720-726. View abstract.

San Giovanni, J. P., Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T. E., Ferris, F. L., III, Gensler, G., Lindblad, A. S., Milton, R. C., Seddon, J. M., and Sperduto, R. D. The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 22. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2007;125(9):1225-1232. View abstract.

LaRowe, T. L., Mares, J. A., Snodderly, D. M., Klein, M. L., Wooten, B. R., and Chappell, R. Macular pigment density and age-related maculopathy in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study. An ancillary study of the women's health initiative. Ophthalmology 2008;115(5):876-883. View abstract.

Thomson, C. A., Stendell-Hollis, N. R., Rock, C. L., Cussler, E. C., Flatt, S. W., and Pierce, J. P. Plasma and dietary carotenoids are associated with reduced oxidative stress in women previously treated for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(10):2008-2015. View abstract.

Adackapara, C. A., Sunness, J. S., Dibernardo, C. W., Melia, B. M., and Dagnelie, G. Prevalence of cystoid macular edema and stability in oct retinal thickness in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa during a 48-week lutein trial. Retina 2008;28(1):103-110. View abstract.

Bartlett, H. E. and Eperjesi, F. A randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of lutein and antioxidant dietary supplementation on visual function in healthy eyes. Clin.Nutr. 2008;27(2):218-227. View abstract.

Moeller, S. M., Voland, R., Tinker, L., Blodi, B. A., Klein, M. L., Gehrs, K. M., Johnson, E. J., Snodderly, D. M., Wallace, R. B., Chappell, R. J., Parekh, N., Ritenbaugh, C., and Mares, J. A. Associations between age-related nuclear cataract and lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum in the Carotenoids in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an Ancillary Study of the Women's Health Initiative. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2008;126(3):354-364. View abstract.

Dherani, M., Murthy, G. V., Gupta, S. K., Young, I. S., Maraini, G., Camparini, M., Price, G. M., John, N., Chakravarthy, U., and Fletcher, A. E. Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2008;49(8):3328-3335. View abstract.

Cho, E., Hankinson, S. E., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., and Colditz, G. A. Prospective study of lutein/zeaxanthin intake and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;87(6):1837-1843. View abstract.

Vojnikovic, B., Kovacevic, D., Njiric, S., and Coklo, M. Long term results of age-related macular degeneration therapy with prednisolone acetate--special refer to peripheral visual field changes. Coll.Antropol. 2008;32(2):351-353. View abstract.

Yagi, A., Fujimoto, K., Michihiro, K., Goh, B., Tsi, D., and Nagai, H. The effect of lutein supplementation on visual fatigue: a psychophysiological analysis. Appl.Ergon. 2009;40(6):1047-1054. View abstract.

Ma, L., Lin, X. M., Zou, Z. Y., Xu, X. R., Li, Y., and Xu, R. A 12-week lutein supplementation improves visual function in Chinese people with long-term computer display light exposure. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;102(2):186-190. View abstract.

Perrone, S., Longini, M., Marzocchi, B., Picardi, A., Bellieni, C. V., Proietti, F., Rodriguez, A., Turrisi, G., and Buonocore, G. Effects of lutein on oxidative stress in the term newborn: a pilot study. Neonatology. 2010;97(1):36-40. View abstract.

Teixeira, V. H., Valente, H. F., Casal, S. I., Marques, A. F., and Moreira, P. A. Antioxidants do not prevent postexercise peroxidation and may delay muscle recovery. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2009;41(9):1752-1760. View abstract.

Takeda, S., Masuda, Y., Usuda, M., Marushima, R., Ueji, T., Hasegawa, M., and Maruyama, C. Effects of mayonnaise on postprandial serum lutein/zeaxanthin and beta-carotene concentrations in humans. J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2009;55(6):479-485. View abstract.

Berson, E. L., Rosner, B., Sandberg, M. A., Weigel-DiFranco, C., Brockhurst, R. J., Hayes, K. C., Johnson, E. J., Anderson, E. J., Johnson, C. A., Gaudio, A. R., Willett, W. C., and Schaefer, E. J. Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2010;128(4):403-411. View abstract.

Capeding, R., Gepanayao, C. P., Calimon, N., Lebumfacil, J., Davis, A. M., Stouffer, N., and Harris, B. J. Lutein-fortified infant formula fed to healthy term infants: evaluation of growth effects and safety. Nutr.J. 2010;9:22. View abstract.

Bartlett, H., Howells, O., and Eperjesi, F. The role of macular pigment assessment in clinical practice: a review. Clin.Exp.Optom. 2010;93(5):300-308. View abstract.

Zeimer, M. B., Kromer, I., Spital, G., Lommatzsch, A., and Pauleikhoff, D. Macular telangiectasia: patterns of distribution of macular pigment and response to supplementation. Retina 2010;30(8):1282-1293. View abstract.

Saxena, S., Srivastava, P., and Khanna, V. K. Antioxidant supplementation improves platelet membrane fluidity in idiopathic retinal periphlebitis (Eales' disease). J.Ocul.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;26(6):623-626. View abstract.

Ravindran, R. D., Vashist, P., Gupta, S. K., Young, I. S., Maraini, G., Camparini, M., Jayanthi, R., John, N., Fitzpatrick, K. E., Chakravarthy, U., Ravilla, T. D., and Fletcher, A. E. Inverse association of vitamin C with cataract in older people in India. Ophthalmology 2011;118(10):1958-1965. View abstract.

Rubin, L. P., Chan, G. M., Barrett-Reis, B. M., Fulton, A. B., Hansen, R. M., Ashmeade, T. L., Oliver, J. S., Mackey, A. D., Dimmit, R. A., Hartmann, E. E., and Adamkin, D. H. Effect of carotenoid supplementation on plasma carotenoids, inflammation and visual development in preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2012;32(6):418-424. View abstract.

Sasamoto, Y., Gomi, F., Sawa, M., Tsujikawa, M., and Nishida, K. Effect of 1-year lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual function. Graefes Arch.Clin.Exp.Ophthalmol. 2011;249(12):1847-1854. View abstract.

Weigert, G., Kaya, S., Pemp, B., Sacu, S., Lasta, M., Werkmeister, R. M., Dragostinoff, N., Simader, C., Garhofer, G., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., and Schmetterer, L. Effects of lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual acuity in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2011;52(11):8174-8178. View abstract.

Ma, L., Dou, H. L., Wu, Y. Q., Huang, Y. M., Huang, Y. B., Xu, X. R., Zou, Z. Y., and Lin, X. M. Lutein and zeaxanthin intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br.J.Nutr. 2012;107(3):350-359. View abstract.

Thyagarajan, B., Meyer, A., Smith, L. J., Beckett, W. S., Williams, O. D., Gross, M. D., and Jacobs, D. R., Jr. Serum carotenoid concentrations predict lung function evolution in young adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2011;94(5):1211-1218. View abstract.

Romagnoli, C., Giannantonio, C., Cota, F., Papacci, P., Vento, G., Valente, E., Purcaro, V., and Costa, S. A prospective, randomized, double blind study comparing lutein to placebo for reducing occurrence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24 Suppl 1:147-150. View abstract.

Connolly, E. E., Beatty, S., Loughman, J., Howard, A. N., Louw, M. S., and Nolan, J. M. Supplementation with all three macular carotenoids: response, stability, and safety. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2011;52(12):9207-9217. View abstract.

Dani, C., Lori, I., Favelli, F., Frosini, S., Messner, H., Wanker, P., De, Marini S., Oretti, C., Boldrini, A., Massimiliano, C., Bragetti, P., and Germini, C. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation in preterm infants to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized controlled study. J.Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(5):523-527. View abstract.

Piermarocchi, S., Saviano, S., Parisi, V., Tedeschi, M., Panozzo, G., Scarpa, G., Boschi, G., and Lo, Giudice G. Carotenoids in Age-related Maculopathy Italian Study (CARMIS): two-year results of a randomized study. Eur.J.Ophthalmol. 2012;22(2):216-225. View abstract.

Richer, S. P., Stiles, W., Graham-Hoffman, K., Levin, M., Ruskin, D., Wrobel, J., Park, D. W., and Thomas, C. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. Optometry. 2011;82(11):667-680. View abstract.

Holtan, S. G., O'Connor, H. M., Fredericksen, Z. S., Liebow, M., Thompson, C. A., Macon, W. R., Micallef, I. N., Wang, A. H., Slager, S. L., Habermann, T. M., Call, T. G., and Cerhan, J. R. Food-frequency questionnaire-based estimates of total antioxidant capacity and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Int.J.Cancer 9-1-2012;131(5):1158-1168. View abstract.

Sabour-Pickett, S., Nolan, J. M., Loughman, J., and Beatty, S. A review of the evidence germane to the putative protective role of the macular carotenoids for age-related macular degeneration. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(2):270-286. View abstract.

Ferguson, L. R. and Schlothauer, R. C. The potential role of nutritional genomics tools in validating high health foods for cancer control: broccoli as example. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(1):126-146. View abstract.

Vallverdu-Queralt, A., Martinez-Huelamo, M., Arranz-Martinez, S., Miralles, E., and Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. Differences in the carotenoid content of ketchups and gazpachos through HPLC/ESI(Li(+) )-MS/MS correlated with their antioxidant capacity. J Sci Food Agric. 8-15-2012;92(10):2043-2049. View abstract.

Tanaka, T., Shnimizu, M., and Moriwaki, H. Cancer chemoprevention by carotenoids. Molecules. 2012;17(3):3202-3242. View abstract.

Dreher, M. L. Pistachio nuts: composition and potential health benefits. Nutr.Rev. 2012;70(4):234-240. View abstract.

Riccioni, G., Speranza, L., Pesce, M., Cusenza, S., D'Orazio, N., and Glade, M. J. Novel phytonutrient contributors to antioxidant protection against cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 2012;28(6):605-610. View abstract.

Goltz, S. R., Campbell, W. W., Chitchumroonchokchai, C., Failla, M. L., and Ferruzzi, M. G. Meal triacylglycerol profile modulates postprandial absorption of carotenoids in humans. Mol.Nutr.Food Res. 2012;56(6):866-877. View abstract.

Giordano, P., Scicchitano, P., Locorotondo, M., Mandurino, C., Ricci, G., Carbonara, S., Gesualdo, M., Zito, A., Dachille, A., Caputo, P., Riccardi, R., Frasso, G., Lassandro, G., Di, Mauro A., and Ciccone, M. M. Carotenoids and cardiovascular risk. Curr.Pharm.Des 2012;18(34):5577-5589. View abstract.

Ma, L., Dou, H. L., Huang, Y. M., Lu, X. R., Xu, X. R., Qian, F., Zou, Z. Y., Pang, H. L., Dong, P. C., Xiao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T. T., and Lin, X. M. Improvement of retinal function in early age-related macular degeneration after lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2012;154(4):625-634. View abstract.

Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T., SanGiovanni, J. P., Danis, R., Domalpally, A., McBee, W., Sperduto, R., and Ferris, F. L. The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): study design and baseline characteristics (AREDS2 report number 1). Ophthalmology 2012;119(11):2282-2289. View abstract.

Ma, L., Yan, S. F., Huang, Y. M., Lu, X. R., Qian, F., Pang, H. L., Xu, X. R., Zou, Z. Y., Dong, P. C., Xiao, X., Wang, X., Sun, T. T., Dou, H. L., and Lin, X. M. Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2012;119(11):2290-2297. View abstract.

Bernstein, P. S., Ahmed, F., Liu, A., Allman, S., Sheng, X., Sharifzadeh, M., Ermakov, I., and Gellermann, W. Macular pigment imaging in AREDS2 participants: an ancillary study of AREDS2 subjects enrolled at the Moran Eye Center. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2012;53(10):6178-6186. View abstract.

Ros, M. M., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Kampman, E., Aben, K. K., Buchner, F. L., Jansen, E. H., van Gils, C. H., Egevad, L., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Roswall, N., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Kvaskoff, M., Perquier, F., Kaaks, R., Chang-Claude, J., Weikert, S., Boeing, H., Trichopoulou, A., Lagiou, P., Dilis, V., Palli, D., Pala, V., Sacerdote, C., Tumino, R., Panico, S., Peeters, P. H., Gram, I. T., Skeie, G., Huerta, J. M., Barricarte, A., Quiros, J. R., Sanchez, M. J., Buckland, G., Larranaga, N., Ehrnstrom, R., Wallstrom, P., Ljungberg, B., Hallmans, G., Key, T. J., Allen, N. E., Khaw, K. T., Wareham, N., Brennan, P., Riboli, E., and Kiemeney, L. A. Plasma carotenoids and vitamin C concentrations and risk of urothelial cell carcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96(4):902-910. View abstract.

Schweiggert, R. M., Mezger, D., Schimpf, F., Steingass, C. B., and Carle, R. Influence of chromoplast morphology on carotenoid bioaccessibility of carrot, mango, papaya, and tomato. Food Chem 12-15-2012;135(4):2736-2742. View abstract.

Kaya, S., Weigert, G., Pemp, B., Sacu, S., Werkmeister, R. M., Dragostinoff, N., Garhofer, G., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., and Schmetterer, L. Comparison of macular pigment in patients with age-related macular degeneration and healthy control subjects - a study using spectral fundus reflectance. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(5):e399-e403. View abstract.

Johnson, E. J. A possible role for lutein and zeaxanthin in cognitive function in the elderly. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2012;96(5):1161S-1165S. View abstract.

SanGiovanni, J. P. and Neuringer, M. The putative role of lutein and zeaxanthin as protective agents against age-related macular degeneration: promise of molecular genetics for guiding mechanistic and translational research in the field. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2012;96(5):1223S-1233S. View abstract.

Hammond, B. R., Jr. and Fletcher, L. M. Influence of the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin on visual performance: application to baseball. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2012;96(5):1207S-1213S. View abstract.

Loughman, J., Nolan, J. M., Howard, A. N., Connolly, E., Meagher, K., and Beatty, S. The impact of macular pigment augmentation on visual performance using different carotenoid formulations. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2012;53(12):7871-7880. View abstract.

Hammond, B. R., Jr., Fletcher, L. M., and Elliott, J. G. Glare disability, photostress recovery, and chromatic contrast: relation to macular pigment and serum lutein and zeaxanthin. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2013;54(1):476-481. View abstract.

Murray, I. J., Makridaki, M., van der Veen, R. L., Carden, D., Parry, N. R., and Berendschot, T. T. Lutein supplementation over a one-year period in early AMD might have a mild beneficial effect on visual acuity: the CLEAR study. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2013;54(3):1781-1788. View abstract.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(19):2005-2015. View abstract.

Nussbaum, J. J., Pruett, R. C., and Delori, F. C. Historic perspectives. Macular yellow pigment. The first 200 years. Retina 1981;1(4):296-310. View abstract.

Hammond, B. R., Jr., Fuld, K., and Curran-Celentano, J. Macular pigment density in monozygotic twins. Invest Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 1995;36(12):2531-2541. View abstract.

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