References
Artichoke
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Gebhardt R. Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997;144:279-86. View abstract.
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Hammerl WH, Kindler K, Kranzl C, et al. Effect of cynarin (cynarine) on hyperlipidemia, especially on hypercholesterolemia. Wien Med Wochenschr 1973;123:601-5.
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Gebhardt R. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1998;386:1122-8.. View abstract.
1426
Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radic Res 1998;29:247-55. View abstract.
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Walker AF, Middleton RW, Petrowicz O. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytother Res 2001;15:58-61. View abstract.
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Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, et al. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung 2000;50:260-5. View abstract.
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Marakis G, Walker AF, Middleton RW, et al. Artichoke leaf extract reduces mild dyspepsia in an open study. Phytomedicine 2002;9:694-9. . View abstract.
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Pittler MH, Thompson CO, Ernst E. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;3:CD003335. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.
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Pittler MH, White AR, Stevinson C, Ernst E. Effectiveness of artichoke extract in preventing alcohol-induced hangovers: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ 2003;169:1269-73. View abstract.
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Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, et al. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:1099–105. View abstract.
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Bundy R, Walker AF, Middleton RW, et al. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and improves quality of life in otherwise healthy volunteers suffering from concomitant dyspepsia: a subset analysis. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10:667-9. View abstract.
47119
Betancor-Fernandez, A., Perez-Galvez, A., Sies, H., and Stahl, W. Screening pharmaceutical preparations containing extracts of turmeric rhizome, artichoke leaf, devil's claw root and garlic or salmon oil for antioxidant capacity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003;55(7):981-986. View abstract.
52205
Wojcicki, J. Effect of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid on ethanol-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Short communication. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(11):2047-2048. View abstract.
52206
Romano, C., Ferrara, A., and Falagiani, P. A case of allergy to globe artichoke and other clinical cases of rare food allergy. J Investig.Allergol.Clin Immunol. 2000;10(2):102-104. View abstract.
52207
Llorach, R., Espin, J. C., Tomas-Barberan, F. A., and Ferreres, F. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential source of health-promoting antioxidant phenolics. J Agric.Food Chem. 6-5-2002;50(12):3458-3464. View abstract.
52208
Zapolska-Downar, D., Zapolski-Downar, A., Naruszewicz, M., Siennicka, A., Krasnodebska, B., and Koldziej, B. Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) against oxidative stress induced in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes. Life Sci. 11-1-2002;71(24):2897-08. View abstract.
52209
Wang, M., Simon, J. E., Aviles, I. F., He, K., Zheng, Q. Y., and Tadmor, Y. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). J Agric.Food Chem. 1-29-2003;51(3):601-608. View abstract.
52210
Miralles, J. C., Garcia-Sells, J., Bartolome, B., and Negro, J. M. Occupational rhinitis and bronchial asthma due to artichoke (Cynara scolymus). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;91(1):92-95. View abstract.
52211
Jimenez-Escrig, A., Dragsted, L. O., Daneshvar, B., Pulido, R., and Saura-Calixto, F. In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidants in rats. J Agric.Food Chem. 8-27-2003;51(18):5540-5545. View abstract.
52212
Hammerl, H. and Pichler, O. [Possibility of causal treatment of bile duct diseases with an artichoke preparation.]. Wien.Med Wochenschr. 6-29-1957;107(25-26):545-546. View abstract.
52213
Cima, G. and Bonora, R. [Therapeutic effects of 1,4-dicaffeylquinic acid (cinarine) after oral, rectal, intravenous and intraduodenal administration.]. Minerva Med 7-11-1959;50:2288-2291. View abstract.
52214
Mancini, M., Oriente, P., and D'Andrea, L. [Therapeutic use of 1,4-dicaffeylquinic acid, active principle of the artichoke. Its regulatory action on blood cholesterol and on blood lipoproteins in human atherosclerotic disease.]. Minerva Med 7-11-1960;51:2460-2463. View abstract.
52215
Li, H., Xia, N., Brausch, I., Yao, Y., and Forstermann, U. Flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) up-regulate endothelial-type nitric-oxide synthase gene expression in human endothelial cells. J Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 2004;310(3):926-932. View abstract.
52216
Lupattelli, G., Marchesi, S., Lombardini, R., Roscini, A. R., Trinca, F., Gemelli, F., Vaudo, G., and Mannarino, E. Artichoke juice improves endothelial function in hyperlipemia. Life Sci 12-31-2004;76(7):775-782. View abstract.
52217
Franck, P., Moneret-Vautrin, D. A., Morisset, M., Kanny, G., Megret-Gabeaux, M. L., and Olivier, J. L. Anaphylactic reaction to inulin: first identification of specific IgEs to an inulin protein compound. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005;136(2):155-158. View abstract.
52218
Wittemer, S. M., Ploch, M., Windeck, T., Muller, S. C., Drewelow, B., Derendorf, H., and Veit, M. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids after oral administration of Artichoke leaf extracts in humans. Phytomedicine. 2005;12(1-2):28-38. View abstract.
52219
Lopez-Molina, D., Navarro-Martinez, M. D., Rojas-Melgarejo, F., Hiner, A. N., Chazarra, S., and Rodriguez-Lopez, J. N. Molecular properties and prebiotic effect of inulin obtained from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Phytochemistry 2005;66(12):1476-1484. View abstract.
52222
Montini M, Levoni P, Ongaro A, Pagani G. [Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of hyperlipemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases]. Arzneimittelforschung 1975;25:1311-1314. View abstract.
52223
Mars G, Brambilla G. [Effect of 1,5-dicafleylquinic acid (cynarine) on hypertriglyceridemia in aged patients]. Med Welt 9-27-1974;25:1572-1574. View abstract.
52224
Hammerl, H., Kindler, K., Kranzl, C., Nebosis, G., Pichler, O., and Studlar, M. [Effect of Cynarin on hyperlipidemia with special reference to type II (hypercholesterinemia)]. Wien Med Wochenschr 10-13-1973;123(41):601-605. View abstract.
52225
Wojcicki, J. Effect of 1,5-dicaffeylquinic acid (cynarine) on cholesterol levels in serum and liver of acute ethanol-treated rats. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1978;3(2):143-145. View abstract.
52226
Meding, B. Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke, Cynara scolymus. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9(4):314. View abstract.
52230
Quirce, S., Tabar, A. I., Olaguibel, J. M., and Cuevas, M. Occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97(2):710-711. View abstract.
52232
Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract - Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine 1997;4(4):369-378.
52233
Matuschowski P. Testing of
52234
Dorn, M. Improvement in raised lipid levels with artichoke juice (Cynara scolymus L.). British J Phytother 1995;4(1):21-26.
52235
Petrowicz O, Gebhardt R, Donner M, et al. Effects of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on lipoprotein metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Atherosclerosis 1997;129:147.
52236
von Weiland HH, Kindler K, Kranzl Ch, et al. Uber den Einfluss von Cynarin auf Hyperlipidamien unter besonderer Berucksichtigung des Typs II (Hypercholesterinamie). Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1973;41:601-605.
52237
Wegener T. [About the therapeutic activity of the artichoke]. Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika 1995;16:81.
52238
Held C. Von der 1. Deutsche-Ungarischen Phytopharmakon-Konferenz, Budapest, 20. November 1991. Z Klin Med 1992;47:92-93.
52239
Fintelmann V. Antidyspeptic and lipid-lowering effects of artichoke leaf extract - results of clinical studies into the efficacy and tolerance of Hepar-SL forte involving 553 patients. J Gen Med 1996;2:3-19.
52240
Kirchhoff R, Beckers CH, Kirchhoff GM, and et al. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1994;1:107-115.
52241
Lietti A. Choleretic and cholesterol lowering properties of artichoke extracts. Fitoterapia 1977;48:153-158.
52242
Adzet T. Action of an artichoke extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Acts Pharm Jugosl 1987;37:183-188.
52243
Gebhardt R and Fausel M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of artichoke extracts and constituents in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol in Vitro 1997;11:669-672.
52248
Schreiber VJ, Erb W, Wildgrube J, and Bohle E. Die fakale ausscheidung von gallensauren und lipiden des menschen bei normaler und medikamentos gesteigerter cholerese. Z Gastroenterologie 1970;8:230-239.
52249
Struppler A and Rössler H. Über die choleretische Wirkung des Artischockenextraktes. Med.Mschr 1957;11(4):221-223.
52250
Adam G and Kluthe R. Cholesterinsenkender Effect von Cynarin. Therapiewoche 1979;29:5673-5640.
52251
Kupke D, Sanden HV, Trinczek-Gartner H, and et al. Prüfung der choleretischen Aktivitat eines pflanzlichen Cholagogums. Z Allg Med 1991;67:1046-1058.
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Fintelmann V. Therapeutic profile and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract: hypolipemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and choleretic properties. Phytomedicine 1996;suppl 1:50.
89451
Barrat E, Zaïr Y, Sirvent P, et al. Effect on LDL-cholesterol of a large dose of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with untreated moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(8):1843-52. View abstract.
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Barrat E, Zaïr Y, Ogier N, et al. A combined natural supplement lowers LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate untreated hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013;64(7):882-9. View abstract.
89454
Ogier N, Amiot MJ, Georgé S, et al. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a dietary supplement with plant extracts in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(2):547-57. View abstract.
91474
Giacosa A, Guido D, Grassi M, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Perna S, Faliva MA, Rondanelli M. The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinalis) and Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) Extract Supplementation on Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomised, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015;2015:915087. View abstract.
91475
Huber R, Müller M, Naumann J, Schenk T, Lüdtke R. Artichoke leave extract for chronic hepatitis C - a pilot study. Phytomedicine. 2009 Sep;16(9):801-4. View abstract.
91477
Roghani-Dehkordi F, Kamkhah AF. Artichoke leaf juice contains antihypertensive effect in patients with mild hypertension. J Diet Suppl. 2009;6(4):328-41. View abstract.
91478
Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A, Faliva MA, Sala P, Perna S, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E. Beneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on increasing HDL-cholesterol in subjects with primary mild hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013 Feb;64(1):7-15. View abstract.
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Sonnante G, Pignone D, Hammer K. The domestication of artichoke and cardoon: from Roman times to the genomic age. Ann Bot. 2007 Nov;100(5):1095-100. View abstract.
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Caputo F, Barranco R, Bonsignore A, Fraternali Orcioni G, Ventura F. A rare case of fatal bowel obstruction secondary to a colonic bezoar. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2018;39(1):38-40. View abstract.
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Elsebai MF, Abass K, Hakkola J, Atawia AR, Farag MA. The wild Egyptian artichoke as a promising functional food for the treatment of hepatitis C virus as revealed via UPLC-MS and clinical trials. Food Funct. 2016;7(7):3006-16. View abstract.
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Panahi Y, Kianpour P, Mohtashami R, et al. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial. Phytother Res 2018;32(7):1382-7. View abstract.
100935
Ebrahimi-Mameghani M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Rezazadeh K. TCF7L2-rs7903146 polymorphism modulates the effect of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med 2018;16(5):329-34. View abstract.
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Sahebkar A, Pirro M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Atkin SL, Cicero AFG. Lipid-lowering activity of artichoke extracts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018;58(15):2549-56. View abstract.
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Ardalani H, Jandaghi P, Meraji A, Hassanpour Moghadam M. The effect of Cynara scolymus on blood pressure and BMI in hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Complement Med Res 2020;27(1):40-6. View abstract.
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Ben Salem M, Affes H, Dhouibi R, et al. Preventive effect of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) in kidney dysfunction against high fat-diet induced obesity in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2019:1-7. Online ahead of print. View abstract.
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Hemati N, Venkatakrishnan K, Yarmohammadi S, et al. The effects of supplementation with Cynara scolymus L. on anthropometric indices: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2021;56:102612. View abstract.
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Moradi M, Sohrabi G, Golbidi M, et al. Effects of artichoke on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2021;57:102668. View abstract.
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Jalili C, Moradi S, Babaei A, et al. Effects of Cynara scolymus L. on glycemic indices: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2020;52:102496. View abstract.
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Moradi S, Shokri-Mashhadi N, Saraf-Bank S, et al. The effects of Cynara scolymus L. supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(11):e14726. View abstract.
108712
Riva A, Petrangolini G, Allegrini P, et al. Artichoke and Bergamot Phytosome Alliance: A Randomized Double Blind Clinical Trial in Mild Hypercholesterolemia. Nutrients 2021;14(1):108. View abstract.
108713
Shahinfar H, Bazshahi E, Amini MR, et al. Effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation or artichoke juice consumption on lipid profile: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2021;35(12):6607-6623. View abstract.
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Majnooni MB, Ataee M, Bahrami G, et al. The effects of co-administration of artichoke leaf extract supplementation with metformin and vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(11):6324-6334. View abstract.
111560
Kamel AM, Farag MA. Therapeutic Potential of Artichoke in the Treatment of Fatty Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Food 2022;25(10):931-942. View abstract.
111561
Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Alvani M, et al. Anti-hypertensive Effects of Artichoke Supplementation in Adults: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2022;11(3):214-227. View abstract.
111562
Deng A, Liu F, Tang X, et al. Water extract from artichoke ameliorates high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022;22(1):308. View abstract.
111563
Amini MR, Sheikhhossein F, Talebyan A, Bazshahi E, Djafari F, Hekmatdoost A. Effects of Artichoke Supplementation on Liver Enzymes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Nutr Res 2022;11(3):228-239. View abstract.
111564
Terzo S, Amato A, Magán-Fernández A, et al. A Nutraceutical Containing Chlorogenic Acid and Luteolin Improves Cardiometabolic Parameters in Subjects with Pre-Obesity: A 6-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2023;15(2):462. View abstract.
111565
Gallo R, Oddenino G, Trave I, Gasparini G, Guadagno A, Parodi A. Contact sensitivity to sesquiterpene lactone mix and artichoke in a patient with severe recurrent dermatitis: A puzzling case. Contact Dermatitis 2023;88(2):156-158. View abstract.