Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, UK: European Scientific Co-op Phytother, 1997.

Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies. 3rd ed., Binghamton, NY: Haworth Herbal Press, 1993.

The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Robbers JE, Speedie MK, Tyler VE. Pharmacognosy and Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.

McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998.

Schneider DL, Barrett-Connor EL, Morton DJ. Thyroid hormone use and bone mineral density in elderly men. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2005-7. View abstract.

Cone EH, Lange R, Darwin WD. In vivo adulteration: excess fluid ingestion causes false-negative marijuana and cocaine urine test results. J Anal Toxicol 1998;22:460-73. View abstract.

Hentschel C, Dressler S, Hahn EG. Fumaria officinalis (fumitory)-clinical applications. Fortschr Med 1995;113:291-2. View abstract.

Eby GA. Zinc ion availability--the determinant of efficacy in zinc lozenge treatment of common colds. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:483-93. View abstract.

Burnham TH, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons, Updated Monthly. Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, MO.

Gonzalez-Seijo JC, Ramos YM, Lastra I. Manic episode and ginseng: Report of a possible case. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:447-8. View abstract.

Harder S, Fuhr U, Staib AH, Wolff T. Ciprofloxacin-caffeine: a drug interaction established using in vivo and in vitro investigations. Am J Med 1989;87:89S-91S. View abstract.

Carbo M, Segura J, De la Torre R, et al. Effect of quinolones on caffeine disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:234-40. View abstract.

Healy DP, Polk RE, Kanawati L, et al. Interaction between oral ciprofloxacin and caffeine in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:474-8. View abstract.

Mester R, Toren P, Mizrachi I, et al. Caffeine withdrawal increases lithium blood levels. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:348-50. View abstract.

Jefferson JW. Lithium tremor and caffeine intake: two cases of drinking less and shaking more. J Clin Psychiatry 1988;49:72-3. View abstract.

Joeres R, Klinker H, Heusler H, et al. Influence of mexiletine on caffeine elimination. Pharmacol Ther 1987;33:163-9. View abstract.

Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, Bousser MG. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 2000;68:112-3. View abstract.

Cardiovascular Benefits Claimed For Cocoa Flavonoids. www.medscape.com/reuters/prof/2000/02/02.21/dd02210b.html (Accessed 21 February 2000).

Baron AM, Donnerstein RL, Samson RA, et al. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic effects of acute chocolate ingestion in young adults. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:370-3. View abstract.

Friedman G. Diet and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1991;20:313-24. View abstract.

Wakabayashi K, Kono S, Shinchi K, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and blood pressure: A study of self-defense officials in Japan. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:669-73. View abstract.

Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Burke V, et al. Effects on blood pressure of drinking green and black tea. J Hypertens 1999;17:457-63. View abstract.

Chiu KM. Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54:M275-80. View abstract.

Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Kinyamu HK, Ryschon KL. Caffeine intake increases the rate of bone loss in elderly women and interacts with vitamin D receptor genotypes. Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:694-700. View abstract.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP). Caffeine. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR). Available at: http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/caffeine.html.

Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA, et al. Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39:936-40. View abstract.

Nurminen ML, Niittynen L, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Coffee, caffeine and blood pressure: a critical review. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:831-9. View abstract.

Peirce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York, NY: William Morrow and Co., 1999.

Weisburger JH. Tea and health: the underlying mechanisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999;220:271-5. View abstract.

Briggs GB, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.

Hagg S, Spigset O, Mjorndal T, Dahlqvist R. Effect of caffeine on clozapine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000;49:59-63. View abstract.

Connor WE. Harbingers of coronary heart disease: dietary saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Is chocolate benign because of its stearic acid content? Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:951-2.

Arts IC, Hollman PC, Kromhout D. Chocolate as a source of tea flavonoids (Letter). Lancet 1999;354:488. View abstract.

Bruinsma K, Taren DL. Chocolate: Food or Drug? J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:1249-58. View abstract.

Mustad VA, Kris-Etherton PM, Derr J, et al. Comparison of the effects of diets rich in stearic acid versus myristic acid and lauric acid on platelet fatty acids and excretion of thromboxane A2 and PGI2 metabolites in healthy young men. Metabolism 1993;42:463-9. View abstract.

Watson JM, Jenkins EJ, Hamilton P, et al. Influence of caffeine on the frequency and perception of hypoglycemia in free-living patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:455-9. View abstract.

American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89. View abstract.

Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;70:1001-8. View abstract.

Dietrich R, Paglieroni TG, Wun T, et al. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:30-5.

Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2000;40:71-9. View abstract.

Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1833-8. View abstract.

Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, et al. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-1011. View abstract.

Avisar R, Avisar E, Weinberger D. Effect of coffee consumption on intraocular pressure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:992-5.. View abstract.

Bell DG, Jacobs I, Ellerington K. Effect of caffeine and ephedrine ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33:1399-403. View abstract.

Bara AI, Barley EA. Caffeine for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;4:CD001112.. View abstract.

Massey LK. Is caffeine a risk factor for bone loss in the elderly? Am J Clin Nutr 2001;74:569-70. View abstract.

Kockler DR, McCarthy MW, Lawson CL. Seizure activity and unresponsiveness after hydroxycut ingestion. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:647-51.. View abstract.

Nix D, Zelenitsky S, Symonds W, et al. The effect of fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in young and elderly subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:183.

Massey LK, Whiting SJ. Caffeine, urinary calcium, calcium metabolism and bone. J Nutr 1993;123:1611-4. View abstract.

Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, et al. Effects of caffeine on human health. Food Addit Contam 2003;20:1-30. View abstract.

Abernethy DR, Todd EL. Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:425-8. View abstract.

Brown NJ, Ryder D, Branch RA. A pharmacodynamic interaction between caffeine and phenylpropanolamine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:363-71. View abstract.

Sanderink GJ, Bournique B, Stevens J, et al. Involvement of human CYP1A isoenzymes in the metabolism and drug interactions of riluzole in vitro. Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:1465-72. View abstract.

Wahllander A, Paumgartner G. Effect of ketoconazole and terbinafine on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:279-83. View abstract.

Carrillo JA, Benitez J. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;39:127-53. View abstract.

Stanek EJ, Melko GP, Charland SL. Xanthine interference with dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial imaging. Pharmacother 1995;29:425-7. View abstract.

Smith A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1243-55. View abstract.

Underwood DA. Which medications should be held before a pharmacologic or exercise stress test? Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:449-50. View abstract.

Aqel RA, Zoghbi GJ, Trimm JR, et al. Effect of caffeine administered intravenously on intracoronary-administered adenosine-induced coronary hemodynamics in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:343-6. View abstract.

Zheng XM, Williams RC. Serum caffeine levels after 24-hour abstention: clinical implications on dipyridamole (201)Tl myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 2002;30:123-7. View abstract.

Institute of Medicine. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309082587/html/index.html.

Beach CA, Mays DC, Guiler RC, et al. Inhibition of elimination of caffeine by disulfiram in normal subjects and recovering alcoholics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;39:265-70. View abstract.

Durrant KL. Known and hidden sources of caffeine in drug, food, and natural products. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002;42:625-37. View abstract.

Cannon ME, Cooke CT, McCarthy JS. Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products. Med J Aust 2001;174:520-1. View abstract.

Lane JD, Barkauskas CE, Surwit RS, Feinglos MN. Caffeine impairs glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2047-8. View abstract.

Petrie HJ, Chown SE, Belfie LM, et al. Caffeine ingestion increases the insulin response to an oral-glucose-tolerance test in obese men before and after weight loss. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:22-8. View abstract.

Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Alexopoulos N, et al. Effect of dark chocolate on arterial function in healthy individuals. Am J Hypertens 2005;18:785-91.. View abstract.

Taubert D, Berkels R, Roesen R, Klaus W. Chocolate and blood pressure in elderly individuals with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 2003;290:1029-30.. View abstract.

Haller CA, Benowitz NL, Jacob P 3rd. Hemodynamic effects of ephedra-free weight-loss supplements in humans. Am J Med 2005;118:998-1003.. View abstract.

Watson JM, Sherwin RS, Deary IJ, et al. Dissociation of augmented physiological, hormonal and cognitive responses to hypoglycaemia with sustained caffeine use. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:447-54. View abstract.

Forrest WH Jr, Bellville JW, Brown BW Jr. The interaction of caffeine with pentobarbital as a nighttime hypnotic. Anesthesiology 1972;36:37-41. View abstract.

Lake CR, Rosenberg DB, Gallant S, et al. Phenylpropanolamine increases plasma caffeine levels. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:675-85. View abstract.

Buijsse B, Feskens EJ, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Cocoa intake, blood pressure, and cardiovascular mortality: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:411-7. View abstract.

Grassi D, Necozione S, Lippi C, et al. Cocoa reduces blood pressure and insulin resistance and improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensives. Hypertension 2005;46:398-405. View abstract.

Grassi D, Lippi C, Necozione S, et al. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:611-14. View abstract.

Heiss C, Dejam A, Kleinbongard P, et al. Vascular effects of cocoa rich in flavan-3-ols. JAMA 2003;290:1030-1. View abstract.

Kris-Etherton PM, Derr J, Mitchell DC, et al. The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, & apolipoproteins: I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter, & milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men. Metabolism 1993;42:121-9. View abstract.

Taubert D, Roesen R, Schomig E. Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:626-34. View abstract.

Taubert D, Roesen R, Lehmann C, et al. Effects of low habitual cocoa intake on blood pressure and bioactive nitric oxide: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;298:49-60. View abstract.

Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:279.e1-8. View abstract.

Flammer AJ, Hermann F, Sudano I, et al. Dark chocolate improves coronary vasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity. Circulation 2007;116:2376-82. View abstract.

Hollenberg NK, Fisher ND. Is it the dark in dark chocolate? Circulation 2007;116:2360-2. View abstract.

Hooper L, Kay C, Abdelhamid A, et al. Effects of chocolate, cocoa, and flavan-3-ols on cardiovascular health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:740-51. View abstract.

Desideri G, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, et al. Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study. Hypertension 2012;60:794-801. View abstract.

Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr 1999;81:289-95. View abstract.

Kynast-Gales SA, Massey LK. Effect of caffeine on circadian excretion of urinary calcium and magnesium. J Am Coll Nutr. 1994;13:467-72. View abstract.

Shet, M. S., McPhaul, M., Fisher, C. W., Stallings, N. R., and Estabrook, R. W. Metabolism of the antiandrogenic drug (Flutamide) by human CYP1A2. Drug Metab Dispos. 1997;25(11):1298-1303. View abstract.

Kot, M. and Daniel, W. A. Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) and ticlopidine on CYP1A2 activity and caffeine metabolism: an in vitro comparative study with human cDNA-expressed CYP1A2 and liver microsomes. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(6):1216-1220. View abstract.

Gasior, M., Borowicz, K., Buszewicz, G., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Anticonvulsant activity of phenobarbital and valproate against maximal electroshock in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and caffeine discontinuation. Epilepsia 1996;37(3):262-268. View abstract.

Jankiewicz, K., Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Blaszczyk, B., and Czuczwar, S. J. [Caffeine and antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data]. Przegl.Lek. 2007;64(11):965-967. View abstract.

Luszczki, J. J., Zuchora, M., Sawicka, K. M., Kozinska, J., and Czuczwar, S. J. Acute exposure to caffeine decreases the anticonvulsant action of ethosuximide, but not that of clonazepam, phenobarbital and valproate against pentetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2006;58(5):652-659. View abstract.

Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Jargiello-Baszak, M., Walek, M., Tylus, B., and Czuczwar, S. J. Caffeine and the anticonvulsant potency of antiepileptic drugs: experimental and clinical data. Pharmacol.Rep. 2011;63(1):12-18. View abstract.

Vaz, J., Kulkarni, C., David, J., and Joseph, T. Influence of caffeine on pharmacokinetic profile of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in normal human volunteers. Indian J.Exp.Biol. 1998;36(1):112-114. View abstract.

Gasior, M., Swiader, M., Przybylko, M., Borowicz, K., Turski, W. A., Kleinrok, Z., and Czuczwar, S. J. Felbamate demonstrates low propensity for interaction with methylxanthines and Ca2+ channel modulators against experimental seizures in mice. Eur.J Pharmacol 7-10-1998;352(2-3):207-214. View abstract.

Mohiuddin, M., Azam, A. T., Amran, M. S., and Hossain, M. A. In vive effects of gliclazide and metformin on the plasma concentration of caffeine in healthy rats. Pak.J Biol Sci 5-1-2009;12(9):734-737. View abstract.

Mays, D. C., Camisa, C., Cheney, P., Pacula, C. M., Nawoot, S., and Gerber, N. Methoxsalen is a potent inhibitor of the metabolism of caffeine in humans. Clin.Pharmacol.Ther. 1987;42(6):621-626. View abstract.

Wojcikowski, J. and Daniel, W. A. Perazine at therapeutic drug concentrations inhibits human cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) and caffeine metabolism--an in vitro study. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(5):851-858. View abstract.

Daniel, W. A., Syrek, M., Rylko, Z., and Kot, M. Effects of phenothiazine neuroleptics on the rate of caffeine demethylation and hydroxylation in the rat liver. Pol.J Pharmacol 2001;53(6):615-621. View abstract.

Norager, C. B., Jensen, M. B., Weimann, A., and Madsen, M. R. Metabolic effects of caffeine ingestion and physical work in 75-year old citizens. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65(2):223-228. View abstract.

Gorski, J. C., Huang, S. M., Pinto, A., Hamman, M. A., Hilligoss, J. K., Zaheer, N. A., Desai, M., Miller, M., and Hall, S. D. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;75(1):89-100. View abstract.

Chen, Y., Xiao, C. Q., He, Y. J., Chen, B. L., Wang, G., Zhou, G., Zhang, W., Tan, Z. R., Cao, S., Wang, L. P., and Zhou, H. H. Genistein alters caffeine exposure in healthy female volunteers. Eur.J Clin.Pharmacol. 2011;67(4):347-353. View abstract.

Zheng, J., Chen, B., Jiang, B., Zeng, L., Tang, Z. R., Fan, L., and Zhou, H. H. The effects of puerarin on CYP2D6 and CYP1A2 activities in vivo. Arch Pharm Res 2010;33(2):243-246. View abstract.

Hartter, S., Nordmark, A., Rose, D. M., Bertilsson, L., Tybring, G., and Laine, K. Effects of caffeine intake on the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2003;56(6):679-682. View abstract.

Ursing, C., Wikner, J., Brismar, K., and Rojdmark, S. Caffeine raises the serum melatonin level in healthy subjects: an indication of melatonin metabolism by cytochrome P450(CYP)1A2. J.Endocrinol.Invest 2003;26(5):403-406. View abstract.

Liu, T. T. and Liau, J. Caffeine increases the linearity of the visual BOLD response. Neuroimage. 2-1-2010;49(3):2311-2317. View abstract.

Zubair, M. H., Zubair, M. H., Zubair, M. N., Zubair, M. M., Aftab, T., and Asad, F. Augmentation of anti-platelet effects of aspirin. J Pak Med.Assoc. 2011;61(3):304-307. View abstract.

Kot M, Daniel WA. Caffeine as a marker substrate for testing cytochrome P450 activity in human and rat. Pharmacol Rep 2008;60:789-97. View abstract.

Kjaerstad MB, Nielsen F, Nohr-Jensen L, et al. Systemic uptake of miconazole during vaginal suppository use and effect on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 associated enzyme activities in women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66:1189-97. View abstract.

Goh BC, Reddy NJ, Dandamudi UB, et al. An evaluation of the drug interaction potential of pazopanib, an oral vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, using a modified Cooperstown 5+1 cocktail in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010;88:652-9. View abstract.

Chen Y, Kang Z, Yan J, et al. Liu wei di huang wan, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine induces CYP1A2 while suppressing CYP2A6 and N-acetyltransferase 2 acivities in man. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:213-8. View abstract.

Suzuki S, Murayama Y, Sugiyama E, et al. Estimating pediatric doses of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes, based on physiological liver development and serum protein levels. Yakugaku Zasshi 2010;130:613-20. View abstract.

Chien CF, Wu YT, Lee WC, et al. Herb-drug interaction of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2010;184:458-65. View abstract.

Mills BM, Zaya MJ, Walters RR, et al. Current cytochrome P450 phenotyping methods applied to metabolic drug -drug interaction prediction in dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2010;38:396-404. View abstract.

Turpault S, Brian W, Van Horn R, et al. Pharmacokinetic assessment of a five-probe cocktail for CYPs 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:928-35. View abstract.

Filimonova AA, Ziganshina LE, Ziganshin AU, Chichirov AA. On the possibility of patient phenotyping on the basis of cytochrome p-450 1A2 isoenzyme activity using caffeine as the test substrate. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2009;72:61-5. View abstract.

Jenkins J, Williams D, Deng Y, et al. Eltrombopag, an oral thrombopoietin receptor agonist, has no impact on the pharmacokinetic profile of probe drugs for cytochrome P450 isoenzymes CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in healthy men: a cocktail analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010;66:67-76. View abstract.

Smits, P., Temme, L., and Thien, T. The cardiovascular interaction between caffeine and nicotine in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54(2):194-204. View abstract.

Chroscinska-Krawczyk, M., Ratnaraj, N., Patsalos, P. N., and Czuczwar, S. J. Effect of caffeine on the anticonvulsant effects of oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and tiagabine in a mouse model of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61(5):819-826. View abstract.

Simmonds, M. J., Minahan, C. L., and Sabapathy, S. Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release. Eur.J Appl Physiol 2010;109(2):287-295. View abstract.

Rigato, I., Blarasin, L., and Kette, F. Severe hypokalemia in 2 young bicycle riders due to massive caffeine intake. Clin J Sport Med. 2010;20(2):128-130. View abstract.

Ernest, D., Chia, M., and Corallo, C. E. Profound hypokalaemia due to Nurofen Plus and Red Bull misuse. Crit Care Resusc. 2010;12(2):109-110. View abstract.

Clausen, T. Hormonal and pharmacological modification of plasma potassium homeostasis. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol 2010;24(5):595-605. View abstract.

Perera, V., Gross, A. S., and McLachlan, A. J. Caffeine and paraxanthine HPLC assay for CYP1A2 phenotype assessment using saliva and plasma. Biomed.Chromatogr. 2010;24(10):1136-1144. View abstract.

Santos, I. S., Victora, C. G., Huttly, S., and Carvalhal, J. B. Caffeine intake and low birth weight: a population-based case-control study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-1998;147(7):620-627. View abstract.

Fotherby, M. D., Ghandi, C., Haigh, R. A., Macdonald, T. A., and Potter, J. F. Sustained caffeine use has no pressor effect in the elderly. Cardiology in the Elderly 1994;2(6):499-503.

Lee, A. and Storey, D. M. Comparative gastrointestinal tolerance of sucrose, lactitol, or D-tagatose in chocolate. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol. 1999;29(2 Pt 2):S78-S82. View abstract.

Yochum, L., Kushi, L. H., Meyer, K., and Folsom, A. R. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Am.J Epidemiol. 5-15-1999;149(10):943-949. View abstract.

Field, T., Peck, M., Scd, Hernandez-Reif, M., Krugman, S., Burman, I., and Ozment-Schenck, L. Postburn itching, pain, and psychological symptoms are reduced with massage therapy. J Burn Care Rehabil. 2000;21(3):189-193. View abstract.

Rein, D., Paglieroni, T. G., Wun, T., Pearson, D. A., Schmitz, H. H., Gosselin, R., and Keen, C. L. Cocoa inhibits platelet activation and function. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(1):30-35. View abstract.

Schramm, D. D., Wang, J. F., Holt, R. R., Ensunsa, J. L., Gonsalves, J. L., Lazarus, S. A., Schmitz, H. H., German, J. B., and Keen, C. L. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 2001;73(1):36-40. View abstract.

Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Yasuda, A., Natsume, M., Takizawa, T., Nakamura, T., and Terao, J. Bioavailability of (-)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Free Radic Res 2000;33(5):635-641. View abstract.

Ahmad, N. and Mukhtar, H. Cutaneous photochemoprotection by green tea: a brief review. Skin Pharmacol Appl.Skin Physiol 2001;14(2):69-76. View abstract.

Keen, C. L. Chocolate: food as medicine/medicine as food. J Am.Coll.Nutr. 2001;20(5 Suppl):436S-439S. View abstract.

Wan, Y., Vinson, J. A., Etherton, T. D., Proch, J., Lazarus, S. A., and Kris-Etherton, P. M. Effects of cocoa powder and dark chocolate on LDL oxidative susceptibility and prostaglandin concentrations in humans. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 2001;74(5):596-602. View abstract.

Kris-Etherton, P. M. and Keen, C. L. Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 2002;13(1):41-49. View abstract.

Spencer, J. P., Schroeter, H., Rechner, A. R., and Rice-Evans, C. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins: gastrointestinal tract influences and their relevance to bioactive forms in vivo. Antioxid.Redox.Signal. 2001;3(6):1023-1039. View abstract.

Todd, S., Corsnitz, D., Ray, S., and Nassar, J. Outpatient laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. AORN J 2002;75(5):956, 959-4. View abstract.

Pearson, D. A., Paglieroni, T. G., Rein, D., Wun, T., Schramm, D. D., Wang, J. F., Holt, R. R., Gosselin, R., Schmitz, H. H., and Keen, C. L. The effects of flavanol-rich cocoa and aspirin on ex vivo platelet function. Thromb.Res 5-15-2002;106(4-5):191-197. View abstract.

Steinberg, F. M., Bearden, M. M., and Keen, C. L. Cocoa and chocolate flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health. J Am.Diet.Assoc. 2003;103(2):215-223. View abstract.

Pitroipa, X., Sankara, D., Konan, L., Sylla, M., Doannio, J. M., and Traore, S. [Evaluation of cocoa oil for individual protection against Simulium damnosum s.i.]. Med Trop.(Mars.) 2002;62(5):511-516. View abstract.

Murphy, K. J., Chronopoulos, A. K., Singh, I., Francis, M. A., Moriarty, H., Pike, M. J., Turner, A. H., Mann, N. J., and Sinclair, A. J. Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(6):1466-1473. View abstract.

Innes, A. J., Kennedy, G., McLaren, M., Bancroft, A. J., and Belch, J. J. Dark chocolate inhibits platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Platelets. 2003;14(5):325-327. View abstract.

Vik, T., Bakketeig, L. S., Trygg, K. U., Lund-Larsen, K., and Jacobsen, G. High caffeine consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy: gender-specific effects on fetal growth. Paediatr.Perinat.Epidemiol. 2003;17(4):324-331. View abstract.

Fisher, N. D., Hughes, M., Gerhard-Herman, M., and Hollenberg, N. K. Flavanol-rich cocoa induces nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilation in healthy humans. J Hypertens. 2003;21(12):2281-2286. View abstract.

Matsumoto, M., Tsuji, M., Okuda, J., Sasaki, H., Nakano, K., Osawa, K., Shimura, S., and Ooshima, T. Inhibitory effects of cacao bean husk extract on plaque formation in vitro and in vivo. Eur.J Oral Sci 2004;112(3):249-252. View abstract.

Engler, M. B., Engler, M. M., Chen, C. Y., Malloy, M. J., Browne, A., Chiu, E. Y., Kwak, H. K., Milbury, P., Paul, S. M., Blumberg, J., and Mietus-Snyder, M. L. Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. J Am.Coll.Nutr. 2004;23(3):197-204. View abstract.

Mursu, J., Voutilainen, S., Nurmi, T., Rissanen, T. H., Virtanen, J. K., Kaikkonen, J., Nyyssonen, K., and Salonen, J. T. Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans. Free Radic Biol Med 11-1-2004;37(9):1351-1359. View abstract.

Castell, D. O., Murray, J. A., Tutuian, R., Orlando, R. C., and Arnold, R. Review article: the pathophysiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease - oesophageal manifestations. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2004;20 Suppl 9:14-25. View abstract.

Smit, H. J., Gaffan, E. A., and Rogers, P. J. Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004;176(3-4):412-419. View abstract.

Keen, C. L., Holt, R. R., Oteiza, P. I., Fraga, C. G., and Schmitz, H. H. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(1 Suppl):298S-303S. View abstract.

Sies, H., Schewe, T., Heiss, C., and Kelm, M. Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory mediators. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(1 Suppl):304S-312S. View abstract.

Fraga, C. G., Actis-Goretta, L., Ottaviani, J. I., Carrasquedo, F., Lotito, S. B., Lazarus, S., Schmitz, H. H., and Keen, C. L. Regular consumption of a flavanol-rich chocolate can improve oxidant stress in young soccer players. Clin.Dev.Immunol 2005;12(1):11-17. View abstract.

Zumbe, A. and Brinkworth, R. A. Comparative studies of gastrointestinal tolerance and acceptability of milk chocolate containing either sucrose, isomalt or sorbitol in healthy consumers and type II diabetics. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1992;31(1):40-48. View abstract.

Heiss, C., Kleinbongard, P., Dejam, A., Perre, S., Schroeter, H., Sies, H., and Kelm, M. Acute consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa and the reversal of endothelial dysfunction in smokers. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 10-4-2005;46(7):1276-1283. View abstract.

Hermann, F., Spieker, L. E., Ruschitzka, F., Sudano, I., Hermann, M., Binggeli, C., Luscher, T. F., Riesen, W., Noll, G., and Corti, R. Dark chocolate improves endothelial and platelet function. Heart 2006;92(1):119-120. View abstract.

Schroeter, H., Heiss, C., Balzer, J., Kleinbongard, P., Keen, C. L., Hollenberg, N. K., Sies, H., Kwik-Uribe, C., Schmitz, H. H., and Kelm, M. (-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans. Proc Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 1-24-2006;103(4):1024-1029. View abstract.

Farouque, H. M., Leung, M., Hope, S. A., Baldi, M., Schechter, C., Cameron, J. D., and Meredith, I. T. Acute and chronic effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in subjects with coronary artery disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006;111(1):71-80. View abstract.

Engler, M. B. and Engler, M. M. The emerging role of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate in cardiovascular health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(3):109-118. View abstract.

Lee, K. W., Kundu, J. K., Kim, S. O., Chun, K. S., Lee, H. J., and Surh, Y. J. Cocoa polyphenols inhibit phorbol ester-induced superoxide anion formation in cultured HL-60 cells and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of NF-kappaB and MAPKs in mouse skin in vivo. J Nutr 2006;136(5):1150-1155. View abstract.

Karp, J. R., Johnston, J. D., Tecklenburg, S., Mickleborough, T. D., Fly, A. D., and Stager, J. M. Chocolate milk as a post-exercise recovery aid. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2006;16(1):78-91. View abstract.

Kaltenbach, T., Crockett, S., and Gerson, L. B. Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch.Intern.Med 5-8-2006;166(9):965-971. View abstract.

Heinrich, U., Neukam, K., Tronnier, H., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Long-term ingestion of high flavanol cocoa provides photoprotection against UV-induced erythema and improves skin condition in women. J Nutr 2006;136(6):1565-1569. View abstract.

Sudano, I., Spieker, L. E., Hermann, F., Flammer, A., Corti, R., Noll, G., and Luscher, T. F. Protection of endothelial function: targets for nutritional and pharmacological interventions. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S136-S150. View abstract.

Wang-Polagruto, J. F., Villablanca, A. C., Polagruto, J. A., Lee, L., Holt, R. R., Schrader, H. R., Ensunsa, J. L., Steinberg, F. M., Schmitz, H. H., and Keen, C. L. Chronic consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa improves endothelial function and decreases vascular cell adhesion molecule in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S177-S186. View abstract.

Heptinstall, S., May, J., Fox, S., Kwik-Uribe, C., and Zhao, L. Cocoa flavanols and platelet and leukocyte function: recent in vitro and ex vivo studies in healthy adults. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S197-S205. View abstract.

Francis, S. T., Head, K., Morris, P. G., and Macdonald, I. A. The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on the fMRI response to a cognitive task in healthy young people. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S215-S220. View abstract.

Castillejo, G., Bullo, M., Anguera, A., Escribano, J., and Salas-Salvado, J. A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of a supplement of cocoa husk that is rich in dietary fiber on colonic transit in constipated pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):e641-e648. View abstract.

Steffen, Y., Schewe, T., and Sies, H. Myeloperoxidase-mediated LDL oxidation and endothelial cell toxicity of oxidized LDL: attenuation by (-)-epicatechin. Free Radic.Res 2006;40(10):1076-1085. View abstract.

Kay, C. D., Kris-Etherton, P. M., and West, S. G. Effects of antioxidant-rich foods on vascular reactivity: review of the clinical evidence. Curr.Atheroscler.Rep. 2006;8(6):510-522. View abstract.

Polagruto, J. A., Wang-Polagruto, J. F., Braun, M. M., Lee, L., Kwik-Uribe, C., and Keen, C. L. Cocoa flavanol-enriched snack bars containing phytosterols effectively lower total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. J Am Diet.Assoc. 2006;106(11):1804-1813. View abstract.

Umemura, T., Ueda, K., Nishioka, K., Hidaka, T., Takemoto, H., Nakamura, S., Jitsuiki, D., Soga, J., Goto, C., Chayama, K., Yoshizumi, M., and Higashi, Y. Effects of acute administration of caffeine on vascular function. Am J Cardiol. 12-1-2006;98(11):1538-1541. View abstract.

Neukam, K., Stahl, W., Tronnier, H., Sies, H., and Heinrich, U. Consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa acutely increases microcirculation in human skin. Eur.J Nutr 2007;46(1):53-56. View abstract.

Alspach, G. The truth is often bittersweet...: chocolate does a heart good. Crit Care Nurse 2007;27(1):11-15. View abstract.

Heiss, C., Finis, D., Kleinbongard, P., Hoffmann, A., Rassaf, T., Kelm, M., and Sies, H. Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intake of high-flavanol cocoa drink over 1 week. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2007;49(2):74-80. View abstract.

Baba, S., Osakabe, N., Kato, Y., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Kido, T., Fukuda, K., Muto, Y., and Kondo, K. Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoa powder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(3):709-717. View abstract.

Tomas-Barberan, F. A., Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, E., Marin, A., Muguerza, B., Gil-Izquierdo, A., Cerda, B., Zafrilla, P., Morillas, J., Mulero, J., Ibarra, A., Pasamar, M. A., Ramon, D., and Espin, J. C. A new process to develop a cocoa powder with higher flavonoid monomer content and enhanced bioavailability in healthy humans. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-16-2007;55(10):3926-3935. View abstract.

Rudkowska, I. and Jones, P. J. Functional foods for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases: cholesterol and beyond. Expert.Rev.Cardiovasc.Ther. 2007;5(3):477-490. View abstract.

Baba, S., Natsume, M., Yasuda, A., Nakamura, Y., Tamura, T., Osakabe, N., Kanegae, M., and Kondo, K. Plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations are altered in normo- and hypercholesterolemic humans after intake of different levels of cocoa powder. J Nutr 2007;137(6):1436-1441. View abstract.

Feldens, C. A., Vitolo, M. R., and Drachler, Mde L. A randomized trial of the effectiveness of home visits in preventing early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2007;35(3):215-223. View abstract.

Middeke, M. [Hypertensiology 2007]. Dtsch.Med Wochenschr. 6-22-2007;132(25-26):1368-1370. View abstract.

Macht, M. and Mueller, J. Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states. Appetite 2007;49(3):667-674. View abstract.

Cohen, D. L. and Townsend, R. R. Cocoa ingestion and hypertension-another cup please? J Clin Hypertens.(Greenwich.) 2007;9(8):647-648. View abstract.

Radin, D., Hayssen, G., and Walsh, J. Effects of intentionally enhanced chocolate on mood. Explore.(NY) 2007;3(5):485-492. View abstract.

Shiina, Y., Funabashi, N., Lee, K., Murayama, T., Nakamura, K., Wakatsuki, Y., Daimon, M., and Komuro, I. Acute effect of oral flavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation, as compared with non-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in healthy adults. Int J Cardiol. 1-24-2009;131(3):424-429. View abstract.

Chan, K. A clinical trial gone awry: the Chocolate Happiness Undergoing More Pleasantness (CHUMP) study. CMAJ. 12-4-2007;177(12):1539-1541. View abstract.

Erdman, J. W., Jr., Carson, L., Kwik-Uribe, C., Evans, E. M., and Allen, R. R. Effects of cocoa flavanols on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr 2008;17 Suppl 1:284-287. View abstract.

Allen, R. R., Carson, L., Kwik-Uribe, C., Evans, E. M., and Erdman, J. W., Jr. Daily consumption of a dark chocolate containing flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascular risk factors in a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol. J Nutr 2008;138(4):725-731. View abstract.

Kannayiram, A., Rezaie, A., and Hadi, S. Chocolate-induced prolonged angiooedema in an elderly patient. Age Ageing 2008;37(4):479-480. View abstract.

Crews, W. D., Jr., Harrison, D. W., and Wright, J. W. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variables associated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health: clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(4):872-880. View abstract.

Mehrinfar, R. and Frishman, W. H. Flavanol-rich cocoa: a cardioprotective nutraceutical. Cardiol.Rev. 2008;16(3):109-115. View abstract.

Davison, K., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., and Howe, P. R. Effect of cocoa flavanols and exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese subjects. Int J Obes.(Lond) 2008;32(8):1289-1296. View abstract.

Balzer, J., Rassaf, T., Heiss, C., Kleinbongard, P., Lauer, T., Merx, M., Heussen, N., Gross, H. B., Keen, C. L., Schroeter, H., and Kelm, M. Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 6-3-2008;51(22):2141-2149. View abstract.

Corder, R. Red wine, chocolate and vascular health: developing the evidence base. Heart 2008;94(7):821-823. View abstract.

Beck, A. M., Damkjaer, K., and Beyer, N. Multifaceted nutritional intervention among nursing-home residents has a positive influence on nutrition and function. Nutrition 2008;24(11-12):1073-1080. View abstract.

Srikanth, R. K., Shashikiran, N. D., and Subba Reddy, V. V. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect on plaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children. J Indian Soc Pedod.Prev Dent. 2008;26(2):67-70. View abstract.

Hooper, L., Kroon, P. A., Rimm, E. B., Cohn, J. S., Harvey, I., Le Cornu, K. A., Ryder, J. J., Hall, W. L., and Cassidy, A. Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(1):38-50. View abstract.

Grassi, D., Desideri, G., Necozione, S., Lippi, C., Casale, R., Properzi, G., Blumberg, J. B., and Ferri, C. Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. J Nutr 2008;138(9):1671-1676. View abstract.

Sorond, F. A., Lipsitz, L. A., Hollenberg, N. K., and Fisher, N. D. Cerebral blood flow response to flavanol-rich cocoa in healthy elderly humans. Neuropsychiatr.Dis.Treat. 2008;4(2):433-440. View abstract.

Lippi, G., Franchini, M., Montagnana, M., Favaloro, E. J., Guidi, G. C., and Targher, G. Dark chocolate: consumption for pleasure or therapy? J Thromb.Thrombolysis. 2009;28(4):482-488. View abstract.

Selmi, C., Cocchi, C. A., Lanfredini, M., Keen, C. L., and Gershwin, M. E. Chocolate at heart: the anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols. Mol.Nutr Food Res 2008;52(11):1340-1348. View abstract.

Nahas, R. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to blood pressure reduction: An evidence-based review. Can.Fam.Physician 2008;54(11):1529-1533. View abstract.

Hamed, M. S., Gambert, S., Bliden, K. P., Bailon, O., Singla, A., Antonino, M. J., Hamed, F., Tantry, U. S., and Gurbel, P. A. Dark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive protein and lipid profile: a pilot study. South.Med J 2008;101(12):1203-1208. View abstract.

Ghosh, D. and Scheepens, A. Vascular action of polyphenols. Mol.Nutr Food Res 2009;53(3):322-331. View abstract.

Muniyappa, R., Hall, G., Kolodziej, T. L., Karne, R. J., Crandon, S. K., and Quon, M. J. Cocoa consumption for 2 wk enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(6):1685-1696. View abstract.

Ramiro-Puig, E. and Castell, M. Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator. Br.J Nutr 2009;101(7):931-940. View abstract.

Patane, S., Marte, F., La Rosa, F. C., and Rocca, R. L. Atrial fibrillation associated with chocolate intake abuse and chronic salbutamol inhalation abuse. Int J Cardiol. 1-24-2009; View abstract.

Thomas, K., Morris, P., and Stevenson, E. Improved endurance capacity following chocolate milk consumption compared with 2 commercially available sport drinks. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34(1):78-82. View abstract.

Corti, R., Flammer, A. J., Hollenberg, N. K., and Luscher, T. F. Cocoa and cardiovascular health. Circulation 3-17-2009;119(10):1433-1441. View abstract.

Mullen, W., Borges, G., Donovan, J. L., Edwards, C. A., Serafini, M., Lean, M. E., and Crozier, A. Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavan-3-ol metabolites in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(6):1784-1791. View abstract.

Ried, K., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Dark chocolate or tomato extract for prehypertension: a randomised controlled trial. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2009;9:22. View abstract.

Beck, A. M., Damkjaer, K., and Sorbye, L. W. Physical and social functional abilities seem to be maintained by a multifaceted randomized controlled nutritional intervention among old (>65 years) Danish nursing home residents. Arch.Gerontol.Geriatr. 2010;50(3):351-355. View abstract.

Urpi-Sarda, M., Monagas, M., Khan, N., Llorach, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., Jauregui, O., Estruch, R., Izquierdo-Pulido, M., and Andres-Lacueva, C. Targeted metabolic profiling of phenolics in urine and plasma after regular consumption of cocoa by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr.A 10-23-2009;1216(43):7258-7267. View abstract.

Galleano, M., Oteiza, P. I., and Fraga, C. G. Cocoa, chocolate, and cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2009;54(6):483-490. View abstract.

Williams, S., Tamburic, S., and Lally, C. Eating chocolate can significantly protect the skin from UV light. J Cosmet.Dermatol. 2009;8(3):169-173. View abstract.

Llorach, R., Urpi-Sarda, M., Jauregui, O., Monagas, M., and Andres-Lacueva, C. An LC-MS-based metabolomics approach for exploring urinary metabolome modifications after cocoa consumption. J Proteome.Res 2009;8(11):5060-5068. View abstract.

Monagas, M., Khan, N., Andres-Lacueva, C., Casas, R., Urpi-Sarda, M., Llorach, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., and Estruch, R. Effect of cocoa powder on the modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(5):1144-1150. View abstract.

Martin, F. P., Rezzi, S., Pere-Trepat, E., Kamlage, B., Collino, S., Leibold, E., Kastler, J., Rein, D., Fay, L. B., and Kochhar, S. Metabolic effects of dark chocolate consumption on energy, gut microbiota, and stress-related metabolism in free-living subjects. J Proteome.Res 2009;8(12):5568-5579. View abstract.

Almoosawi, S., Fyfe, L., Ho, C., and Al-Dujaili, E. The effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on fasting capillary whole blood glucose, total cholesterol, blood pressure and glucocorticoids in healthy overweight and obese subjects. Br.J Nutr 2010;103(6):842-850. View abstract.

Potenza, M. V. and Mechanick, J. I. The metabolic syndrome: definition, global impact, and pathophysiology. Nutr Clin Pract 2009;24(5):560-577. View abstract.

Spadafranca, A., Martinez, Conesa C., Sirini, S., and Testolin, G. Effect of dark chocolate on plasma epicatechin levels, DNA resistance to oxidative stress and total antioxidant activity in healthy subjects. Br.J Nutr 2010;103(7):1008-1014. View abstract.

Desch, S., Schmidt, J., Kobler, D., Sonnabend, M., Eitel, I., Sareban, M., Rahimi, K., Schuler, G., and Thiele, H. Effect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(1):97-103. View abstract.

Scholey, A. B., French, S. J., Morris, P. J., Kennedy, D. O., Milne, A. L., and Haskell, C. F. Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in acute improvements in mood and cognitive performance during sustained mental effort. J Psychopharmacol. 11-26-2009; View abstract.

Pritchett, K., Bishop, P., Pritchett, R., Green, M., and Katica, C. Acute effects of chocolate milk and a commercial recovery beverage on postexercise recovery indices and endurance cycling performance. Appl.Physiol Nutr Metab 2009;34(6):1017-1022. View abstract.

Njike, V. Y., Faridi, Z., Shuval, K., Dutta, S., Kay, C. D., West, S. G., Kris-Etherton, P. M., and Katz, D. L. Effects of sugar-sweetened and sugar-free cocoa on endothelial function in overweight adults. Int J Cardiol. 12-23-2009; View abstract.

Berry, N. M., Davison, K., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., and Howe, P. R. Impact of cocoa flavanol consumption on blood pressure responsiveness to exercise. Br.J Nutr 2010;103(10):1480-1484. View abstract.

Davison, K., Berry, N. M., Misan, G., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., and Howe, P. R. Dose-related effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(9):568-576. View abstract.

Desch, S., Kobler, D., Schmidt, J., Sonnabend, M., Adams, V., Sareban, M., Eitel, I., Bluher, M., Schuler, G., and Thiele, H. Low vs. higher-dose dark chocolate and blood pressure in cardiovascular high-risk patients. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(6):694-700. View abstract.

Corti, R., Perdrix, J., Flammer, A. J., and Noll, G. [Dark or white chocolate? Cocoa and cardiovascular health]. Rev.Med Suisse 3-10-2010;6(239):499-4. View abstract.

Egan, B. M., Laken, M. A., Donovan, J. L., and Woolson, R. F. Does dark chocolate have a role in the prevention and management of hypertension?: commentary on the evidence. Hypertension 2010;55(6):1289-1295. View abstract.

Grassi, D., Desideri, G., and Ferri, C. Blood pressure and cardiovascular risk: what about cocoa and chocolate? Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 9-1-2010;501(1):112-115. View abstract.

Jia, L., Liu, X., Bai, Y. Y., Li, S. H., Sun, K., He, C., and Hui, R. Short-term effect of cocoa product consumption on lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92(1):218-225. View abstract.

Milliron, T., Kelsberg, G., and St, Anna L. Clinical inquiries. Does chocolate have cardiovascular benefits? J Fam.Pract 2010;59(6):351-352. View abstract.

Ried, K., Sullivan, T., Fakler, P., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis. BMC.Med 2010;8:39. View abstract.

Heiss, C., Jahn, S., Taylor, M., Real, W. M., Angeli, F. S., Wong, M. L., Amabile, N., Prasad, M., Rassaf, T., Ottaviani, J. I., Mihardja, S., Keen, C. L., Springer, M. L., Boyle, A., Grossman, W., Glantz, S. A., Schroeter, H., and Yeghiazarians, Y. Improvement of endothelial function with dietary flavanols is associated with mobilization of circulating angiogenic cells in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 7-13-2010;56(3):218-224. View abstract.

McBrier, N. M., Vairo, G. L., Bagshaw, D., Lekan, J. M., Bordi, P. L., and Kris-Etherton, P. M. Cocoa-based protein and carbohydrate drink decreases perceived soreness after exhaustive aerobic exercise: a pragmatic preliminary analysis. J Strength.Cond.Res 2010;24(8):2203-2210. View abstract.

van den Bogaard, B., Draijer, R., Westerhof, B. E., van den Meiracker, A. H., van Montfrans, G. A., and van den Born, B. J. Effects on Peripheral and Central Blood Pressure of Cocoa With Natural or High-Dose Theobromine. A Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Trial. Hypertension 9-7-2010; View abstract.

Persson, I. A., Persson, K., Hagg, S., and Andersson, R. G. Effects of cocoa extract and dark chocolate on angiotensin-converting enzyme and nitric oxide in human endothelial cells and healthy volunteers--a nutrigenomics perspective. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2011;57(1):44-50. View abstract.

Mellor, D. D., Sathyapalan, T., Kilpatrick, E. S., Beckett, S., and Atkin, S. L. High-cocoa polyphenol-rich chocolate improves HDL cholesterol in Type 2 diabetes patients. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(11):1318-1321. View abstract.

Ottaviani, J. I., Momma, T. Y., Heiss, C., Kwik-Uribe, C., Schroeter, H., and Keen, C. L. The stereochemical configuration of flavanols influences the level and metabolism of flavanols in humans and their biological activity in vivo. Free Radic.Biol Med. 1-15-2011;50(2):237-244. View abstract.

Sathyapalan, T., Beckett, S., Rigby, A. S., Mellor, D. D., and Atkin, S. L. High cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate may reduce the burden of the symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutr J 2010;9:55. View abstract.

Westphal, S. and Luley, C. Flavanol-rich cocoa ameliorates lipemia-induced endothelial dysfunction. Heart Vessels 2011;26(5):511-515. View abstract.

Field, D. T., Williams, C. M., and Butler, L. T. Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in an acute improvement in visual and cognitive functions. Physiol Behav. 6-1-2011;103(3-4):255-260. View abstract.

Khan, N., Monagas, M., Andres-Lacueva, C., Casas, R., Urpi-Sarda, M., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., and Estruch, R. Regular consumption of cocoa powder with milk increases HDL cholesterol and reduces oxidized LDL levels in subjects at high-risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2012;22(12):1046-1053. View abstract.

Tokede, O. A., Gaziano, J. M., and Djousse, L. Effects of cocoa products/dark chocolate on serum lipids: a meta-analysis. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2011;65(8):879-886. View abstract.

Fernandez-Murga, L., Tarin, J. J., Garcia-Perez, M. A., and Cano, A. The impact of chocolate on cardiovascular health. Maturitas 2011;69(4):312-321. View abstract.

Gomez-Juaristi, M., Gonzalez-Torres, L., Bravo, L., Vaquero, M. P., Bastida, S., and Sanchez-Muniz, F. J. [Beneficial effects of chocolate on cardiovascular health]. Nutr Hosp. 2011;26(2):289-292. View abstract.

Al-Safi, S. A., Ayoub, N. M., Al-Doghim, I., and Aboul-Enein, F. H. Dark chocolate and blood pressure: a novel study from Jordan. Curr Drug Deliv. 2011;8(6):595-599. View abstract.

Listl, S. Family composition and children's dental health behavior: evidence from Germany. J Public Health Dent. 2011;71(2):91-101. View abstract.

Piehowski, K. E., Preston, A. G., Miller, D. L., and Nickols-Richardson, S. M. A reduced-calorie dietary pattern including a daily sweet snack promotes body weight reduction and body composition improvements in premenopausal women who are overweight and obese: a pilot study. J Am Diet.Assoc. 2011;111(8):1198-1203. View abstract.

Loffredo, L., Carnevale, R., Perri, L., Catasca, E., Augelletti, T., Cangemi, R., Albanese, F., Piccheri, C., Nocella, C., Pignatelli, P., and Violi, F. NOX2-mediated arterial dysfunction in smokers: acute effect of dark chocolate. Heart 2011;97(21):1776-1781. View abstract.

Parasramka, S. and Dufresne, A. Supraventricular tachycardia induced by chocolate: is chocolate too sweet for the heart? Am J Emerg.Med. 2012;30(7):1325-1327. View abstract.

Buitrago-Lopez, A., Sanderson, J., Johnson, L., Warnakula, S., Wood, A., Di, Angelantonio E., and Franco, O. H. Chocolate consumption and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;343:d4488. View abstract.

Khawaja, O., Gaziano, J. M., and Djousse, L. Chocolate and coronary heart disease: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler.Rep. 2011;13(6):447-452. View abstract.

Kim, W., Park, C. S., Yu, T. K., Park, H. H., Cho, E. K., Kang, W. Y., Hwang, S. H., Lee, E. S., and Kim, W. The preventive effects of dark chocolate on impaired endothelial function in medical personnel working sequential night shifts. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. 2012;22(2):e3-e4. View abstract.

Shrime, M. G., Bauer, S. R., McDonald, A. C., Chowdhury, N. H., Coltart, C. E., and Ding, E. L. Flavonoid-rich cocoa consumption affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors in a meta-analysis of short-term studies. J Nutr 2011;141(11):1982-1988. View abstract.

Venkatesh Babu, N. S., Vivek, D. K., and Ambika, G. Comparative evaluation of chlorhexidine mouthrinse versus cacao bean husk extract mouthrinse as antimicrobial agents in children. Eur.Arch.Paediatr.Dent. 2011;12(5):245-249. View abstract.

Cordova, A. C., Sumpio, B. J., and Sumpio, B. E. Perfecting the plate: adding cardioprotective compounds to the diet. J Am Coll.Surg. 2012;214(1):97-114. View abstract.

Camfield, D. A., Scholey, A., Pipingas, A., Silberstein, R., Kras, M., Nolidin, K., Wesnes, K., Pase, M., and Stough, C. Steady state visually evoked potential (SSVEP) topography changes associated with cocoa flavanol consumption. Physiol Behav. 2-28-2012;105(4):948-957. View abstract.

Di, Castelnuovo A., di, Giuseppe R., Iacoviello, L., and de, Gaetano G. Consumption of cocoa, tea and coffee and risk of cardiovascular disease. Eur.J Intern.Med. 2012;23(1):15-25. View abstract.

Sudarma, V., Sukmaniah, S., and Siregar, P. Effect of dark chocolate on nitric oxide serum levels and blood pressure in prehypertension subjects. Acta Med.Indones. 2011;43(4):224-228. View abstract.

Belz, G. G. and Mohr-Kahaly, S. [Cacoa and dark chocolate in cardiovascular prevention?]. Dtsch.Med.Wochenschr. 2011;136(51-52):2657-2663. View abstract.

Flammer, A. J., Sudano, I., Wolfrum, M., Thomas, R., Enseleit, F., Periat, D., Kaiser, P., Hirt, A., Hermann, M., Serafini, M., Leveques, A., Luscher, T. F., Ruschitzka, F., Noll, G., and Corti, R. Cardiovascular effects of flavanol-rich chocolate in patients with heart failure. Eur.Heart J 2012;33(17):2172-2180. View abstract.

Recio-Rodriguez, J. I., Gomez-Marcos, M. A., Patino-Alonso, M. C., Agudo-Conde, C., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., and Garcia-Ortiz, L. Cocoa intake and arterial stiffness in subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr J 2012;11:8. View abstract.

Landberg, R., Naidoo, N., and van Dam, R. M. Diet and endothelial function: from individual components to dietary patterns. Curr Opin.Lipidol. 2012;23(2):147-155. View abstract.

Sola, R., Valls, R. M., Godas, G., Perez-Busquets, G., Ribalta, J., Girona, J., Heras, M., Cabre, A., Castro, A., Domenech, G., Torres, F., Masana, L., Angles, N., Reguant, J., Ramirez, B., and Barriach, J. M. Cocoa, hazelnuts, sterols and soluble fiber cream reduces lipids and inflammation biomarkers in hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS.One. 2012;7(2):e31103. View abstract.

Monahan, K. D. Effect of cocoa/chocolate ingestion on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and its relevance to cardiovascular health and disease in humans. Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 11-15-2012;527(2):90-94. View abstract.

Di Renzo, G. C., Brillo, E., Romanelli, M., Porcaro, G., Capanna, F., Kanninen, T. T., Gerli, S., and Clerici, G. Potential effects of chocolate on human pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(10):1860-1867. View abstract.

Wolz, M., Schleiffer, C., Klingelhofer, L., Schneider, C., Proft, F., Schwanebeck, U., Reichmann, H., Riederer, P., and Storch, A. Comparison of chocolate to cacao-free white chocolate in Parkinson's disease: a single-dose, investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Neurol. 2012;259(11):2447-2451. View abstract.

Zomer, E., Owen, A., Magliano, D. J., Liew, D., and Reid, C. M. The effectiveness and cost effectiveness of dark chocolate consumption as prevention therapy in people at high risk of cardiovascular disease: best case scenario analysis using a Markov model. BMJ 2012;344:e3657. View abstract.

Sarria, B., Mateos, R., Sierra-Cinos, J. L., Goya, L., Garcia-Diz, L., and Bravo, L. Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of consuming a cocoa product in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Food Funct. 2012;3(8):867-874. View abstract.

Nehlig, A. The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. Br.J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;75(3):716-727. View abstract.

De, Gottardi A., Berzigotti, A., Seijo, S., D'Amico, M., Thormann, W., Abraldes, J. G., Garcia-Pagan, J. C., and Bosch, J. Postprandial effects of dark chocolate on portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis: results of a phase 2, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96(3):584-590. View abstract.

Haber, S. L. and Gallus, K. Effects of dark chocolate on blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Am J Health Syst.Pharm. 8-1-2012;69(15):1287-3. View abstract.

Martin, F. P., Antille, N., Rezzi, S., and Kochhar, S. Everyday eating experiences of chocolate and non-chocolate snacks impact postprandial anxiety, energy and emotional states. Nutrients. 2012;4(6):554-567. View abstract.

Grassi, D., Desideri, G., Necozione, S., Ruggieri, F., Blumberg, J. B., Stornello, M., and Ferri, C. Protective effects of flavanol-rich dark chocolate on endothelial function and wave reflection during acute hyperglycemia. Hypertension 2012;60(3):827-832. View abstract.

Stote, K. S., Clevidence, B. A., Novotny, J. A., Henderson, T., Radecki, S. V., and Baer, D. J. Effect of cocoa and green tea on biomarkers of glucose regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation and hemostasis in obese adults at risk for insulin resistance. Eur.J Clin Nutr 2012;66(10):1153-1159. View abstract.

Ried, K., Sullivan, T. R., Fakler, P., Frank, O. R., and Stocks, N. P. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD008893. View abstract.

Moco, S., Martin, F. P., and Rezzi, S. Metabolomics view on gut microbiome modulation by polyphenol-rich foods. J Proteome.Res 10-5-2012;11(10):4781-4790. View abstract.

Larsson, S. C., Virtamo, J., and Wolk, A. Chocolate consumption and risk of stroke: a prospective cohort of men and meta-analysis. Neurology 9-18-2012;79(12):1223-1229. View abstract.

Mellor, D. D., Madden, L. A., Smith, K. A., Kilpatrick, E. S., and Atkin, S. L. High-polyphenol chocolate reduces endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress during acute transient hyperglycaemia in Type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Diabet.Med. 2013;30(4):478-483. View abstract.

Vitaglione, P., Barone, Lumaga R., Ferracane, R., Sellitto, S., Morello, J. R., Reguant, Miranda J., Shimoni, E., and Fogliano, V. Human bioavailability of flavanols and phenolic acids from cocoa-nut creams enriched with free or microencapsulated cocoa polyphenols. Br.J Nutr 5-28-2013;109(10):1832-1843. View abstract.

Pritchett, K. and Pritchett, R. Chocolate milk: a post-exercise recovery beverage for endurance sports. Med.Sport Sci. 2012;59:127-134. View abstract.

van Dam, R. M., Naidoo, N., and Landberg, R. Dietary flavonoids and the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: review of recent findings. Curr Opin.Lipidol. 2013;24(1):25-33. View abstract.

Netea, S. A., Janssen, S. A., Jaeger, M., Jansen, T., Jacobs, L., Miller-Tomaszewska, G., Plantinga, T. S., Netea, M. G., and Joosten, L. A. Chocolate consumption modulates cytokine production in healthy individuals. Cytokine 2013;62(1):40-43. View abstract.

d'El-Rei, J., Cunha, A. R., Burla, A., Burla, M., Oigman, W., Neves, M. F., Virdis, A., and Medeiros, F. Characterisation of hypertensive patients with improved endothelial function after dark chocolate consumption. Int J Hypertens. 2013;2013:985087. View abstract.

Fogleman, C. D. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Am Fam.Physician 4-1-2013;87(7):484. View abstract.

Sorond, F. A., Hurwitz, S., Salat, D. H., Greve, D. N., and Fisher, N. D. Neurovascular coupling, cerebral white matter integrity, and response to cocoa in older people. Neurology 9-3-2013;81(10):904-909. View abstract.

Mitchell, D. C., McMahon, K. E., Shively, C. A., Apgar, J. L., and Kris-Etherton, P. M. Digestibility of cocoa butter and corn oil in human subjects: a preliminary study. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50(5):983-986. View abstract.

Evans, R. W., Fergusson, D. M., Allardyce, R. A., and Taylor, B. Maternal diet and infantile colic in breast-fed infants. Lancet 6-20-1981;1(8234):1340-1342. View abstract.

Hayes, K. C. Saturated fats and blood lipids: new slant on an old story. Can.J Cardiol. 1995;11 Suppl G:39G-46G. View abstract.

Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C, and et al. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. Arch Intern Med 2-27-1995;155(4):381-386. View abstract.

Denke, M. A. Effects of cocoa butter on serum lipids in humans: historical highlights. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60(6 Suppl):1014S-1016S. View abstract.

Kris-Etherton, P. M., Derr, J. A., Mustad, V. A., Seligson, F. H., and Pearson, T. A. Effects of a milk chocolate bar per day substituted for a high-carbohydrate snack in young men on an NCEP/AHA Step 1 Diet. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1994;60(6 Suppl):1037S-1042S. View abstract.

Knekt, P., Jarvinen, R., Reunanen, A., and Maatela, J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. BMJ 2-24-1996;312(7029):478-481. View abstract.

Hinds, T. S., West, W. L., Knight, E. M., and Harland, B. F. The effect of caffeine on pregnancy outcome variables. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(7):203-207. View abstract.

Kondo, K., Hirano, R., Matsumoto, A., Igarashi, O., and Itakura, H. Inhibition of LDL oxidation by cocoa. Lancet 11-30-1996;348(9040):1514. View abstract.

Rossner, S. Chocolate--divine food, fattening junk or nutritious supplementation? Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 1997;51(6):341-345. View abstract.

Storey, D. M., Koutsou, G. A., Lee, A., Zumbe, A., Olivier, P., Le Bot, Y., and Flourie, B. Tolerance and breath hydrogen excretion following ingestion of maltitol incorporated at two levels into milk chocolate consumed by healthy young adults with and without fasting. J Nutr. 1998;128(3):587-592. View abstract.

Eteng, M. U., Eyong, E. U., Akpanyung, E. O., Agiang, M. A., and Aremu, C. Y. Recent advances in caffeine and theobromine toxicities: a review. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr. 1997;51(3):231-243. View abstract.

Flammer, A. J., Sudano, I., Wolfrum, M., Thomas, R., Enseleit, F., Periat, D., Luscher, T. F., Ruschitzka, F. T., Noll, G., and Corti, R. Acute and chronic effects of flavonoid-rich-chocolate on endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure (abstract). J Hypertens 2010;28(e2)

van den Bogaard, B., Draijer, R., van Montfrans, G. A., and van den Born, B. J. Differential effect of cocoa drinks with low and high theobromine dose on peripheral and central blood pressure: A double blind placebo controlled randomised cross-over trial (abstract). J Hypertens 2010;28:e15.

Kurlandsky, S. B. and Stote, K. S. Cardioprotective effects of chocolate and almond consumption in healthy women. Nutr Res 2006;26:509-516.

Al-Faris, N. A. Short-term consumption of a dark chocolate containing flavanols is followed by a significant decrease in normotensive population. Pakistan J Nutr 2008;7(6):773-781.

Izzo, A. A. and Ernst, E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review. Drugs 2009;69(13):1777-1798. View abstract.

Goldberg LD, Crysler C. A single center, pilot, double-blinded, randomized, comparative, prospective clinical study to evaluate improvements in the structure and function of facial skin with tazarotene 0.1% cream alone and in combination with GliSODin Skin Nutrients Advanced Anti-Aging Formula. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014;7:139-44. View abstract.

Lamport DJ, Pal D, Moutsiana C, et al. The effect of flavanol-rich cocoa on cerebral perfusion in healthy older adults during conscious resting state: a placebo controlled, crossover, acute trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015;232(17):3227-34. View abstract.

Mastroiacovo D, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, et al. Cocoa flavanol consumption improves cognitive function, blood pressure control, and metabolic profile in elderly subjects: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) Study-a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;101(3):538-48. View abstract.

Neufingerl N, Zebregs YE, Schuring EA, Trautwein EA. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97(6):1201-9. View abstract.

Ottaviani JI, Balz M, Kimball J, et al. Safety and efficacy of cocoa fl avanol intake in healthy adults: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102(6):1425-35. View abstract.

Pase MP, Scholey AB, Pipingas A, et al. Cocoa polyphenols enhance positive mood states but not cognitive performance: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychopharmacol 2013;27(5):451-8. View abstract.

Sansone R, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Heuel J, et al.; Flaviola Consortium, European Union 7th Framework Program. Cocoa flavanol intake improves endothelial function and Framingham Risk Score in healthy men and women: a randomised, controlled, double-masked trial: the Flaviola Health Study. Br J Nutr 2015;114(8):1246-55. View abstract.

Yoon HS, Kim JR, Park GY, et al. Cocoa flavanol supplementation influences skin conditions of photo-aged women: a 24-week double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. J Nutr 2016;146(1):46-50. View abstract.

Souza SJ, Petrilli AA, Teixeira AM, et al. Effect of chocolate and mate tea on the lipid profile of individuals with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy: a clinical trial. Nutrition. 2017 Nov-Dec;43-44:61-68. View abstract.

Gong F, Yao S, Wan J, Gan X. Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients. 2017;9(4). pii: E402. View abstract.

Larsson SC, Drca N, Jensen-Urstad M, Wolk A. Chocolate consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: Two cohort studies and a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2018;195:86-90. View abstract.

Mostofsky E, Berg Johansen M, Tjønneland A, Chahal HS, Mittleman MA, Overvad K. Chocolate intake and risk of clinically apparent atrial fibrillation: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Heart. 2017;103(15):1163-1167. View abstract.

Ried K, Fakler P, Stocks NP. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD008893. View abstract.

Steinhaus DA, Mostofsky E, Levitan EB, et al. Chocolate intake and incidence of heart failure: Findings from the Cohort of Swedish Men. Am Heart J. 2017;183:18-23. View abstract.

Yuan S, Li X, Jin Y, Lu J. Chocolate Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients. 2017;9(7). pii: E688. View abstract.

Basu A, Betts NM, Leyva MJ, Fu D, Aston CE, Lyons TJ. Acute cocoa supplementation increases postprandial HDL cholesterol and insulin in obese adults with type 2 diabetes after consumption of a high-fat breakfast. J Nutr 2015;145(10):2325-32. View abstract.

Wikoff D, Welsh BT, Henderson R, et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;109:585-648. View abstract.

Cavarretta E, Peruzzi M, Del Vescovo R, et al. Dark chocolate intake positively modulates redox status and markers of muscular damage in elite football athletes: A randomized controlled study. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:4061901. View abstract.

Costa-Bauza A, Grases F, Calvó P, Rodriguez A, Prieto RM. Effect of consumption of cocoa-derived products on uric acid crystallization in urine of healthy volunteers. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). pii: E1516. View abstract.

Dicks L, Kirch N, Gronwald D, et al. Regular intake of a usual serving size of flavanol-rich cocoa powder does not affect cardiometabolic parameters in stably treated patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension-A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). pii: E1435. View abstract.

Leyva-Soto A, Chavez-Santoscoy RA, Lara-Jacobo LR, Chavez-Santoscoy AV, Gonzalez-Cobian LN. Daily consumption of chocolate rich in flavonoids decreases cellular genotoxicity and improves biochemical parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism. Molecules. 2018;23(9). pii: E2220. View abstract.

Decroix L, De Pauw K, Van Cutsem J, Pattyn N, Heyman E, Meeusen R. Acute cocoa flavanols intake improves cerebral hemodynamics while maintaining brain activity and cognitive performance in moderate hypoxia. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(9):2597-2608. View abstract.

Karabay A, Saija JD, Field DT, Akyürek EG. The acute effects of cocoa flavanols on temporal and spatial attention. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018;235(5):1497-1511. View abstract.

United States Department of Agriculture Research Service. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Basic Report: 19165, Cocoa, dry powder, unsweetened. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/19165. Updated April 2018. Accessed September 16, 2019.

Garcia-Yu IA, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, et al. Effects of cocoa-rich chocolate on blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors, and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women: a randomized clinical trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):E1758. View abstract.

MacDonald CJ, Madika AL, Bonnet F, Fagherazzi G, Lajous M, Boutron-Ruault MC. Consumption of cocoa-containing foods and risk of hypertension in French women. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(5):465-9. View abstract.

Jafarnejad S, Salek M, Clark CCT. Cocoa consumption and blood pressure in middle-aged and elderly subjects: a meta-analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(1):1. View abstract.

McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Domanchuk K, et al. Cocoa to improve walking performance in older people with peripheral artery disease: the COCOA-PAD pilot randomized clinical trial. Circ Res. 2020;126(5):589-99. View abstract.

Decroix L, van Schuerbeek P, Tonoli C, et al. The effect of acute cocoa flavanol intake on the BOLD response and cognitive function in type 1 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded cross-over pilot study. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(12):3421-8. View abstract.

Garcia-Yu IA, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, et al. Cocoa-rich chocolate and quality of life in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2754. View abstract.

Baynham R, Veldhuijzen van Zanten JJCS, Johns PW, Pham QS, Rendeiro C. Cocoa flavanols improve vascular responses to acute mental stress in young healthy adults. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1103. View abstract.

Kawakami Y, Watanabe Y, Mazuka M, et al. Effect of cacao polyphenol-rich chocolate on postprandial glycemia, insulin, and incretin secretion in healthy participants. Nutrition. 2021;85:111128. View abstract.

Garcia-Yu IA, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, et al. Cocoa-rich chocolate and body composition in postmenopausal women: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(5):548-556. View abstract.

Garcia-Yu IA, Garcia-Ortiz L, Gomez-Marcos MA, et al. Effects of cocoa-rich chocolate on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. A randomised clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2020:1-12. View abstract.

Corr LD, Field A, Pufal D, et al. Acute consumption of varied doses of cocoa flavanols does not influence exercise-induced muscle damage. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2020;30(5):338-344. View abstract.

Bozbulut R, Sanlier N, Döger E, Bideci A, Çamurdan O, Cinaz P. The effect of beta-glucan supplementation on glycemic control and variability in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;169:108464. View abstract.

Zurbau A, Noronha JC, Khan TA, Sievenpiper JL, Wolever TMS. The effect of oat ß-glucan on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021. View abstract.

Sreeramaneni PGA, Yalamanchi A, Konda MR, Cherukuri SHV, Maroon JC. A Proprietary Herbal Blend Containing Extracts of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cocoa Seeds Increases Serum Testosterone Level in Healthy Young Males: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. J Diet Suppl 2022. View abstract.

Sesso HD, Manson JE, Aragaki AK, et al. Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for prevention of cardiovascular disease events: the COSMOS randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;nqac055. View abstract.

Shin JH, Kim CS, Cha L, et al. Consumption of 85% cocoa dark chocolate improves mood in association with gut microbial changes in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Biochem 2022;99:108854. View abstract.

Balayssac-Siransy E, Ouattara S, Boka KJM, et al. Dose-effect relation between regular consumption of 100% cocoa powder and blood pressure in young, healthy black Africans. Physiol Rep 2021;9(20):e15070. View abstract.

Darand M, Hajizadeh Oghaz M, Hadi A, Atefi M, Amani R.The effect of cocoa/dark chocolate consumption on lipid profile, glycemia, and blood pressure in diabetic patients: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Phytother Res 2021;35(10):5487-501. View abstract.

Altinok A, Karabay A, Akyürek EG. Acute effects of cocoa flavanols on visual working memory: maintenance and updating. Eur J Nutr 2022;61(3):1665-78. View abstract.

Chen X, Guan X, Tang Y, Deng J, Zhang X. Effects of cocoa products intake on cardiometabolic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on both long-term and short-term randomised controlled trials. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2022:1-17. View abstract.

Gleason JL, Sundaram R, Mitro SD, et al. Association of maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy with child growth. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2239609. View abstract.

Devi P, Bajala V, Garg VK, Mor S, Ravindra K. Heavy metal content in various types of candies and their daily dietary intake by children. Environ Monit Assess. 2016;188(2):86. View abstract.

Abt E, Robin LP. Perspective on cadmium and lead in cocoa and chocolate. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(46):13008-13015. View abstract.

Consumer Reports. Lead and cadmium could be in your dark chocolate. December 2022. Available at: https://www.consumerreports.org/health/food-safety/lead-and-cadmium-in-dark-chocolate-a8480295550/. Accessed February 1, 2023.

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA Announces Qualified Health Claim for Cocoa Flavanols in High Flavanol Cocoa Powder and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. February 3, 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-announces-qualified-health-claim-cocoa-flavanols-high-flavanol-cocoa-powder-and-reduced-risk?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery.

Vauzour D, Scholey A, White DJ, et al. A combined DHA-rich fish oil and cocoa flavanols intervention does not improve cognition or brain structure in older adults with memory complaints: Results from the CANN randomized, controlled parallel-design study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023. View abstract.

Baker LD, Manson JE, Rapp SR, et al. Effects of cocoa extract and a multivitamin on cognitive function: A randomized clinical trial. Alzheimers Dement 2023;19(4):1308-1319. View abstract.

Can Gürkan Ö, Abbasoglu D, Arslan Özkan H, Aliogullari A. Cacao Butter as Prophylaxis for Nipple Problems: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Study. Breastfeed Med 2022;17(9):745-752. View abstract.

Seecheran NA, Sukha D, Grimaldos K, et al. Effect of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) on platelet function testing profiles in patients with coronary artery disease: ECLAIR pilot study. Open Heart 2022;9(2):e002066. View abstract.

Pandit SL, Yaligar D, Halemane M, Bhat A. A proprietary blend of standardized Punica granatum fruit rind and Theobroma cocoa seed extracts mitigates aging males' symptoms: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int J Med Sci 2022;19(8):1290-1299. View abstract.

Bapir M, Untracht GR, Cooke D, et al. Cocoa flavanol consumption improves lower extremity endothelial function in healthy individuals and people with type 2 diabetes. Food Funct 2022;13(20):10439-10448. View abstract.

Tanghe A, Heyman E, Lespagnol E, et al. Acute Effects of Cocoa Flavanols on Blood Pressure and Peripheral Vascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Essential Hypertension. Nutrients 2022;14(13):2692. View abstract.

Ribeiro M, Fanton S, Paiva BR, et al. Dark chocolate (70% cocoa) attenuates the inflammatory marker TNF-a in patients on hemodialysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023;53:189-195. View abstract.

Simpson EJ, Mendis B, Dunlop M, Schroeter H, Kwik-Uribe C, Macdonald IA. Cocoa Flavanol Supplementation and the Effect on Insulin Resistance in Females Who Are Overweight or Obese: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2023;15(3):565. View abstract.

Li J, Sesso HD, Kim E, et al. Cocoa Extract Supplementation and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: The Cocoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Care 2023;46(12):2278-2284. View abstract.

Murakami R, Natsume M, Ito K, Ebihara S, Terauchi M. Effect of Flavanol-Rich Cacao Extract on the Profile of Mood State in Healthy Middle-Aged Japanese Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023;15(17):3843. View abstract.