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Llorente, A. M., Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Fraley, J. K., Berretta, M. C., and Heird, W. C. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on postpartum depression and information processing. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 2003;188(5):1348-1353. View abstract.

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Kew, S., Mesa, M. D., Tricon, S., Buckley, R., Minihane, A. M., and Yaqoob, P. Effects of oils rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on immune cell composition and function in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(4):674-681. View abstract.

Hoffman, D. R., Locke, K. G., Wheaton, D. H., Fish, G. E., Spencer, R., and Birch, D. G. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am.J.Ophthalmol. 2004;137(4):704-718. View abstract.

Stark, K. D. and Holub, B. J. Differential eicosapentaenoic acid elevations and altered cardiovascular disease risk factor responses after supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;79(5):765-773. View abstract.

Young, G. S., Maharaj, N. J., and Conquer, J. A. Blood phospholipid fatty acid analysis of adults with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Lipids 2004;39(2):117-123. View abstract.

Park, Y., Jones, P. G., and Harris, W. S. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein margination: a potential surrogate for whole-body lipoprotein lipase activity and effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(1):45-50. View abstract.

Khedr, E. M., Farghaly, W. M., Amry, Sel, and Osman, A. A. Neural maturation of breastfed and formula-fed infants. Acta Paediatr. 2004;93(6):734-738. View abstract.

Colombo, J., Kannass, K. N., Shaddy, D. J., Kundurthi, S., Maikranz, J. M., Anderson, C. J., Blaga, O. M., and Carlson, S. E. Maternal DHA and the development of attention in infancy and toddlerhood. Child Dev. 2004;75(4):1254-1267. View abstract.

Haggarty, P. Effect of placental function on fatty acid requirements during pregnancy. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(12):1559-1570. View abstract.

Hoffman, D. R., Theuer, R. C., Castaneda, Y. S., Wheaton, D. H., Bosworth, R. G., O'Connor, A. R., Morale, S. E., Wiedemann, L. E., and Birch, E. E. Maturation of visual acuity is accelerated in breast-fed term infants fed baby food containing DHA-enriched egg yolk. J.Nutr. 2004;134(9):2307-2313. View abstract.

Mucke, L. and Pitas, R. E. Food for thought: essential fatty acid protects against neuronal deficits in transgenic mouse model of AD. Neuron 9-2-2004;43(5):596-599. View abstract.

Berson, E. L., Rosner, B., Sandberg, M. A., Weigel-DiFranco, C., Moser, A., Brockhurst, R. J., Hayes, K. C., Johnson, C. A., Anderson, E. J., Gaudio, A. R., Willett, W. C., and Schaefer, E. J. Clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2004;122(9):1297-1305. View abstract.

Strokin, M., Sergeeva, M., and Reiser, G. Role of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in prostanoid production in brain: perspectives for protection in neuroinflammation. Int.J.Dev.Neurosci. 2004;22(7):551-557. View abstract.

Siddiqui, R. A., Shaikh, S. R., Sech, L. A., Yount, H. R., Stillwell, W., and Zaloga, G. P. Omega 3-fatty acids: health benefits and cellular mechanisms of action. Mini.Rev Med Chem 2004;4(8):859-871. View abstract.

Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M., Chiu, E., Besio, D., Paul, S., Stuehlinger, M., Morrow, J., Ridker, P., Rifai, N., and Mietus-Snyder, M. Docosahexaenoic acid restores endothelial function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42(12):672-679. View abstract.

Silvers, K. M., Woolley, C. C., Hamilton, F. C., Watts, P. M., and Watson, R. A. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in the treatment of depression. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2005;72(3):211-218. View abstract.

Engler, M. M., Engler, M. B., Malloy, M. J., Paul, S. M., Kulkarni, K. R., and Mietus-Snyder, M. L. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). Am J Cardiol 4-1-2005;95(7):869-871. View abstract.

Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Merkel, K. L., Harris, C. L., Springer, M. A., Hansen, J. W., and Diersen-Schade, D. A. Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid. J Pediatr 2005;146(4):461-468. View abstract.

Young, G. and Conquer, J. Omega-3 fatty acids and neuropsychiatric disorders. Reprod.Nutr Dev. 2005;45(1):1-28. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., Udell, T., and Ried, K. Supplementation of infant formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81(5):1094-1101. View abstract.

Maki, K. C., Van Elswyk, M. E., McCarthy, D., Hess, S. P., Veith, P. E., Bell, M., Subbaiah, P., and Davidson, M. H. Lipid responses to a dietary docosahexaenoic acid supplement in men and women with below average levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24(3):189-199. View abstract.

Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Fraley, J. K., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Llorente, A. M., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82(1):125-132. View abstract.

Heird, W. C. and Lapillonne, A. The role of essential fatty acids in development. Annu Rev Nutr 2005;25:549-571. View abstract.

Fleith, M. and Clandinin, M. T. Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005;45(3):205-229. View abstract.

Lukiw, W. J., Cui, J. G., Marcheselli, V. L., Bodker, M., Botkjaer, A., Gotlinger, K., Serhan, C. N., and Bazan, N. G. A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115(10):2774-2783. View abstract.

Lauritzen, L., Jorgensen, M. H., Olsen, S. F., Straarup, E. M., and Michaelsen, K. F. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants. Reprod.Nutr Dev. 2005;45(5):535-547. View abstract.

Lloyd-Still, J. D., Powers, C. A., Hoffman, D. R., Boyd-Trull, K., Lester, L. A., Benisek, D. C., and Arterburn, L. M. Bioavailability and safety of a high dose of docosahexaenoic acid triacylglycerol of algal origin in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, controlled study. Nutrition 2006;22(1):36-46. View abstract.

Cohen, J. T., Bellinger, D. C., Connor, W. E., and Shaywitz, B. A. A quantitative analysis of prenatal intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cognitive development. Am J Prev Med 2005;29(4):366-374. View abstract.

Wu, W. H., Lu, S. C., Wang, T. F., Jou, H. J., and Wang, T. A. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids, estrogen metabolism, and in vivo oxidative stress in postmenopausal vegetarian women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60(3):386-392. View abstract.

Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in vegetarians effectively increases omega-3 index: a randomized trial. Lipids 2005;40(8):807-814. View abstract.

Grynberg, A. Hypertension prevention: from nutrients to (fortified) foods to dietary patterns. Focus on fatty acids. J Hum Hypertens 2005;19 Suppl 3:S25-S33. View abstract.

Birch, D. G. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Retina 2005;25(8 Suppl):S52-S54. View abstract.

Agostoni, C., Harvie, A., McCulloch, D. L., Demellweek, C., Cockburn, F., Giovannini, M., Murray, G., Harkness, R. A., and Riva, E. A randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants with phenylketonuria. Dev.Med Child Neurol. 2006;48(3):207-212. View abstract.

Lopez-Alarcon, M., Furuya-Meguro, M. M., Garcia-Zuniga, P. A., and Tadeo-Pulido, I. [The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the loss of appetite in pediatric patients with pneumonia]. Rev Med Inst.Mex.Seguro.Soc 2006;44(1):5-11. View abstract.

Jumpsen, J. A., Brown, N. E., Thomson, A. B., Paul Man, S. F., Goh, Y. K., Ma, D., and Clandinin, M. T. Fatty acids in blood and intestine following docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst.Fibros. 2006;5(2):77-84. View abstract.

Sanders, T. A., Gleason, K., Griffin, B., and Miller, G. J. Influence of an algal triacylglycerol containing docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (22 : 5n-6) on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2006;95(3):525-531. View abstract.

Cleary, M. A., Feillet, F., White, F. J., Vidailhet, M., Macdonald, A., Grimsley, A., Maurin, N., de Baulny, H. O., and Rutherford, P. J. Randomised controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in phenylketonuria. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006;60(7):915-920. View abstract.

Hoffman, D. R., Wheaton, D. K., James, K. J., Tuazon, M., Diersen-Schade, D. A., Harris, C. L., Stolz, S., and Berseth, C. L. Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of term infants receiving two levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;42(3):287-292. View abstract.

Geppert, J., Kraft, V., Demmelmair, H., and Koletzko, B. Microalgal docosahexaenoic acid decreases plasma triacylglycerol in normolipidaemic vegetarians: a randomised trial. Br J Nutr 2006;95(4):779-786. View abstract.

Bazan, N. G. Cell survival matters: docosahexaenoic acid signaling, neuroprotection and photoreceptors. Trends Neurosci 2006;29(5):263-271. View abstract.

Aldamiz-Echevarria, L., Sanjurjo, P., Elorz, J., Prieto, J. A., Perez, C., Andrade, F., and Rodriguez-Soriano, J. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid administration on plasma lipid profile and metabolic parameters of children with methylmalonic acidaemia. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2006;29(1):58-63. View abstract.

Wright, K., Coverston, C., Tiedeman, M., and Abegglen, J. A. Formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA): a critical review of the research. J Spec.Pediatr Nurs 2006;11(2):100-112. View abstract.

Gorjao, R., Verlengia, R., Lima, T. M., Soriano, F. G., Boaventura, M. F., Kanunfre, C. C., Peres, C. M., Sampaio, S. C., Otton, R., Folador, A., Martins, E. F., Curi, T. C., Portiolli, E. P., Newsholme, P., and Curi, R. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil supplementation on human leukocyte function. Clin Nutr 2006;25(6):923-938. View abstract.

Lopez-Alarcon, M., Bernabe-Garcia, M., Del, Prado M., Rivera, D., Ruiz, G., Maldonado, J., and Villegas, R. Docosahexaenoic acid administered in the acute phase protects the nutritional status of septic neonates. Nutrition 2006;22(7-8):731-737. View abstract.

Freemantle, E., Vandal, M., Tremblay-Mercier, J., Tremblay, S., Blachere, J. C., Begin, M. E., Brenna, J. T., Windust, A., and Cunnane, S. C. Omega-3 fatty acids, energy substrates, and brain function during aging. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(3):213-220. View abstract.

Cheatham, C. L., Colombo, J., and Carlson, S. E. N-3 fatty acids and cognitive and visual acuity development: methodologic and conceptual considerations. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6 Suppl):1458S-1466S. View abstract.

Johnson, E. J. and Schaefer, E. J. Potential role of dietary n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of dementia and macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(6 Suppl):1494S-1498S. View abstract.

Marangell, L. B., Suppes, T., Ketter, T. A., Dennehy, E. B., Zboyan, H., Kertz, B., Nierenberg, A., Calabrese, J., Wisniewski, S. R., and Sachs, G. Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder: clinical and research considerations. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;75(4-5):315-321. View abstract.

Erkkila, A. T., Matthan, N. R., Herrington, D. M., and Lichtenstein, A. H. Higher plasma docosahexaenoic acid is associated with reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis in women with CAD. J Lipid Res 2006;47(12):2814-2819. View abstract.

Larque, E., Krauss-Etschmann, S., Campoy, C., Hartl, D., Linde, J., Klingler, M., Demmelmair, H., Cano, A., Gil, A., Bondy, B., and Koletzko, B. Docosahexaenoic acid supply in pregnancy affects placental expression of fatty acid transport proteins. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(4):853-861. View abstract.

Pastor, N., Soler, B., Mitmesser, S. H., Ferguson, P., and Lifschitz, C. Infants fed docosahexaenoic acid- and arachidonic acid-supplemented formula have decreased incidence of bronchiolitis/bronchitis the first year of life. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006;45(9):850-855. View abstract.

Schaefer, E. J., Bongard, V., Beiser, A. S., Lamon-Fava, S., Robins, S. J., Au, R., Tucker, K. L., Kyle, D. J., Wilson, P. W., and Wolf, P. A. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(11):1545-1550. View abstract.

Schwellenbach, L. J., Olson, K. L., McConnell, K. J., Stolcpart, R. S., Nash, J. D., and Merenich, J. A. The triglyceride-lowering effects of a modest dose of docosahexaenoic acid alone versus in combination with low dose eicosapentaenoic acid in patients with coronary artery disease and elevated triglycerides. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25(6):480-485. View abstract.

Farooqui, A. A., Horrocks, L. A., and Farooqui, T. Modulation of inflammation in brain: a matter of fat. J Neurochem. 2007;101(3):577-599. View abstract.

Koletzko, B., Larque, E., and Demmelmair, H. Placental transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). J Perinat.Med 2007;35 Suppl 1:S5-11. View abstract.

Giovannini, M., Verduci, E., Salvatici, E., Fiori, L., and Riva, E. Phenylketonuria: dietary and therapeutic challenges. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2007;30(2):145-152. View abstract.

Theobald, H. E., Goodall, A. H., Sattar, N., Talbot, D. C., Chowienczyk, P. J., and Sanders, T. A. Low-dose docosahexaenoic acid lowers diastolic blood pressure in middle-aged men and women. J Nutr 2007;137(4):973-978. View abstract.

Meyer, B. J., Hammervold, T., Rustan, A. C., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on blood lipids in statin-treated hyperlipidaemic subjects. Lipids 2007;42(2):109-115. View abstract.

Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. A docosahexaenoic acid-functional food during pregnancy benefits infant visual acuity at four but not six months of age. Lipids 2007;42(2):117-122. View abstract.

Judge, M. P., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy: benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not on recognition memory tasks at age 9 mo. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(6):1572-1577. View abstract.

Grenyer, B. F., Crowe, T., Meyer, B., Owen, A. J., Grigonis-Deane, E. M., Caputi, P., and Howe, P. R. Fish oil supplementation in the treatment of major depression: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 10-1-2007;31(7):1393-1396. View abstract.

Jude, S., Martel, E., Vincent, F., Besson, P., Couet, C., Ogilvie, G. K., Pinault, M., De, Chalendar C., Bougnoux, P., Richard, S., Champeroux, P., Crozatier, B., and Le Guennec, J. Y. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids modify blood and cardiac phospholipids and reduce protein kinase-C-delta and protein kinase-C-epsilon translocation. Br J Nutr 2007;98(6):1143-1151. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Vemuri, M., and Mackey, B. E. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves fasting and postprandial lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86(2):324-333. View abstract.

Mitmesser, S. H. and Jensen, C. L. Roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the term infant: developmental benefits. Neonatal Netw. 2007;26(4):229-234. View abstract.

Arterburn, L. M., Oken, H. A., Hoffman, J. P., Bailey-Hall, E., Chung, G., Rom, D., Hamersley, J., and McCarthy, D. Bioequivalence of Docosahexaenoic acid from different algal oils in capsules and in a DHA-fortified food. Lipids 2007;42(11):1011-1024. View abstract.

Sempels, C. and Sienaert, P. [The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of bipolar disorders: the current situation]. Tijdschr.Psychiatr. 2007;49(9):639-647. View abstract.

Rogers, P. J., Appleton, K. M., Kessler, D., Peters, T. J., Gunnell, D., Hayward, R. C., Heatherley, S. V., Christian, L. M., McNaughton, S. A., and Ness, A. R. No effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (EPA and DHA) supplementation on depressed mood and cognitive function: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr 2008;99(2):421-431. View abstract.

Bazan, N. G. Homeostatic regulation of photoreceptor cell integrity: significance of the potent mediator neuroprotectin D1 biosynthesized from docosahexaenoic acid: the Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis.Sci 2007;48(11):4866-4881. View abstract.

Milte, C. M., Coates, A. M., Buckley, J. D., Hill, A. M., and Howe, P. R. Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels. Br J Nutr 2008;99(5):1083-1088. View abstract.

Michael-Titus, A. T. Omega-3 fatty acids and neurological injury. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(5-6):295-300. View abstract.

Pifferi, F., Jouin, M., Alessandri, J. M., Haedke, U., Roux, F., Perriere, N., Denis, I., Lavialle, M., and Guesnet, P. n-3 Fatty acids modulate brain glucose transport in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(5-6):279-286. View abstract.

Mukherjee, P. K., Chawla, A., Loayza, M. S., and Bazan, N. G. Docosanoids are multifunctional regulators of neural cell integrity and fate: significance in aging and disease. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2007;77(5-6):233-238. View abstract.

Ryan, A. S. and Nelson, E. B. Assessing the effect of docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive functions in healthy, preschool children: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2008;47(4):355-362. View abstract.

Bazan, N. G. Neurotrophins induce neuroprotective signaling in the retinal pigment epithelial cell by activating the synthesis of the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic neuroprotectin D1. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2008;613:39-44. View abstract.

Koch, C., Dolle, S., Metzger, M., Rasche, C., Jungclas, H., Ruhl, R., Renz, H., and Worm, M. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in atopic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(4):786-792. View abstract.

Rees, A. M., Austin, M. P., and Parker, G. B. Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for perinatal depression: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008;42(3):199-205. View abstract.

Green, J. T., Orr, S. K., and Bazinet, R. P. The emerging role of group VI calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in releasing docosahexaenoic acid from brain phospholipids. J Lipid Res 2008;49(5):939-944. View abstract.

Colter, A. L., Cutler, C., and Meckling, K. A. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutr J 2008;7:8. View abstract.

Stanke-Labesque, F., Moliere, P., Bessard, J., Laville, M., Vericel, E., and Lagarde, M. Effect of dietary supplementation with increasing doses of docosahexaenoic acid on neutrophil lipid composition and leukotriene production in human healthy volunteers. Br J Nutr 2008;100(4):829-833. View abstract.

Siddiqui, R. A., Harvey, K., and Stillwell, W. Anticancer properties of oxidation products of docosahexaenoic acid. Chem Phys Lipids 2008;153(1):47-56. View abstract.

Johnson, E. J., Chung, H. Y., Caldarella, S. M., and Snodderly, D. M. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(5):1521-1529. View abstract.

Mazurak, V. C., Lien, V., Field, C. J., Goruk, S. D., Pramuk, K., and Clandinin, M. T. Long-chain polyunsaturated fat supplementation in children with low docosahexaenoic acid intakes alters immune phenotypes compared with placebo. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008;46(5):570-579. View abstract.

Johnson, E. J., McDonald, K., Caldarella, S. M., Chung, H. Y., Troen, A. M., and Snodderly, D. M. Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women. Nutr Neurosci 2008;11(2):75-83. View abstract.

Mischoulon D, Best-Popescu C, Laposata M, et al. A double-blind dose-finding pilot study of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(9):639-645. View abstract.

Vedin, I., Cederholm, T., Freund, Levi Y., Basun, H., Garlind, A., Faxen, Irving G., Jonhagen, M. E., Vessby, B., Wahlund, L. O., and Palmblad, J. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine release from blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87(6):1616-1622. View abstract.

Arterburn, L. M., Oken, H. A., Bailey, Hall E., Hamersley, J., Kuratko, C. N., and Hoffman, J. P. Algal-oil capsules and cooked salmon: nutritionally equivalent sources of docosahexaenoic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 2008;108(7):1204-1209. View abstract.

Hanebutt, F. L., Demmelmair, H., Schiessl, B., Larque, E., and Koletzko, B. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) transfer across the placenta. Clin Nutr 2008;27(5):685-693. View abstract.

Mebarek, S., Ermak, N., Benzaria, A., Vicca, S., Dubois, M., Nemoz, G., Laville, M., Lacour, B., Vericel, E., Lagarde, M., and Prigent, A. F. Effects of increasing docosahexaenoic acid intake in human healthy volunteers on lymphocyte activation and monocyte apoptosis. Br J Nutr 2009;101(6):852-858. View abstract.

SanGiovanni, J. P., Chew, E. Y., Agron, E., Clemons, T. E., Ferris, F. L., III, Gensler, G., Lindblad, A. S., Milton, R. C., Seddon, J. M., Klein, R., and Sperduto, R. D. The relationship of dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 23. Arch Ophthalmol 2008;126(9):1274-1279. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid in the neonatal period improves visual acuity of preterm infants: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88(4):1049-1056. View abstract.

Das, U. N. Essential fatty acids and their metabolites could function as endogenous HMG-CoA reductase and ACE enzyme inhibitors, anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and cardioprotective molecules. Lipids Health Dis 2008;7:37. View abstract.

Calder, P. C. The relationship between the fatty acid composition of immune cells and their function. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2008;79(3-5):101-108. View abstract.

Doornbos, B., van Goor, S. A., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., Schaafsma, A., Korf, J., and Muskiet, F. A. Supplementation of a low dose of DHA or DHA+AA does not prevent peripartum depressive symptoms in a small population based sample. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol Psychiatry 2-1-2009;33(1):49-52. View abstract.

Gawrisch, K., Soubias, O., and Mihailescu, M. Insights from biophysical studies on the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids for function of G-protein coupled membrane receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2008;79(3-5):131-134. View abstract.

Egert, S., Fobker, M., Andersen, G., Somoza, V., Erbersdobler, H. F., and Wahrburg, U. Effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid on parameters of glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;53(3-4):182-187. View abstract.

Bazan, N. G. Neuroprotectin D1-mediated anti-inflammatory and survival signaling in stroke, retinal degenerations, and Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2009;50 Suppl:S400-S405. View abstract.

Lukiw, W. J. and Bazan, N. G. Docosahexaenoic acid and the aging brain. J Nutr 2008;138(12):2510-2514. View abstract.

Mickleborough, T. D., Tecklenburg, S. L., Montgomery, G. S., and Lindley, M. R. Eicosapentaenoic acid is more effective than docosahexaenoic acid in inhibiting proinflammatory mediator production and transcription from LPS-induced human asthmatic alveolar macrophage cells. Clin Nutr 2009;28(1):71-77. View abstract.

Agostoni, C., Zuccotti, G. V., Radaelli, G., Besana, R., Podesta, A., Sterpa, A., Rottoli, A., Riva, E., and Giovannini, M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(1):64-70. View abstract.

Querques, G., Benlian, P., Chanu, B., Portal, C., Coscas, G., Soubrane, G., and Souied, E. H. Nutritional AMD treatment phase I (NAT-1): feasibility of oral DHA supplementation in age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009;19(1):100-106. View abstract.

Lukiw, W. J. Docosahexaenoic acid and amyloid-beta peptide signaling in Alzheimer's disease. World Rev Nutr Diet 2009;99:55-70. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Collins, C. T., Davis, P. G., Doyle, L. W., Simmer, K., Colditz, P. B., Morris, S., Smithers, L. G., Willson, K., and Ryan, P. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1-14-2009;301(2):175-182. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Siegel, D., Fedor, D. M., Adkins, Y., and Mackey, B. E. DHA supplementation decreases serum C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in hypertriglyceridemic men. J Nutr 2009;139(3):495-501. View abstract.

O'Brien, D. M., Kristal, A. R., Jeannet, M. A., Wilkinson, M. J., Bersamin, A., and Luick, B. Red blood cell delta15N: a novel biomarker of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(3):913-919. View abstract.

Fedor, D. and Kelley, D. S. Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Curr Opin.Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009;12(2):138-146. View abstract.

Koletzko, B., Beblo, S., Demmelmair, H., and Hanebutt, F. L. Omega-3 LC-PUFA supply and neurological outcomes in children with phenylketonuria (PKU). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009;48 Suppl 1:S2-S7. View abstract.

Hassan, I. R. and Gronert, K. Acute changes in dietary omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids have a pronounced impact on survival following ischemic renal injury and formation of renoprotective docosahexaenoic acid-derived protectin D1. J Immunol. 3-1-2009;182(5):3223-3232. View abstract.

Egert, S., Kannenberg, F., Somoza, V., Erbersdobler, H. F., and Wahrburg, U. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and DHA have differential effects on LDL fatty acid composition but similar effects on serum lipid profiles in normolipidemic humans. J Nutr 2009;139(5):861-868. View abstract.

Kennedy, D. O., Jackson, P. A., Elliott, J. M., Scholey, A. B., Robertson, B. C., Greer, J., Tiplady, B., Buchanan, T., and Haskell, C. F. Cognitive and mood effects of 8 weeks' supplementation with 400 mg or 1000 mg of the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in healthy children aged 10-12 years. Nutr Neurosci 2009;12(2):48-56. View abstract.

Fekete, K., Marosvolgyi, T., Jakobik, V., and Decsi, T. Methods of assessment of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(6):2070S-2084S. View abstract.

Mullen, A., Loscher, C. E., and Roche, H. M. Anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA are dependent upon time and dose-response elements associated with LPS stimulation in THP-1-derived macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2010;21(5):444-450. View abstract.

Tian, H., Lu, Y., Sherwood, A. M., Hongqian, D., and Hong, S. Resolvins E1 and D1 in choroid-retinal endothelial cells and leukocytes: biosynthesis and mechanisms of anti-inflammatory actions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis.Sci 2009;50(8):3613-3620. View abstract.

van Goor, S. A., Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., Doornbos, B., Erwich, J. J., Schaafsma, A., Muskiet, F. A., and Hadders-Algra, M. Supplementation of DHA but not DHA with arachidonic acid during pregnancy and lactation influences general movement quality in 12-week-old term infants. Br J Nutr 2010;103(2):235-242. View abstract.

O'Shea, K. M., Khairallah, R. J., Sparagna, G. C., Xu, W., Hecker, P. A., Robillard-Frayne, I., Des, Rosiers C., Kristian, T., Murphy, R. C., Fiskum, G., and Stanley, W. C. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids alter cardiac mitochondrial phospholipid composition and delay Ca2+-induced permeability transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009;47(6):819-827. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Collins, C. T., Simmonds, L. A., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A., and Makrides, M. Feeding preterm infants milk with a higher dose of docosahexaenoic acid than that used in current practice does not influence language or behavior in early childhood: a follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(3):628-634. View abstract.

McNamara, R. K., Able, J., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Eliassen, J. C., Alfieri, D., Weber, W., Jarvis, K., DelBello, M. P., Strakowski, S. M., and Adler, C. M. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91(4):1060-1067. View abstract.

Gale, C. R., Marriott, L. D., Martyn, C. N., Limond, J., Inskip, H. M., Godfrey, K. M., Law, C. M., Cooper, C., West, C., and Robinson, S. M. Breastfeeding, the use of docosahexaenoic acid-fortified formulas in infancy and neuropsychological function in childhood. Arch Dis Child 2010;95(3):174-179. View abstract.

McNamara, R. K., Jandacek, R., Rider, T., Tso, P., Dwivedi, Y., and Pandey, G. N. Selective deficits in erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid composition in adult patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect.Disord 2010;126(1-2):303-311. View abstract.

Martins, J. G. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(5):525-542. View abstract.

Jensen, C. L., Voigt, R. G., Llorente, A. M., Peters, S. U., Prager, T. C., Zou, Y. L., Rozelle, J. C., Turcich, M. R., Fraley, J. K., Anderson, R. E., and Heird, W. C. Effects of early maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on neuropsychological status and visual acuity at five years of age of breast-fed term infants. J Pediatr 2010;157(6):900-905. View abstract.

Ramakrishnan, U., Stein, A. D., Parra-Cabrera, S., Wang, M., Imhoff-Kunsch, B., Juarez-Marquez, S., Rivera, J., and Martorell, R. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy on gestational age and size at birth: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. Food Nutr Bull 2010;31(2 Suppl):S108-S116. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Gibson, R. A., McPhee, A. J., Yelland, L., Quinlivan, J., and Ryan, P. Effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy on maternal depression and neurodevelopment of young children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 10-20-2010;304(15):1675-1683. View abstract.

Quinn, J. F., Raman, R., Thomas, R. G., Yurko-Mauro, K., Nelson, E. B., Van, Dyck C., Galvin, J. E., Emond, J., Jack, C. R., Jr., Weiner, M., Shinto, L., and Aisen, P. S. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA 11-3-2010;304(17):1903-1911. View abstract.

Jans, L. A., Giltay, E. J., and Van der Does, A. J. The efficacy of n-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA (fish oil) for perinatal depression. Br J Nutr 2010;104(11):1577-1585. View abstract.

Stein, A. D., Wang, M., Martorell, R., Neufeld, L. M., Flores-Ayala, R., Rivera, J. A., and Ramakrishnan, U. Growth to age 18 months following prenatal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid differs by maternal gravidity in Mexico. J Nutr 2011;141(2):316-320. View abstract.

Neff, L. M., Culiner, J., Cunningham-Rundles, S., Seidman, C., Meehan, D., Maturi, J., Wittkowski, K. M., Levine, B., and Breslow, J. L. Algal docosahexaenoic acid affects plasma lipoprotein particle size distribution in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2011;141(2):207-213. View abstract.

Nobili, V., Bedogni, G., Alisi, A., Pietrobattista, A., Rise, P., Galli, C., and Agostoni, C. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Arch Dis Child 2011;96(4):350-353. View abstract.

Plourde, M., Chouinard-Watkins, R., Vandal, M., Zhang, Y., Lawrence, P., Brenna, J. T., and Cunnane, S. C. Plasma incorporation, apparent retroconversion and beta-oxidation of 13C-docosahexaenoic acid in the elderly. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011;8:5. View abstract.

Beckermann, B., Beneke, M., and Seitz, I. [Comparative bioavailability of eicosapentaenoic acid and docasahexaenoic acid from triglycerides, free fatty acids and ethyl esters in volunteers]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990;40(6):700-704. View abstract.

Smithers, L. G., Gibson, R. A., and Makrides, M. Maternal supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy does not affect early visual development in the infant: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93(6):1293-1299. View abstract.

Courville, A. B., Harel, O., and Lammi-Keefe, C. J. Consumption of a DHA-containing functional food during pregnancy is associated with lower infant ponderal index and cord plasma insulin concentration. Br J Nutr 4-27-2011;1-5. View abstract.

Miller, C., Yamaguchi, R. Y., and Ziboh, V. A. Guinea pig epidermis generates putative anti-inflammatory metabolites from fish oil polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids 1989;24(12):998-1003. View abstract.

Biggemann, B., Laryea, M. D., Schuster, A., Griese, M., Reinhardt, D., and Bremer, H. J. Status of plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids and vitamin A and E in young children with cystic fibrosis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1988;143:135-141. View abstract.

Innis, S. M., Nelson, C. M., Rioux, M. F., and King, D. J. Development of visual acuity in relation to plasma and erythrocyte omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in healthy term gestation infants. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;60(3):347-352. View abstract.

Bazan, N. G., Rodriguez de Turco, E. B., and Gordon, W. C. Pathways for the uptake and conservation of docosahexaenoic acid in photoreceptors and synapses: biochemical and autoradiographic studies. Can.J.Physiol Pharmacol. 1993;71(9):690-698. View abstract.

Birch, E., Birch, D., Hoffman, D., Hale, L., Everett, M., and Uauy, R. Breast-feeding and optimal visual development. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993;30(1):33-38. View abstract.

Makrides, M., Simmer, K., Goggin, M., and Gibson, R. A. Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid correlates with the visual response of healthy, term infants. Pediatr.Res. 1993;33(4 Pt 1):425-427. View abstract.

Werkman, S. H. and Carlson, S. E. A randomized trial of visual attention of preterm infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until nine months. Lipids 1996;31(1):91-97. View abstract.

Jorgensen, M. H., Hernell, O., Lund, P., Holmer, G., and Michaelsen, K. F. Visual acuity and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid status in breast-fed and formula-fed term infants during the first four months of life. Lipids 1996;31(1):99-105. View abstract.

Moore, S. A., Hurt, E., Yoder, E., Sprecher, H., and Spector, A. A. Docosahexaenoic acid synthesis in human skin fibroblasts involves peroxisomal retroconversion of tetracosahexaenoic acid. J.Lipid Res. 1995;36(11):2433-2443. View abstract.

Carlson, S. E., Ford, A. J., Werkman, S. H., Peeples, J. M., and Koo, W. W. Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin. Pediatr Res 1996;39(5):882-888. View abstract.

Rambjor, G. S., Walen, A. I., Windsor, S. L., and Harris, W. S. Eicosapentaenoic acid is primarily responsible for hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in humans. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S45-S49. View abstract.

Ziboh, V. A. The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology. Lipids 1996;31 Suppl:S249-S253. View abstract.

Hamazaki, T., Sawazaki, S., Asaoka, E., Itomura, M., Mizushima, Y., Yazawa, K., Kuwamori, T., and Kobayashi, M. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil does not affect serum lipid concentrations of normolipidemic young adults. J.Nutr. 1996;126(11):2784-2789. View abstract.

Auestad, N., Montalto, M. B., Hall, R. T., Fitzgerald, K. M., Wheeler, R. E., Connor, W. E., Neuringer, M., Connor, S. L., Taylor, J. A., and Hartmann, E. E. Visual acuity, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and growth in term infants fed formulas with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for one year. Ross Pediatric Lipid Study. Pediatr Res 1997;41(1):1-10. View abstract.

Innis, S. M., Akrabawi, S. S., Diersen-Schade, D. A., Dobson, M. V., and Guy, D. G. Visual acuity and blood lipids in term infants fed human milk or formulae. Lipids 1997;32(1):63-72. View abstract.

Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kalkowski J, et al. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on serum lipoproteins in patients with combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1997;16(3):236-243. View abstract.

Halvorsen, D. S., Hansen, J. B., Grimsgaard, S., Bonaa, K. H., Kierulf, P., and Nordoy, A. The effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on monocyte phagocytosis in man. Lipids 1997;32(9):935-942. View abstract.

Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Parrott, A., Field, C. J., Euler, A. R., and Lien, E. L. Assessment of the efficacious dose of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas: fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids. Pediatr Res 1997;42(6):819-825. View abstract.

Hansen, J. B., Grimsgaard, S., Nilsen, H., Nordoy, A., and Bonaa, K. H. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on fatty acid absorption, incorporation into serum phospholipids and postprandial triglyceridemia. Lipids 1998;33(2):131-138. View abstract.

Courage, M. L., McCloy, U. R., Herzberg, G. R., Andrews, W. L., Simmons, B. S., McDonald, A. C., Mercer, C. N., and Friel, J. K. Visual acuity development and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes in full-term infants fed breast milk, commercial formula, or evaporated milk. J Dev.Behav Pediatr 1998;19(1):9-17. View abstract.

Horby, Jorgensen M., Holmer, G., Lund, P., Hernell, O., and Michaelsen, K. F. Effect of formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid on fatty acid status and visual acuity in term infants. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 1998;26(4):412-421. View abstract.

Kelley, D. S., Taylor, P. C., Nelson, G. J., and Mackey, B. E. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and immunocompetence in young healthy men. Lipids 1998;33(6):559-566. View abstract.

Grimsgaard, S., Bonaa, K. H., Hansen, J. B., and Myhre, E. S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68(1):52-59. View abstract.

Birch, E. E., Hoffman, D. R., Uauy, R., Birch, D. G., and Prestidge, C. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr.Res. 1998;44(2):201-209. View abstract.

Scott, D. T., Janowsky, J. S., Carroll, R. E., Taylor, J. A., Auestad, N., and Montalto, M. B. Formula supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: are there developmental benefits? Pediatrics 1998;102(5):E59. View abstract.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, SanGiovanni JP, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;309(19):2005-2015. View abstract.

Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Faliva M, et al. Effects of a diet integration with an oily emulsion of DHA-phospholipids containing melatonin and tryptophan in elderly patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment. Nutr.Neurosci 2012;15(2):46-54. View abstract.

Mozurkewich EL, Clinton CM, Chilimigras JL, Hamilton SE, Allbaugh LJ, Berman DR, Marcus SM, Romero VC, Treadwell MC, Keeton KL, Vahratian AM, Schrader RM, Ren J, Djuric Z. The Mothers, Omega-3, and Mental Health Study: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013;208(4):313.e1-9. View abstract.

Qawasmi A, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula and infant cognition. Pediatrics 2012;129(6):1141-9. View abstract.

Alicandro G, Faelli N, Gagliardini R, Santini B, Magazzù G, Biffi A, Risé P, Galli C, Tirelli AS, Loi S, Valmarana L, Cirilli N, Palmas T, Vieni G, Bianchi ML, Agostoni C, Colombo C. A randomized placebo-controlled study on high-dose oral algal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in children with cystic fibrosis.Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2013 Feb;88(2):163-9. view abstract.

Andreeva VA, Touvier M, Kesse-Guyot E, et al. B vitamin and/or ?-3 fatty acid supplementation and cancer: ancillary findings from the supplementation with folate, vitamins B6 and B12, and/or omega-3 fatty acids (SU.FOL.OM3) randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):540-7. View abstract.

Atwell K, Collins CT, Sullivan TR, Ryan P, Gibson RA, Makrides M, McPhee AJ. Respiratory hospitalisation of infants supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid as preterm neonates. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Jan;49(1):E17-22. View abstract.

Benton D, Donohoe RT, Clayton DE, Long SJ. Supplementation with DHA and the psychological functioning of young adults. Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan 14;109(1):155-61. View abstract.

Birch EE, Carlson SE, Hoffman DR, et al. The DIAMOND (DHA Intake And Measurement Of Neural Development) Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;91(4):848-59. View abstract.

Bougnoux P, Hajjaji N, Ferrasson MN, Giraudeau B, Couet C, Le Floch O. Improving outcome of chemotherapy of metastatic breast cancer by docosahexaenoic acid: a phase II trial. Br J Cancer. 2009 Dec 15;101(12):1978-85. View abstract.

Carlson SE, Colombo J, Gajewski BJ, Gustafson KM, Mundy D, Yeast J, Georgieff MK, Markley LA, Kerling EH, Shaddy DJ. DHA supplementation and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Apr;97(4):808-15. View abstract.

Chan SS, Luben R, Olsen A, Tjonneland A, Kaaks R, Lindgren S, Grip O, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Hallmans G, Karling P, Overvad K, Venø SK, van Schaik F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Oldenburg B, Khaw KT, Riboli E, Hart AR. Association between high dietary intake of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and reduced risk of Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Apr;39(8):834-42. View abstract.

Drover JR, Felius J, Hoffman DR, Castañeda YS, Garfield S, Wheaton DH, Birch EE. A randomized trial of DHA intake during infancy: school readiness and receptive vocabulary at 2-3.5 years of age. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Nov;88(11):885-91. View abstract.

Emsley R, Chiliza B, Asmal L, du Plessis S, Phahladira L, van Niekerk E, van Rensburg SJ, Harvey BH. A randomized, controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids plus an antioxidant for relapse prevention after antipsychotic discontinuation in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014 Sep;158(1-3):230-5. View abstract.

Escamilla-Nuñez MC, Barraza-Villarreal A, Hernández-Cadena L, Navarro-Olivos E, Sly PD, Romieu I. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and respiratory symptoms in children. Chest. 2014 Aug;146(2):373-82. View abstract.

Fu YQ, Zheng JS, Yang B, Li D. Effect of individual omega-3 fatty acids on the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Epidemiol. 2015;25(4):261-74. View abstract.

García-Layana A, Recalde S, Alamán AS, Robredo PF. Effects of lutein and docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation on macular pigment optical density in a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2013 Feb 15;5(2):543-51. View abstract.

Gould JF, Makrides M, Colombo J, Smithers LG. Randomized controlled trial of maternal omega-3 long-chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and early childhood development of attention, working memory, and inhibitory control. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Apr;99(4):851-9. View abstract.

Grosso G, Pajak A, Marventano S, Castellano S, Galvano F, Bucolo C, Drago F, Caraci F. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of depressive disorders: a comprehensive meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2014 May 7;9(5):e96905. View abstract.

Harden CJ, Dible VA, Russell JM, Garaiova I, Plummer SF, Barker ME, Corfe BM. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation had no effect on body weight but reduced energy intake in overweight and obese women. Nutr Res. 2014 Jan;34(1):17-24. View abstract.

Hoffman DR, Hughbanks-Wheaton DK, Pearson NS, Fish GE, Spencer R, Takacs A, Klein M, Locke KG, Birch DG. Four-year placebo-controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (DHAX trial): a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014 Jul;132(7):866-73. View abstract.

Hughbanks-Wheaton DK, Birch DG, Fish GE, Spencer R, Pearson NS, Takacs A, Hoffman DR. Safety assessment of docosahexaenoic acid in X-linked retinitis pigmentosa: the 4-year DHAX trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014 Jul 11;55(8):4958-66. View abstract.

Imhoff-Kunsch B, Stein AD, Villalpando S, Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation from mid-pregnancy to parturition influenced breast milk fatty acid concentrations at 1 month postpartum in Mexican women. J Nutr. 2011 Feb;141(2):321-6. View abstract.

Judge MP, Cong X, Harel O, Courville AB, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Maternal consumption of a DHA-containing functional food benefits infant sleep patterning: an early neurodevelopmental measure. Early Hum Dev. 2012 Jul;88(7):531-7. View abstract.

Makrides M, Gould JF, Gawlik NR, Yelland LN, Smithers LG, Anderson PJ, Gibson RA. Four-year follow-up of children born to women in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation. JAMA. 2014 May 7;311(17):1802-4. View abstract.

Mischoulon D, Nierenberg AA, Schettler PJ, Kinkead BL, Fehling K, Martinson MA, Hyman Rapaport M. A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial comparing eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid for depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;76(1):54-61. View abstract.

Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Yassini-Ardakani M, Karamati M, Shariati-Bafghi SE. Eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid in mild-to-moderate depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013 Jul;23(7):636-44. View abstract.

Nobili V, Alisi A, Della Corte C, Risé P, Galli C, Agostoni C, Bedogni G. Docosahexaenoic acid for the treatment of fatty liver: randomised controlled trial in children. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013 Nov;23(11):1066-70. View abstract.

Nobili V, Bedogni G, Donati B, Alisi A, Valenti L. The I148M variant of PNPLA3 reduces the response to docosahexaenoic acid in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Med Food. 2013 Oct;16(10):957-60. View abstract.

Phang M, Lincz LF, Garg ML. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementations reduce platelet aggregation and hemostatic markers differentially in men and women. J Nutr. 2013 Apr;143(4):457-63. View abstract.

Richardson AJ, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Montgomery P. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, cognition and behavior in children aged 7-9 years: a randomized, controlled trial (the DOLAB Study). PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e43909. View abstract.

Rix TA, Joensen AM, Riahi S, Lundbye-Christensen S, Overvad K, Schmidt EB. Marine n-3 fatty acids in adipose tissue and development of atrial fibrillation: a Danish cohort study. Heart. 2013 Oct;99(20):1519-24. View abstract.

Rodrigo R, Korantzopoulos P, Cereceda M, Asenjo R, Zamorano J, Villalabeitia E, Baeza C, Aguayo R, Castillo R, Carrasco R, Gormaz JG. A randomized controlled trial to prevent post-operative atrial fibrillation by antioxidant reinforcement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Oct 15;62(16):1457-65. View abstract.

Singhal A, Lanigan J, Storry C, Low S, Birbara T, Lucas A, Deanfield J. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation, vascular function and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial in young adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 Jul 1;2(4):e000283. View abstract.

Sinn N, Milte CM, Street SJ, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Petkov J, Howe PR. Effects of n-3 fatty acids, EPA v. DHA, on depressive symptoms, quality of life, memory and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107(11):1682-93. View abstract.

Sørensen IM, Joner G, Jenum PA, Eskild A, Stene LC. Serum long chain n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) in the pregnant mother are independent of risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2012 Jul;28(5):431-8. View abstract.

Stein AD, Wang M, Rivera JA, Martorell R, Ramakrishnan U. Auditory- and visual-evoked potentials in Mexican infants are not affected by maternal supplementation with 400 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid in the second half of pregnancy. J Nutr. 2012 Aug;142(8):1577-81. View abstract.

Stonehouse W, Conlon CA, Podd J, Hill SR, Minihane AM, Haskell C, Kennedy D. DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 May;97(5):1134-43. View abstract.

Stough C, Downey L, Silber B, Lloyd J, Kure C, Wesnes K, Camfield D. The effects of 90-day supplementation with the omega-3 essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cognitive function and visual acuity in a healthy aging population. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Apr;33(4):824.e1-3. View abstract.

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Bernabe-Garcia M, López-Alarcon M, Salgado-Sosa A, Villegas-Silva R, Maldonado-Hernandez J, Rodríguez-Cruz M, et al. Enteral docosahexaenoic acid reduces analgesic administration in neonates undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;69(2):150-160. View abstract.

Manes M, Alberici A, Di Gregorio E, Boccone L, Premi E, Mitro N, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid is a beneficial replacement treatment for spinocerebellar ataxia 38. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(4):615-621. doi: 10.1002/ana.25059. View abstract.

Lafuente M, Ortín L, Argente M, Guindo JL, López-Bernal MD, López-Román FJ, et al. Combined intravitreal ranibuzumab and oral supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid and antioxidants for diabetic macular edema: two-year randomized single-blind controlled trial results. Retina. 2017;37(7):1277-1286. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001363. View abstract.

Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiao J. Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: a dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(2):330-40. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124081. View abstract.

Cao Y, Hou L, Wang W. Dietary total fat and fatty acids intake, serum fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(8):1894-904. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29938. View abstract.

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Montgomery P, Spreckelsen TF, Burton A, Burton JR, Richardson AJ. Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, working memory and behavior in UK children aged 7-9: A randomized controlled trial for replication (the DOLAB II study). PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192909. View abstract.

Kerling EH, Hilton JM, Thodosoff JM, Wick J, Colombo J, Carlson SE. Effect of Prenatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation on Blood Pressure in Children With Overweight Condition or Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(2):e190088. View abstract.

Sparkes C, Gibson R, Sinclair A, Else PL, Meyer BJ. Effect of low dose docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in pre-menopausal women: A dose-response randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). pii: E1460. View abstract.

Braarud HC, Markhus MW, Skotheim S, et al. Maternal DHA status during pregnancy has a positive impact on infant problem solving: A Norwegian prospective observation study. Nutrients. 2018;10(5). pii: E529. View abstract.

Mulder KA, Elango R, Innis SM. Fetal DHA inadequacy and the impact on child neurodevelopment: a follow-up of a randomised trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(3):271-279. View abstract.

González-Ravina C, Aguirre-Lipperheide M, Pinto F, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation with a highly pure and concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplement on human sperm function. Reprod Biol. 2018;18(3):282-288. View abstract.

Demmelmair H, MacDonald A, Kotzaeridou U, et al. Determinants of plasma docosahexaenoic acid levels and their relationship to neurological and cognitive functions in PKU patients: A double blind randomized supplementation study. Nutrients. 2018;10(12). pii: E1944. View abstract.

Yagi S, Kondo D, Ise T, et al. Association of decreased docosahexaenoic acid level after statin therapy and low eicosapentaenoic acid level with in-stent restenosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019;26(3):272-81. View abstract.

Crippa A, Tesei A, Sangiorgio F, et al. Behavioral and cognitive effects of docosahexaenoic acid in drug-naïve children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019;28(4):571-83. View abstract.

Makrides M, Best K, Yelland L, et al. A Randomized Trial of Prenatal n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation and Preterm Delivery. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(11):1035-1045. View abstract.

Guo XF, Li KL, Li JM, Li D. Effects of EPA and DHA on blood pressure and inflammatory factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(20):3380-3393. View abstract.

Wang Q, Zhou B, Cui Q, Chen C. Omega-3 Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2019 Jul;144(1). pii: e20190181. View abstract.

Liao Y, Xie B, Zhang H, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: A meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 5;9(1):190. View abstract.

Ciappolino V, DelVecchio G, Prunas C, et al. The effect of DHA supplementation on cognition in patients with bipolar disorder: An exploratory randomized control trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):708. View abstract.

Balachandar R, Soundararajan S, Bagepally BS. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in age-related cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020;76(5):639-648. View abstract.

Simmonds LA, Sullivan TR, Skubisz M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy-baseline omega-3 status and early preterm birth: exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2020;127(8):975-981. View abstract.

Li M, Li W, Gao Y, et al. Effect of folic acid combined with docosahexaenoic acid intervention on mild cognitive impairment in elderly: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2020. View abstract.

Marc I, Piedboeuf B, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on bronchopulmonary dysplasia-free survival in breastfed preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(2):157-167. View abstract.

Yang GY, Wu T, Huang SY, et al. No effect of 6-month supplementation with 300 mg/d docosahexaenoic acid on executive functions among healthy school-aged children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Nutr. 2020. View abstract.

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vellas B, Rizzoli Ret al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, or a strength-training exercise program on clinical outcomes in older adults: The DO-HEALTH randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(18):1855-1868. View abstract.

Carlson SE, Gajewski BJ, Valentine CJ, et al. Higher dose docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during pregnancy and early preterm birth: a randomised, double-blind, adaptive-design superiority trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;36:100905. View abstract.

Bernabe-García M, Calder PC, Villegas-Silva R, et al. Efficacy of docosahexaenoic acid for the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients 2021;13(2):648. View abstract.

Fougère H, Bilodeau JF, Lavoie PM, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae oil supplementation on breast milk fatty acid profile of mothers who delivered prematurely: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):21492. View abstract.

Patan MJ, Kennedy DO, Husberg C, et al. Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;114(3):914-924. View abstract.

Zhang HJ, Gao X, Guo XF, Li KL, Li S, Sinclair AJ, Li D. Effects of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 33 randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(7):4538-4550. View abstract.

López-Neyra A, Suárez L, Muñoz M, et al. Long-term docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in cystic fibrosis patients: a randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020;162:102186. View abstract.

Garmendia ML, Casanello P, Flores M, Kusanovic JP, Uauy R. The effects of a combined intervention (docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and home-based dietary counseling) on metabolic control in obese and overweight pregnant women: the MIGHT study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021;224(5):526. e1-526.e25. View abstract.

Khandelwal S, Kondal D, Chaudhry M, et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on offspring neurodevelopment at 12 months in India: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2020;12(10):3041. View abstract.

Mengelberg A, Leathem J, Podd J, Hill S, Conlon C. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on cognition and well-being in mild cognitive impairment: A 12-month randomised controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022;37(5):10. View abstract.

Angoa G, Pronovost E, Ndiaye ABKT, et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on very preterm infant growth: Secondary outcome of a randomized clinical trial. Neonatology 2022;119(3):377-385. View abstract.

Sittiprapaporn P, Bumrungpert A, Suyajai P, Stough C. Effectiveness of fish oil-DHA supplementation for cognitive function in Thai children: A randomized, doubled-blind, two-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Foods 2022;11(17):2595. View abstract.

Nolan JM, Power R, Howard AN, et al. Supplementation with carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin E has a positive effect on the symptoms and progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022;90(1):233-249. View abstract.

Christifano DN, Gustafson KM, Carlson SE, et al. Maternal docosahexaenoic acid exposure needed to achieve maternal-newborn EQ. Nutrients 2022;14(16):3300. View abstract.

Sousa TM, Ferreira LA, Osanan GC, Santos LCD. Does antenatal supplementation with omega-3 affect child development and behavior during the first six months of life? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Early Hum Dev 2023;176:105713. View abstract.

Vizzari G, Morniroli D, Alessandretti F, et al. Comparative analysis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in mother's milk of term and preterm mothers. Nutrients 2022;14(21):4595. View abstract.

Wendel K, Aas MF, Gunnarsdottir G, et al. Effect of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on respiratory outcomes and neonatal morbidities in preterm infants. Clin Nutr 2023;42(1):22-28. View abstract.

Best KP, Sullivan TR, Gunaratne AW, et al. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of preterm infants on growth, body composition, and blood pressure at 7-years corrected age: Follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2023;15(2):335. View abstract.

Peris-Martínez C, Piá-Ludeña JV, Rog-Revert MJ, Fernández-López E, Domingo JC. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of oral supplementation with a highly-concentrated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) triglyceride in patients with keratoconus: A randomized controlled preliminary study. Nutrients 2023;15(5):1300. View abstract.

Marc I, Boutin A, Pronovost E, et al. Association between enteral supplementation with high-dose docosahexaenoic acid and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2023;6(3):e233934. View abstract.

Carlson SE, Gajewski BJ, Valentine CJ, et al. Early and late preterm birth rates in participants adherent to randomly assigned high dose docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in pregnancy. Clin Nutr 2023;42(2):235-243. View abstract.

Christifano DN, Crawford SA, Lee G, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake estimated from a 7-question survey identifies pregnancies most likely to benefit from high-dose DHA supplementation. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023;53:93-99. View abstract.

Yang Y, Li G, Li F, et al. Impact of DHA from algal oil on the breast milk DHA levels of lactating women: A randomized controlled trial in China. Nutrients 2022;14(16):3410. View abstract.

Gould JF, Makrides M, Gibson RA, et al. Neonatal docosahexaenoic acid in preterm infants and intelligence at 5 years. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(17):1579-1588. View abstract.

Guillot M, Synnes A, Pronovost E, et al. Maternal high-dose DHA supplementation and neurodevelopment at 18-22 months of preterm children. Pediatrics. 2022;150(1):e2021055819. View abstract.