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Escolar, D. M., Buyse, G., Henricson, E., Leshner, R., Florence, J., Mayhew, J., Tesi-Rocha, C., Gorni, K., Pasquali, L., Patel, K. M., McCarter, R., Huang, J., Mayhew, T., Bertorini, T., Carlo, J., Connolly, A. M., Clemens, P. R., Goemans, N., Iannaccone, S. T., Igarashi, M., Nevo, Y., Pestronk, A., Subramony, S. H., Vedanarayanan, V. V., and Wessel, H. CINRG randomized controlled trial of creatine and glutamine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2005;58(1):151-155. View abstract.

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Huang, E. Y., Leung, S. W., Wang, C. J., Chen, H. C., Sun, L. M., Fang, F. M., Yeh, S. A., Hsu, H. C., and Hsiung, C. Y. Oral glutamine to alleviate radiation-induced oral mucositis: a pilot randomized trial. Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. 2-1-2000;46(3):535-539. View abstract.

Walsh, N. P., Blannin, A. K., Bishop, N. C., Robson, P. J., and Gleeson, M. Effect of oral glutamine supplementation on human neutrophil lipopolysaccharide-stimulated degranulation following prolonged exercise. Int.J.Sport Nutr.Exerc.Metab 2000;10(1):39-50. View abstract.

Haisch, M., Fukagawa, N. K., and Matthews, D. E. Oxidation of glutamine by the splanchnic bed in humans. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2000;278(4):E593-E602. View abstract.

Claeyssens, S., Bouteloup-Demange, C., Gachon, P., Hecketsweiler, B., Lerebours, E., Lavoinne, A., and Dechelotte, P. Effect of enteral glutamine on leucine, phenylalanine and glutamine metabolism in hypercortisolemic subjects. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2000;278(5):E817-E824. View abstract.

Canovas, G., Leon-Sanz, M., Gomez, P., Valero, M. A., Gomis, P., and La Huerta, J. J. Oral glutamine supplements in autologous hematopoietic transplant: impact on gastrointestinal toxicity and plasma protein levels. Haematologica 2000;85(11):1229-1230. View abstract.

Spittler, A., Sautner, T., Gornikiewicz, A., Manhart, N., Oehler, R., Bergmann, M., Fugger, R., and Roth, E. Postoperative glycyl-glutamine infusion reduces immunosuppression: partial prevention of the surgery induced decrease in HLA-DR expression on monocytes. Clin.Nutr. 2001;20(1):37-42. View abstract.

Yoshida, S., Kaibara, A., Ishibashi, N., and Shirouzu, K. Glutamine supplementation in cancer patients. Nutrition 2001;17(9):766-768. View abstract.

Krzywkowski, K., Petersen, E. W., Ostrowski, K., Kristensen, J. H., Boza, J., and Pedersen, B. K. Effect of glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced changes in lymphocyte function. Am.J.Physiol Cell Physiol 2001;281(4):C1259-C1265. View abstract.

Wischmeyer, P. E., Lynch, J., Liedel, J., Wolfson, R., Riehm, J., Gottlieb, L., and Kahana, M. Glutamine administration reduces Gram-negative bacteremia in severely burned patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial versus isonitrogenous control. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(11):2075-2080. View abstract.

Zhou, Y., Jiang, Z., and Sun, Y. [Glutamine dipeptide enriched enteral nutrition improving gut permeability in sever burns]. Zhonghua Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 1999;79(11):825-827. View abstract.

Velasco, N., Hernandez, G., Wainstein, C., Castillo, L., Maiz, A., Lopez, F., Guzman, S., Bugedo, G., Acosta, A. M., and Bruhn, A. Influence of polymeric enteral nutrition supplemented with different doses of glutamine on gut permeability in critically ill patients. Nutrition 2001;17(11-12):907-911. View abstract.

Neri, A., Mariani, F., Piccolomini, A., Testa, M., Vuolo, G., and Di Cosmo, L. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition in major abdominal surgery. Nutrition 2001;17(11-12):968-969. View abstract.

des, Robert C., Le Bacquer, O., Piloquet, H., Roze, J. C., and Darmaun, D. Acute effects of intravenous glutamine supplementation on protein metabolism in very low birth weight infants: a stable isotope study. Pediatr.Res. 2002;51(1):87-93. View abstract.

Candow, D. G., Chilibeck, P. D., Burke, D. G., Davison, K. S., and Smith-Palmer, T. Effect of glutamine supplementation combined with resistance training in young adults. Eur.J.Appl.Physiol 2001;86(2):142-149. View abstract.

Antonio, J., Sanders, M. S., Kalman, D., Woodgate, D., and Street, C. The effects of high-dose glutamine ingestion on weightlifting performance. J.Strength.Cond.Res. 2002;16(1):157-160. View abstract.

Chen, G., Xie, W., and Jiang, H. [Clinical observation of the protective effect of oral feeding of glutamine granules on intestinal mucous membrane]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2001;17(4):210-211. View abstract.

May, P. E., Barber, A., D'Olimpio, J. T., Hourihane, A., and Abumrad, N. N. Reversal of cancer-related wasting using oral supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate, arginine, and glutamine. Am.J.Surg. 2002;183(4):471-479. View abstract.

Griffiths, R. D., Allen, K. D., Andrews, F. J., and Jones, C. Infection, multiple organ failure, and survival in the intensive care unit: influence of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on acquired infection. Nutrition 2002;18(7-8):546-552. View abstract.

Lin, M. T., Kung, S. P., Yeh, S. L., Lin, C., Lin, T. H., Chen, K. H., Liaw, K. Y., Lee, P. H., Chang, K. J., and Chen, W. J. The effect of glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition on nitrogen economy depends on severity of diseases in surgical patients. Clin.Nutr. 2002;21(3):213-218. View abstract.

Buchman, A. L. Glutamine for short-bowel syndrome. Curr.Gastroenterol.Rep. 2002;4(4):321. View abstract.

Williams, J. Z., Abumrad, N., and Barbul, A. Effect of a specialized amino acid mixture on human collagen deposition. Ann.Surg. 2002;236(3):369-374. View abstract.

Boelens, P. G., Houdijk, A. P., Fonk, J. C., Nijveldt, R. J., Ferwerda, C. C., von Blomberg-van der Flier BM, Thijs, L. G., Haarman, H. J., Puyana, J. C., and van Leeuwen, P. A. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition increases HLA-DR expression on monocytes of trauma patients. J.Nutr. 2002;132(9):2580-2586. View abstract.

Conejero, R., Bonet, A., Grau, T., Esteban, A., Mesejo, A., Montejo, J. C., Lopez, J., and Acosta, J. A. Effect of a glutamine-enriched enteral diet on intestinal permeability and infectious morbidity at 28 days in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a randomized, single-blind, prospective, multicenter study. Nutrition 2002;18(9):716-721. View abstract.

Goeters, C., Wenn, A., Mertes, N., Wempe, C., Van Aken, H., Stehle, P., and Bone, H. G. Parenteral L-alanyl-L-glutamine improves 6-month outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(9):2032-2037. View abstract.

Ockenga, J., Borchert, K., Rifai, K., Manns, M. P., and Bischoff, S. C. Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clin.Nutr. 2002;21(5):409-416. View abstract.

Hallay, J., Kovacs, G., Kiss, Sz S., Farkas, M., Lakos, G., Sipka, S., Bodolay, E., and Sapy, P. Changes in the nutritional state and immune-serological parameters of esophagectomized patients fed jejunaly with glutamine-poor and glutamine-rich nutriments. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49(48):1555-1559. View abstract.

Pytlik, R., Benes, P., Patorkova, M., Chocenska, E., Gregora, E., Prochazka, B., and Kozak, T. Standardized parenteral alanyl-glutamine dipeptide supplementation is not beneficial in autologous transplant patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2002;30(12):953-961. View abstract.

Exner, R., Tamandl, D., Goetzinger, P., Mittlboeck, M., Fuegger, R., Sautner, T., Spittler, A., and Roth, E. Perioperative GLY-GLN infusion diminishes the surgery-induced period of immunosuppression: accelerated restoration of the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha response. Ann.Surg. 2003;237(1):110-115. View abstract.

Pytlik, R., Gregora, E., Benes, P., and Kozak, T. [Effect of parenteral glutamine on restoration of lymphocyte subpopulations after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation: data from a double-blind randomized study]. Epidemiol.Mikrobiol.Imunol. 2002;51(4):152-155. View abstract.

Piccirillo, N., De Matteis, S., Laurenti, L., Chiusolo, P., Sora, F., Pittiruti, M., Rutella, S., Cicconi, S., Fiorini, A., D'Onofrio, G., Leone, G., and Sica, S. Glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: effects on immune reconstitution and mucositis. Haematologica 2003;88(2):192-200. View abstract.

Zhou, Y., Sun, Y., Jiang, Z., He, G., and Yang, N. [The effects of glutamine dipeptide on the improvement of endotoxemia in severely burned patients]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2002;18(6):343-345. View abstract.

Coeffier, M., Claeyssens, S., Hecketsweiler, B., Lavoinne, A., Ducrotte, P., and Dechelotte, P. Enteral glutamine stimulates protein synthesis and decreases ubiquitin mRNA level in human gut mucosa. Am.J.Physiol Gastrointest.Liver Physiol 2003;285(2):G266-G273. View abstract.

Kozelsky, T. F., Meyers, G. E., Sloan, J. A., Shanahan, T. G., Dick, S. J., Moore, R. L., Engeler, G. P., Frank, A. R., McKone, T. K., Urias, R. E., Pilepich, M. V., Novotny, P. J., and Martenson, J. A. Phase III double-blind study of glutamine versus placebo for the prevention of acute diarrhea in patients receiving pelvic radiation therapy. J.Clin.Oncol. 5-1-2003;21(9):1669-1674. View abstract.

Carroll, P. V., Jackson, N. C., Russell-Jones, D. L., Treacher, D. F., Sonksen, P. H., and Umpleby, A. M. Combined growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I in addition to glutamine-supplemented TPN results in net protein anabolism in critical illness. Am.J.Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2004;286(1):E151-E157. View abstract.

Vaughn, P., Thomas, P., Clark, R., and Neu, J. Enteral glutamine supplementation and morbidity in low birth weight infants. J.Pediatr. 2003;142(6):662-668. View abstract.

Zhu, M., Tang, D., Zhao, X., Cao, J., Wei, J., Chen, Y., Xiao, L., and Sun, Q. [Impact of glutamine of gut permeability and clinical prognosis on the aging patients undergoing gastric-intestinal operation]. Zhongguo Yi.Xue.Ke.Xue.Yuan Xue.Bao. 2000;22(5):425-427. View abstract.

Zhou, Y. P., Jiang, Z. M., Sun, Y. H., Wang, X. R., Ma, E. L., and Wilmore, D. The effect of supplemental enteral glutamine on plasma levels, gut function, and outcome in severe burns: a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2003;27(4):241-245. View abstract.

Hall, J. C., Dobb, G., Hall, J., de Sousa, R., Brennan, L., and McCauley, R. A prospective randomized trial of enteral glutamine in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(10):1710-1716. View abstract.

M'bemba, J., Cynober, L., de, Bandt P., Taverna, M., Chevalier, A., Bardin, C., Slama, G., and Selam, J. L. Effects of dipeptide administration on hypoglycaemic counterregulation in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2003;29(4 Pt 1):412-417. View abstract.

Garrel, D., Patenaude, J., Nedelec, B., Samson, L., Dorais, J., Champoux, J., D'Elia, M., and Bernier, J. Decreased mortality and infectious morbidity in adult burn patients given enteral glutamine supplements: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 2003;31(10):2444-2449. View abstract.

Thompson, S. W., McClure, B. G., and Tubman, T. R. A randomized, controlled trial of parenteral glutamine in ill, very low birth-weight neonates. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2003;37(5):550-553. View abstract.

Huffman, F. G. and Walgren, M. E. L-glutamine supplementation improves nelfinavir-associated diarrhea in HIV-infected individuals. HIV.Clin.Trials 2003;4(5):324-329. View abstract.

Tjader, I., Rooyackers, O., Forsberg, A. M., Vesali, R. F., Garlick, P. J., and Wernerman, J. Effects on skeletal muscle of intravenous glutamine supplementation to ICU patients. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30(2):266-275. View abstract.

Fuentes-Orozco, C., Anaya-Prado, R., Gonzalez-Ojeda, A., Arenas-Marquez, H., Cabrera-Pivaral, C., Cervantes-Guevara, G., and Barrera-Zepeda, L. M. L-alanyl-L-glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition improves infectious morbidity in secondary peritonitis. Clin.Nutr. 2004;23(1):13-21. View abstract.

Sax, H. C. Clinical and metabolic efficacy of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition after bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(6):589-590. View abstract.

Scheid, C., Hermann, K., Kremer, G., Holsing, A., Heck, G., Fuchs, M., Waldschmidt, D., Herrmann, H. J., Sohngen, D., Diehl, V., and Schwenk, A. Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycyl-glutamine-dipeptide in the parenteral nutrition of patients with acute leukemia undergoing intensive chemotherapy. Nutrition 2004;20(3):249-254. View abstract.

Darmaun, D., Hayes, V., Schaeffer, D., Welch, S., and Mauras, N. Effects of glutamine and recombinant human growth hormone on protein metabolism in prepubertal children with cystic fibrosis. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89(3):1146-1152. View abstract.

Peng, X., Yan, H., You, Z., Wang, P., and Wang, S. Effects of enteral supplementation with glutamine granules on intestinal mucosal barrier function in severe burned patients. Burns 2004;30(2):135-139. View abstract.

Yalcin, S. S., Yurdakok, K., Tezcan, I., and Oner, L. Effect of glutamine supplementation on diarrhea, interleukin-8 and secretory immunoglobulin A in children with acute diarrhea. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2004;38(5):494-501. View abstract.

Krieger, J. W., Crowe, M., and Blank, S. E. Chronic glutamine supplementation increases nasal but not salivary IgA during 9 days of interval training. J.Appl.Physiol 2004;97(2):585-591. View abstract.

Poindexter, B. B., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Stoll, B. J., Wright, L. L., Poole, W. K., Oh, W., Bauer, C. R., Papile, L. A., Tyson, J. E., Carlo, W. A., Laptook, A. R., Narendran, V., Stevenson, D. K., Fanaroff, A. A., Korones, S. B., Shankaran, S., Finer, N. N., and Lemons, J. A. Parenteral glutamine supplementation does not reduce the risk of mortality or late-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2004;113(5):1209-1215. View abstract.

Peng, X., You, Z. Y., Huang, X. K., Zhang, S. Q., He, G. Z., Xie, W. G., and Quan, Z. F. [Effects of glutamine granules on protein metabolism in trauma patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke.Za Zhi. 4-7-2004;42(7):406-409. View abstract.

Boelens, P. G., Houdijk, A. P., Fonk, J. C., Puyana, J. C., Haarman, H. J., von Blomberg-van der Flier ME, and van Leeuwen, P. A. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition increases in vitro interferon-gamma production but does not influence the in vivo specific antibody response to KLH after severe trauma. A prospective, double blind, randomized clinical study. Clin.Nutr. 2004;23(3):391-400. View abstract.

Sheridan, R. L., Prelack, K., Yu, Y. M., Lydon, M., Petras, L., Young, V. R., and Tompkins, R. G. Short-term enteral glutamine does not enhance protein accretion in burned children: a stable isotope study. Surgery 2004;135(6):671-678. View abstract.

Quan, Z. F., Yang, C., Li, N., and Li, J. S. Effect of glutamine on change in early postoperative intestinal permeability and its relation to systemic inflammatory response. World J.Gastroenterol. 7-1-2004;10(13):1992-1994. View abstract.

Duggan, C., Stark, A. R., Auestad, N., Collier, S., Fulhan, J., Gura, K., Utter, S., Teixeira-Pinto, A., Donovan, K., and Lund, D. Glutamine supplementation in infants with gastrointestinal disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Nutrition 2004;20(9):752-756. View abstract.

Jacobson, S. D., Loprinzi, C. L., Sloan, J. A., Wilke, J. L., Novotny, P. J., Okuno, S. H., Jatoi, A., and Moynihan, T. J. Glutamine does not prevent paclitaxel-associated myalgias and arthralgias. J.Support.Oncol. 2003;1(4):274-278. View abstract.

van den Berg, A., van Elburg, R. M., Twisk, J. W., and Fetter, W. P. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants. Design of a double-blind randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN73254583]. BMC.Pediatr. 9-1-2004;4:17. View abstract.

Williams, R., Olivi, S., Li, C. S., Storm, M., Cremer, L., Mackert, P., and Wang, W. Oral glutamine supplementation decreases resting energy expenditure in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. J.Pediatr.Hematol.Oncol. 2004;26(10):619-625. View abstract.

Lima, A. A., Brito, L. F., Ribeiro, H. B., Martins, M. C., Lustosa, A. P., Rocha, E. M., Lima, N. L., Monte, C. M., and Guerrant, R. L. Intestinal barrier function and weight gain in malnourished children taking glutamine supplemented enteral formula. J Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2005;40(1):28-35. View abstract.

Coeffier, M., Hecketsweiler, B., Hecketsweiler, P., and Dechelotte, P. Effect of glutamine on water and sodium absorption in human jejunum at baseline and during PGE1-induced secretion. J Appl.Physiol 2005;98(6):2163-2168. View abstract.

Peng, X., Yan, H., You, Z., Wang, P., and Wang, S. Clinical and protein metabolic efficacy of glutamine granules-supplemented enteral nutrition in severely burned patients. Burns 2005;31(3):342-346. View abstract.

Albers, M. J., Steyerberg, E. W., Hazebroek, F. W., Mourik, M., Borsboom, G. J., Rietveld, T., Huijmans, J. G., and Tibboel, D. Glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition does not improve intestinal permeability, nitrogen balance, or outcome in newborns and infants undergoing digestive-tract surgery: results from a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann.Surg. 2005;241(4):599-606. View abstract.

Kalhan, S. C., Parimi, P. S., Gruca, L. L., and Hanson, R. W. Glutamine supplement with parenteral nutrition decreases whole body proteolysis in low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):642-647. View abstract.

Klek, S., Kulig, J., Szczepanik, A. M., Jedrys, J., and Kolodziejczyk, P. The clinical value of parenteral immunonutrition in surgical patients. Acta Chir Belg. 2005;105(2):175-179. View abstract.

van den Berg, A., van Elburg, R. M., Westerbeek, E. A., Twisk, J. W., and Fetter, W. P. Glutamine-enriched enteral nutrition in very-low-birth-weight infants and effects on feeding tolerance and infectious morbidity: a randomized controlled trial. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 2005;81(6):1397-1404. View abstract.

Ziegler, T. R., Ogden, L. G., Singleton, K. D., Luo, M., Fernandez-Estivariz, C., Griffith, D. P., Galloway, J. R., and Wischmeyer, P. E. Parenteral glutamine increases serum heat shock protein 70 in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2005;31(8):1079-1086. View abstract.

Stubblefield, M. D., Vahdat, L. T., Balmaceda, C. M., Troxel, A. B., Hesdorffer, C. S., and Gooch, C. L. Glutamine as a neuroprotective agent in high-dose paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: a clinical and electrophysiologic study. Clin.Oncol.(R.Coll.Radiol.) 2005;17(4):271-276. View abstract.

Rogeri, P. S. and Costa Rosa, L. F. Plasma glutamine concentration in spinal cord injured patients. Life Sci 9-23-2005;77(19):2351-2360. View abstract.

Iwashita, S., Williams, P., Jabbour, K., Ueda, T., Kobayashi, H., Baier, S., and Flakoll, P. J. Impact of glutamine supplementation on glucose homeostasis during and after exercise. J Appl.Physiol 2005;99(5):1858-1865. View abstract.

Yao, G. X., Xue, X. B., Jiang, Z. M., Yang, N. F., and Wilmore, D. W. Effects of perioperative parenteral glutamine-dipeptide supplementation on plasma endotoxin level, plasma endotoxin inactivation capacity and clinical outcome. Clin.Nutr. 2005;24(4):510-515. View abstract.

Aquino, V. M., Harvey, A. R., Garvin, J. H., Godder, K. T., Nieder, M. L., Adams, R. H., Jackson, G. B., and Sandler, E. S. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of oral glutamine in the prevention of mucositis in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a pediatric blood and marrow transplant consortium study. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(7):611-616. View abstract.

Blijlevens, N. M., Donnelly, J. P., Naber, A. H., Schattenberg, A. V., and DePauw, B. E. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, pilot study of parenteral glutamine for allogeneic stem cell transplant patients. Support.Care Cancer 2005;13(10):790-796. View abstract.

Byrne, T. A., Wilmore, D. W., Iyer, K., Dibaise, J., Clancy, K., Robinson, M. K., Chang, P., Gertner, J. M., and Lautz, D. Growth hormone, glutamine, and an optimal diet reduces parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Ann.Surg. 2005;242(5):655-661. View abstract.

Lin, M. T., Kung, S. P., Yeh, S. L., Liaw, K. Y., Wang, M. Y., Kuo, M. L., Lee, P. H., and Chen, W. J. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition attenuates plasma interleukin-6 in surgical patients with lower disease severity. World J Gastroenterol. 10-21-2005;11(39):6197-6201. View abstract.

Schulman, A. S., Willcutts, K. F., Claridge, J. A., Evans, H. L., Radigan, A. E., O'Donnell, K. B., Camden, J. R., Chong, T. W., McElearney, S. T., Smith, R. L., Gazoni, L. M., Farinholt, H. M., Heuser, C. C., Lowson, S. M., Schirmer, B. D., Young, J. S., and Sawyer, R. G. Does the addition of glutamine to enteral feeds affect patient mortality? Crit Care Med 2005;33(11):2501-2506. View abstract.

Sykorova, A., Horacek, J., Zak, P., Kmonicek, M., Bukac, J., and Maly, J. A randomized, double blind comparative study of prophylactic parenteral nutritional support with or without glutamine in autologous stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies -- three years' follow-up. Neoplasma 2005;52(6):476-482. View abstract.

Bakalar, B., Duska, F., Pachl, J., Fric, M., Otahal, M., Pazout, J., and Andel, M. Parenterally administered dipeptide alanyl-glutamine prevents worsening of insulin sensitivity in multiple-trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2006;34(2):381-386. View abstract.

Dechelotte, P., Hasselmann, M., Cynober, L., Allaouchiche, B., Coeffier, M., Hecketsweiler, B., Merle, V., Mazerolles, M., Samba, D., Guillou, Y. M., Petit, J., Mansoor, O., Colas, G., Cohendy, R., Barnoud, D., Czernichow, P., and Bleichner, G. L-alanyl-L-glutamine dipeptide-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces infectious complications and glucose intolerance in critically ill patients: the French controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Crit Care Med 2006;34(3):598-604. View abstract.

Schulman, A. S., Willcutts, K. F., Claridge, J. A., O'Donnell, K. B., Radigan, A. E., Evans, H. L., McElearney, S. T., Hedrick, T. L., Lowson, S. M., Schirmer, B. D., Young, J. S., and Sawyer, R. G. Does enteral glutamine supplementation decrease infectious morbidity? Surg.Infect.(Larchmt.) 2006;7(1):29-35. View abstract.

Iwashita, S., Mikus, C., Baier, S., and Flakoll, P. J. Glutamine supplementation increases postprandial energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2006;30(2):76-80. View abstract.

Bober-Olesinska, K. and Kornacka, M. K. [Effects of glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition on the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial sepsis and length of hospital stay in very low birth weight infants]. Med Wieku.Rozwoj. 2005;9(3 Pt 1):325-333. View abstract.

Mok, E., Eleouet-Da, Violante C., Daubrosse, C., Gottrand, F., Rigal, O., Fontan, J. E., Cuisset, J. M., Guilhot, J., and Hankard, R. Oral glutamine and amino acid supplementation inhibit whole-body protein degradation in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 2006;83(4):823-828. View abstract.

Juretic, A., Spagnoli, G. C., Horig, H., Babst, R., von, Bremen K., Harder, F., and Heberer, M. Glutamine requirements in the generation of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Clin.Nutr. 1994;13(1):42-49. View abstract.

Giris, M., Erbil, Y., Dogru-Abbasoglu, S., Yanik, B. T., Alis, H., Olgac, V., and Toker, G. A. The effect of heme oxygenase-1 induction by glutamine on TNBS-induced colitis. The effect of glutamine on TNBS colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22(6):591-599. View abstract.

Prada, P. O., Hirabara, S. M., de Souza, C. T., Schenka, A. A., Zecchin, H. G., Vassallo, J., Velloso, L. A., Carneiro, E., Carvalheira, J. B., Curi, R., and Saad, M. J. L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle of rats with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 2007;50(9):1949-1959. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.

Vicario, M., Amat, C., Rivero, M., Moreto, M., and Pelegri, C. Dietary glutamine affects mucosal functions in rats with mild DSS-induced colitis. J Nutr. 2007;137(8):1931-1937. View abstract.

Dechelotte, P., Darmaun, D., Rongier, M., Hecketsweiler, B., Rigal, O., and Desjeux, J. F. Absorption and metabolic effects of enterally administered glutamine in humans. Am.J.Physiol 1991;260(5 Pt 1):G677-G682. View abstract.

Scheltinga, M. R., Young, L. S., Benfell, K., Bye, R. L., Ziegler, T. R., Santos, A. A., Antin, J. H., Schloerb, P. R., and Wilmore, D. W. Glutamine-enriched intravenous feedings attenuate extracellular fluid expansion after a standard stress. Ann.Surg. 1991;214(4):385-393. View abstract.

Hammarqvist, F., Wernerman, J., von der, Decken A., and Vinnars, E. Alanyl-glutamine counteracts the depletion of free glutamine and the postoperative decline in protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Ann.Surg. 1990;212(5):637-644. View abstract.

Stehle, P., Zander, J., Mertes, N., Albers, S., Puchstein, C., Lawin, P., and Furst, P. Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery. Lancet 2-4-1989;1(8632):231-233. View abstract.

Albers, S., Wernerman, J., Stehle, P., Vinnars, E., and Furst, P. Availability of amino acids supplied by constant intravenous infusion of synthetic dipeptides in healthy man. Clin.Sci (Lond) 1989;76(6):643-648. View abstract.

Albers, S., Wernerman, J., Stehle, P., Vinnars, E., and Furst, P. Availability of amino acids supplied intravenously in healthy man as synthetic dipeptides: kinetic evaluation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine and glycyl-L-tyrosine. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 1988;75(5):463-468. View abstract.

Hankard, R. G., Darmaun, D., Sager, B. K., D'Amore, D., Parsons, W. R., and Haymond, M. Response of glutamine metabolism to exogenous glutamine in humans. Am.J.Physiol 1995;269(4 Pt 1):E663-E670. View abstract.

Petersson, B., von der, Decken A., Vinnars, E., and Wernerman, J. Long-term effects of postoperative total parenteral nutrition supplemented with glycylglutamine on subjective fatigue and muscle protein synthesis. Br.J Surg. 1994;81(10):1520-1523. View abstract.

MacBurney, M., Young, L. S., Ziegler, T. R., and Wilmore, D. W. A cost-evaluation of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition in adult bone marrow transplant patients. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1994;94(11):1263-1266. View abstract.

O'Riordain, M. G., Fearon, K. C., Ross, J. A., Rogers, P., Falconer, J. S., Bartolo, D. C., Garden, O. J., and Carter, D. C. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection. Ann.Surg. 1994;220(2):212-221. View abstract.

Schloerb, P. R. and Amare, M. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine in bone marrow transplantation and other clinical applications (a randomized, double-blind study). JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1993;17(5):407-413. View abstract.

Young, L. S., Bye, R., Scheltinga, M., Ziegler, T. R., Jacobs, D. O., and Wilmore, D. W. Patients receiving glutamine-supplemented intravenous feedings report an improvement in mood. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1993;17(5):422-427. View abstract.

Wischmeyer, P., Pemberton, J. H., and Phillips, S. F. Chronic pouchitis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: responses to butyrate and glutamine suppositories in a pilot study. Mayo Clin.Proc. 1993;68(10):978-981. View abstract.

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Lacey, J. M., Crouch, J. B., Benfell, K., Ringer, S. A., Wilmore, C. K., Maguire, D., and Wilmore, D. W. The effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition in premature infants. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1996;20(1):74-80. View abstract.

Castell, L. M., Poortmans, J. R., and Newsholme, E. A. Does glutamine have a role in reducing infections in athletes? Eur.J.Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1996;73(5):488-490. View abstract.

van Loon, F. P., Banik, A. K., Nath, S. K., Patra, F. C., Wahed, M. A., Darmaun, D., Desjeux, J. F., and Mahalanabis, D. The effect of L-glutamine on salt and water absorption: a jejunal perfusion study in cholera in humans. Eur.J.Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 1996;8(5):443-448. View abstract.

Hankard, R. G., Haymond, M. W., and Darmaun, D. Effect of glutamine on leucine metabolism in humans. Am.J.Physiol 1996;271(4 Pt 1):E748-E754. View abstract.

O'Riordain, M. G., De Beaux, A., and Fearon, K. C. Effect of glutamine on immune function in the surgical patient. Nutrition 1996;12(11-12 Suppl):S82-S84. View abstract.

Morlion, B. J., Siedhoff, H. P., Joosten, U., Koller, M., Konig, W., Furst, P., and Puchstein, C. [Immunomodulation after parenteral glutamine administration in colorectal surgery]. Langenbecks Arch.Chir Suppl Kongressbd. 1996;113:342-344. View abstract.

Suojaranta-Ylinen, R., Ruokonen, E., Pulkki, K., Mertsola, J., and Takala, J. Preoperative glutamine loading does not prevent endotoxemia in cardiac surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol.Scand. 1997;41(3):385-391. View abstract.

Griffiths, R. D., Jones, C., and Palmer, T. E. Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 1997;13(4):295-302. View abstract.

Griffiths, R. D. Outcome of critically ill patients after supplementation with glutamine. Nutrition 1997;13(7-8):752-754. View abstract.

Neu, J., Roig, J. C., Meetze, W. H., Veerman, M., Carter, C., Millsaps, M., Bowling, D., Dallas, M. J., Sleasman, J., Knight, T., and Auestad, N. Enteral glutamine supplementation for very low birth weight infants decreases morbidity. J.Pediatr. 1997;131(5):691-699. View abstract.

de Beaux, A. C., O'Riordain, M. G., Ross, J. A., Jodozi, L., Carter, D. C., and Fearon, K. C. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition reduces blood mononuclear cell interleukin-8 release in severe acute pancreatitis. Nutrition 1998;14(3):261-265. View abstract.

Borel, M. J., Williams, P. E., Jabbour, K., Levenhagen, D., Kaizer, E., and Flakoll, P. J. Parenteral glutamine infusion alters insulin-mediated glucose metabolism. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1998;22(5):280-285. View abstract.

Powell-Tuck, J. Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide shortened hospital stays and improved immune status and nitrogen economy after major abdominal surgery. Gut 1999;44(2):155. View abstract.

Jacobi, C. A., Ordemann, J., Zuckermann, H., Docke, W., Volk, H. D., and Muller, J. M. [Effect of alanyl-glutamine in postoperative total parenteral nutrition on postoperative immunosuppression and morbidity. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study]. Langenbecks Arch.Chir Suppl Kongressbd. 1998;115:605-611. View abstract.

Carcillo, J. A., Dean, J. M., Holubkov, R., Berger, J., Meert, K. L., Anand, K. J., Zimmerman, J., Newth, C. J., Harrison, R., Burr, J., Willson, D. F., and Nicholson, C. The randomized comparative pediatric critical illness stress-induced immune suppression (CRISIS) prevention trial. Pediatr.Crit Care Med. 2012;13(2):165-173. View abstract.

Chen D, Liu Y, He W, Wang H, Wang Z. Neurotransmitter-precursor-supplement intervention for detoxified heroin addicts. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2012;32(3):422-7.

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Laviano A, Molfino A, Lacaria MT, Canelli A, De Leo S, Preziosa I, Rossi Fanelli F. Glutamine supplementation favors weight loss in nondieting obese female patients. A pilot study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1264-6. View abstract.

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Imai T, Matsuura K, Asada Y, et al. Effect of HMB/Arg/Gln on the prevention of radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014;44(5):422-7. View abstract.

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