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Nicastri P. L., Diaferia A., Tartagni M., Loizzi P., Fanelli M. A randomised placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosylmethionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105(11):1205-1207. View abstract.

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Vajifdar, B. U., Goyal, V. S., Lokhandwala, Y. Y., Mhamunkar, S. R., Mahadik, S. P., Gawad, A. K., Halankar, S. A., and Kulkarni, H. L. Is dietary fiber beneficial in chronic ischemic heart disease? J Assoc.Physicians India 2000;48(9):871-876. View abstract.

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Riikonen, S., Savonius, H., Gylling, H., Nikkila, K., Tuomi, A. M., and Miettinen, T. A. Oral guar gum, a gel-forming dietary fiber relieves pruritus in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Acta Obstet.Gynecol.Scand. 2000;79(4):260-264. View abstract.

Alam, N. H., Meier, R., Schneider, H., Sarker, S. A., Bardhan, P. K., Mahalanabis, D., Fuchs, G. J., and Gyr, N. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum-supplemented oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute diarrhea in children. J.Pediatr.Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2000;31(5):503-507. View abstract.

Jones, K. L., MacIntosh, C., Su, Y. C., Wells, F., Chapman, I. M., Tonkin, A., and Horowitz, M. Guar gum reduces postprandial hypotension in older people. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2001;49(2):162-167. View abstract.

Kovacs, E. M., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Saris, W. H., Goossens, I., Geurten, P., and Brouns, F. The effect of addition of modified guar gum to a low-energy semisolid meal on appetite and body weight loss. Int.J.Obes.Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(3):307-315. View abstract.

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Kovacs, E. M., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Saris, W. H., Melanson, K. J., Goossens, I., Geurten, P., and Brouns, F. The effect of guar gum addition to a semisolid meal on appetite related to blood glucose, in dieting men. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;56(8):771-778. View abstract.

Wolf, B. W., Wolever, T. M., Lai, C. S., Bolognesi, C., Radmard, R., Maharry, K. S., Garleb, K. A., Hertzler, S. R., and Firkins, J. L. Effects of a beverage containing an enzymatically induced-viscosity dietary fiber, with or without fructose, on the postprandial glycemic response to a high glycemic index food in humans. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(9):1120-1127. View abstract.

Wolffenbuttel, B. H., Sels, J. P., Heesen, B. J., Menheere, P. P., and Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman, A. C. [Effects of dietary fiber and insulin treatment on serum levels of lipids and lipoprotein (a) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 4-11-1992;136(15):739-742. View abstract.

Halama, W. H. and Mauldin, J. L. Distal esophageal obstruction due to a guar gum preparation (Cal-Ban 3000). South.Med.J. 1992;85(6):642-645. View abstract.

Lampe, J. W., Effertz, M. E., Larson, J. L., and Slavin, J. L. Gastrointestinal effects of modified guar gum and soy polysaccharide as part of an enteral formula diet. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1992;16(6):538-544. View abstract.

Landin, K., Holm, G., Tengborn, L., and Smith, U. Guar gum improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipids, blood pressure, and fibrinolysis in healthy men. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1992;56(6):1061-1065. View abstract.

Williams, J. A., Lai, C. S., Corwin, H., Ma, Y., Maki, K. C., Garleb, K. A., and Wolf, B. W. Inclusion of guar gum and alginate into a crispy bar improves postprandial glycemia in humans. J.Nutr. 2004;134(4):886-889. View abstract.

Rushdi, T. A., Pichard, C., and Khater, Y. H. Control of diarrhea by fiber-enriched diet in ICU patients on enteral nutrition: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Clin.Nutr. 2004;23(6):1344-1352. View abstract.

Birketvedt, G. S., Shimshi, M., Erling, T., and Florholmen, J. Experiences with three different fiber supplements in weight reduction. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11(1):I5-I8. View abstract.

Alam, N. H., Meier, R., Sarker, S. A., Bardhan, P. K., Schneider, H., and Gyr, N. Partially hydrolysed guar gum supplemented comminuted chicken diet in persistent diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial. Arch.Dis.Child 2005;90(2):195-199. View abstract.

Parisi, G., Bottona, E., Carrara, M., Cardin, F., Faedo, A., Goldin, D., Marino, M., Pantalena, M., Tafner, G., Verdianelli, G., Zilli, M., and Leandro, G. Treatment effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on symptoms and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter randomized open trial. Dig.Dis.Sci. 2005;50(6):1107-1112. View abstract.

Adam, T. C. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. Glucagon-like peptide-1 release and satiety after a nutrient challenge in normal-weight and obese subjects. Br.J.Nutr. 2005;93(6):845-851. View abstract.

O'Donovan, D., Feinle-Bisset, C., Chong, C., Cameron, A., Tonkin, A., Wishart, J., Horowitz, M., and Jones, K. L. Intraduodenal guar attenuates the fall in blood pressure induced by glucose in healthy older adults. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 2005;60(7):940-946. View abstract.

Giannini, E. G., Mansi, C., Dulbecco, P., and Savarino, V. Role of partially hydrolyzed guar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition 2006;22(3):334-342. View abstract.

Dikeman, C. L., Murphy, M. R., and Fahey, G. C., Jr. Dietary fibers affect viscosity of solutions and simulated human gastric and small intestinal digesta. J Nutr 2006;136(4):913-919. View abstract.

Ellis, P. R., Dawoud, F. M., and Morris, E. R. Blood glucose, plasma insulin and sensory responses to guar-containing wheat breads: effects of molecular weight and particle size of guar gum. Br.J.Nutr. 1991;66(3):363-379. View abstract.

Castro, I. A., Monteiro, V. C., Barroso, L. P., and Bertolami, M. C. Effect of eicosapentaenoic/docosahexaenoic fatty acids and soluble fibers on blood lipids of individuals classified into different levels of lipidemia. Nutrition 2007;23(2):127-137. View abstract.

Cicero, A. F., Derosa, G., Manca, M., Bove, M., Borghi, C., and Gaddi, A. V. Different effect of psyllium and guar dietary supplementation on blood pressure control in hypertensive overweight patients: a six-month, randomized clinical trial. Clin.Exp.Hypertens. 2007;29(6):383-394. View abstract.

Belo, G. M., Diniz, Ada S., and Pereira, A. P. [Effect of partially hidrolized guar-gum in the treatment of functional constipation among hospitalized patients]. Arq Gastroenterol. 2008;45(1):93-95. View abstract.

Alam, N. H., Ashraf, H., Sarker, S. A., Olesen, M., Troup, J., Salam, M. A., Gyr, N., and Meier, R. Efficacy of partially hydrolyzed guar gum-added oral rehydration solution in the treatment of severe cholera in adults. Digestion 2008;78(1):24-29. View abstract.

Behall, K. M. Effect of soluble fibers on plasma lipids, glucose tolerance and mineral balance. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 1990;270:7-16. View abstract.

Ribalta, J., Reyes, H., Gonzalez, M. C., Iglesias, J., Arrese, M., Poniachik, J., Molina, C., and Segovia, N. S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study with negative results. Hepatology 1991;13(6):1084-1089. View abstract.

Uusitupa, M., Sodervik, H., Silvasti, M., and Karttunen, P. Effects of a gel forming dietary fiber, guar gum, on the absorption of glibenclamide and metabolic control and serum lipids in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes. Int.J.Clin.Pharmacol.Ther.Toxicol. 1990;28(4):153-157. View abstract.

Stahl, M. and Berger, W. [Comparison of guar gum, wheat bran and placebo on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in type II diabetics]. Schweiz.Med.Wochenschr. 3-24-1990;120(12):402-408. View abstract.

Turner, P. R., Tuomilehto, J., Happonen, P., La Ville, A. E., Shaikh, M., and Lewis, B. Metabolic studies on the hypolipidaemic effect of guar gum. Atherosclerosis 1990;81(2):145-150. View abstract.

Requejo, F., Uttenthal, L. O., and Bloom, S. R. Effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibition and viscous fibre on diabetic control and postprandial gut hormone responses. Diabet.Med. 1990;7(6):515-520. View abstract.

Uusitupa, M., Siitonen, O., Savolainen, K., Silvasti, M., Penttila, I., and Parviainen, M. Metabolic and nutritional effects of long-term use of guar gum in the treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes of poor metabolic control. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1989;49(2):345-351. View abstract.

Bruttomesso, D., Briani, G., Bilardo, G., Vitale, E., Lavagnini, T., Marescotti, C., Duner, E., Giorato, C., and Tiengo, A. The medium-term effect of natural or extractive dietary fibres on plasma amino acids and lipids in type 1 diabetics. Diabetes Res.Clin.Pract. 2-15-1989;6(2):149-155. View abstract.

Calvo-Rubio, Burgos M., Montero Perez, F. J., Campos, Sanchez L., Barco, Enriquez C., Ruiz, Aragon J., and Tapia, Berbel G. [Use of guar gum as a supplement to the usual diet in type 2 diabetes. A long-term study]. Aten.Primaria 1989;6 Spec No:20-5, 28. View abstract.

Beattie, V. A., Edwards, C. A., Hosker, J. P., Cullen, D. R., Ward, J. D., and Read, N. W. Does adding fibre to a low energy, high carbohydrate, low fat diet confer any benefit to the management of newly diagnosed overweight type II diabetics? Br.Med.J.(Clin.Res.Ed) 4-23-1988;296(6630):1147-1149. View abstract.

Ellis, P. R., Kamalanathan, T., Dawoud, F. M., Strange, R. N., and Coultate, T. P. Evaluation of guar biscuits for use in the management of diabetes: tests of physiological effects and palatability in non-diabetic volunteers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;42(5):425-435. View abstract.

Gulliford, M. C., Pover, G. G., Bicknell, E. J., and Scarpello, J. H. Guar delays intestinal calcium absorption in man. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;42(5):451-454. View abstract.

Tuomilehto, J., Silvasti, M., Aro, A., Koistinen, A., Karttunen, P., Gref, C. G., Ehnholm, C., and Uusitupa, M. Long term treatment of severe hypercholesterolaemia with guar gum. Atherosclerosis 1988;72(2-3):157-162. View abstract.

Rajala, S. A., Salminen, S. J., Seppanen, J. H., and Vapaatalo, H. Treatment of chronic constipation with lactitol sweetened yoghurt supplemented with guar gum and wheat bran in elderly hospital in-patients. Compr.Gerontol.A 1988;2(2):83-86. View abstract.

Tuomilehto, J., Silvasti, M., Manninen, V., Uusitupa, M., and Aro, A. Guar gum and gemfibrozil--an effective combination in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 1989;76(1):71-77. View abstract.

Fuessl, H. S., Williams, G., Adrian, T. E., and Bloom, S. R. Guar sprinkled on food: effect on glycaemic control, plasma lipids and gut hormones in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Diabet.Med. 1987;4(5):463-468. View abstract.

Penagini, R., Velio, P., Vigorelli, R., Bozzani, A., Castagnone, D., Ranzi, T., and Bianchi, P. A. The effect of dietary guar on serum cholesterol, intestinal transit, and fecal output in man. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 1986;81(2):123-125. View abstract.

McIvor, M. E., Cummings, C. C., Van Duyn, M. A., Leo, T. A., Margolis, S., Behall, K. M., Michnowski, J. E., and Mendeloff, A. I. Long-term effects of guar gum on blood lipids. Atherosclerosis 1986;60(1):7-13. View abstract.

Van Duyn, M. A., Leo, T. A., McIvor, M. E., Behall, K. M., Michnowski, J. E., and Mendeloff, A. I. Nutritional risk of high-carbohydrate, guar gum dietary supplementation in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1986;9(5):497-503. View abstract.

Vaaler, S., Hanssen, K. F., Dahl-Jorgensen, K., Frolich, W., Aaseth, J., Odegaard, B., and Aagenaes, O. Diabetic control is improved by guar gum and wheat bran supplementation. Diabet.Med. 1986;3(3):230-233. View abstract.

Holman, R. R., Steemson, J., Darling, P., and Turner, R. C. No glycemic benefit from guar administration in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1987;10(1):68-71. View abstract.

Niemi, M. K., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., and Salmela, P. I. Long-term effects of guar gum and microcrystalline cellulose on glycaemic control and serum lipids in type 2 diabetes. Eur.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 1988;34(4):427-429. View abstract.

Groop, P. H., Groop, L., Totterman, K. J., and Fyhrquist, F. Relationship between changes in GIP concentrations and changes in insulin and C-peptide concentrations after guar gum therapy. Scand.J.Clin.Lab Invest 1986;46(6):505-510. View abstract.

Krotkiewski, M. Effect of guar gum on the arterial blood pressure. Acta Med.Scand. 1987;222(1):43-49. View abstract.

Jenkins, D. J., Newton, C., Leeds, A. R., and Cummings, J. H. Effect of pectin, guar gum, and wheat fibre on serum-cholesterol. Lancet 5-17-1975;1(7916):1116-1117. View abstract.

Johansen, K. Decreased urinary glucose excretion and plasma cholesterol level in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with guar. Diabete Metab 1981;7(2):87-90. View abstract.

Aro, A., Uusitupa, M., Voutilainen, E., Hersio, K., Korhonen, T., and Siitonen, O. Improved diabetic control and hypocholesterolaemic effect induced by long-term dietary supplementation with guar gum in type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1981;21(1):29-33. View abstract.

Arsenio, L., Cavalli Sforza, L. T., Magnati, G., and Strata, A. [Clinical study of the use of a deproteinized guar flour in the treatment of obesity]. Acta Biomed.Ateneo.Parmense. 1981;52(4):149-157. View abstract.

Simons LA, Gayst S, Balasubramaniam S, Ruys J. Long-term treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with a new palatable formulation of guar gum. Atherosclerosis 1982;45:101-108. View abstract.

Aro, A., Uusitupa, M., Voutilainen, E., and Korhonen, T. Effects of guar gum in male subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1984;39(6):911-916. View abstract.

Tuomilehto J, Karttunen P, Vinni S, et al. A double-blind evaluation of guar gum in patients with dyslipidaemia. Hum.Nutr.Clin.Nutr. 1983;37:109-116. View abstract.

Uusitupa, M., Tuomilehto, J., Karttunen, P., and Wolf, E. Long term effects of guar gum on metabolic control, serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with high blood pressure. Ann.Clin.Res. 1984;16 Suppl 43:126-131. View abstract.

Frezza, M., Pozzato, G., Chiesa, L., Stramentinoli, G., and Di Padova, C. Reversal of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women after high dose S-adenosyl-L-methionine administration. Hepatology 1984;4(2):274-278. View abstract.

Krarup, T. and Sestoft, L. [Lack of effect of guar gum (Slocose) on blood glucose in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus]. Ugeskr.Laeger 11-3-1980;142(45):2979-2981. View abstract.

Stokholm, K. H., Lauritsen, K. B., and Larsen, S. Reduced glycosuria during guar gum supplementation in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. A double-blind, randomised cross-over study. Dan.Med.Bull. 1981;28(1):41-42. View abstract.

Khan, A. R., Khan, G. Y., Mitchel, A., and Qadeer, M. A. Effect of guar gum on blood lipids. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1981;34(11):2446-2449. View abstract.

Cohen, M., Leong, V. W., Salmon, E., and Martin, F. I. Role of guar and dietary fibre in the management of diabetes mellitus. Med.J.Aust. 1-26-1980;1(2):59-61. View abstract.

Tuomilehto, J., Voutilainen, E., Huttunen, J., Vinni, S., and Homan, K. Effect of guar gum on body weight and serum lipids in hypercholesterolemic females. Acta Med.Scand. 1980;208(1-2):45-48. View abstract.

Homann, H. H., Kemen, M., Fuessenich, C., Senkal, M., and Zumtobel, V. Reduction in diarrhea incidence by soluble fiber in patients receiving total or supplemental enteral nutrition. JPEN J.Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1994;18(6):486-490. View abstract.

Heijnen, M. L., van Amelsvoort, J. M., and Weststrate, J. A. Interaction between physical structure and amylose:amylopectin ratio of foods on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy subjects. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;49(6):446-457. View abstract.

Yamashita, S., Ishigami, M., Arai, T., Sakai, N., Hirano, K., Kameda-Takemura, K., Tokunaga, K., and Matsuzawa, Y. Very high density lipoproteins induced by plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) have a potent antiatherogenic function. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1-17-1995;748:606-608. View abstract.

Salenius JP, Harju E, Jokela H, et al. Long term effects of guar gum on lipid metabolism after carotid endarterectomy. BMJ 1-14-1995;310:95-96. View abstract.

Cameron-Smith, D., Collier, G. R., and O'Dea, K. Effect of soluble dietary fibre on the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and the acute glycaemic response in the rat. Br.J.Nutr. 1994;71(4):563-571. View abstract.

Bhardwaj, P. K., Dasgupta, D. J., Prashar, B. S., and Kaushal, S. S. Effective reduction of LDL cholesterol by indigenous plant product. J.Indian Med.Assoc. 1994;92(3):80-81. View abstract.

Sadhukhan, B., Roychowdhury, U., Banerjee, P., and Sen, S. Clinical evaluation of a herbal antidiabetic product. J.Indian Med.Assoc. 1994;92(4):115-117. View abstract.

Makkonen, M., Simpanen, A. L., Saarikoski, S., Uusitupa, M., Penttila, I., Silvasti, M., and Korhonen, P. Endocrine and metabolic effects of guar gum in menopausal women. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 1993;7(2):135-141. View abstract.

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Blake, D. E., Hamblett, C. J., Frost, P. G., Judd, P. A., and Ellis, P. R. Wheat bread supplemented with depolymerized guar gum reduces the plasma cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic human subjects. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;65(1):107-113. View abstract.

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