Many prescription medication users in the U.S. are also taking natural supplements. These combinations can lead to various drug-supplement interactions. The following table outlines some of the most used supplements and their key interactions. Each interaction is rated based on the potential severity as follows:
Despite these general classifications, it is important to understand that different people respond differently to medications and supplements. It is possible that certain interactions will occur in some people, but not others.
Supplement | Medication(s) | Rating | Comments |
Ashwagandha | Thyroid hormones | Moderate | Ashwagandha might increase thyroid hormone levels. Taking ashwagandha while using thyroid hormone medications may cause additive effects. |
Garlic | Over 50% of prescription medications | Moderate | Garlic, when taken in amounts greater than what is typically found in food, might alter the function of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2E1. The chemical “allicin” in garlic seems to be the cause of this interaction. |
Glucosamine | Warfarin (Coumadin) | Major | Taking glucosamine along with warfarin might increase INR and increase the risk of bleeding. This interaction has been reported in people taking glucosamine with or without chondroitin. |
Green tea | Hepatotoxic medications | Moderate | Green tea extracts, but not the actual green tea beverage, have been linked to many reports of liver damage. There is concern that combining green tea extracts with hepatotoxic medications might have additive effects. |
Fruit Juices OrangeGrape Grapefruit Apple Cranberry |
Over 50% of prescription medications | Moderate to Major | Certain fruit juices can alter the absorption and/or metabolism of various medications. Depending on the juice, this can be due to the inhibition or induction of enzymes (including cytochrome P450, or CYP, enzymes) or transporters (such as organic anion-transporting polypeptides, or OATP). |
Hypoglycemic Agents | Medications for diabetes | Moderate to Major | Using substances with hypoglycemic potential along with medications for diabetes might have additive effects. |
Magnesium |
Antibiotic drugs
|
Moderate |
Magnesium can interfere with the absorption of certain antibiotics by forming insoluble complexes. Patients should be advised to take magnesium at a different time than their antibiotic dose. |
Probiotics | Antibiotic drugs | Moderate |
Probiotics may contain live, active organisms, and taking them at the same time as antibiotics could reduce effectiveness of probiotics. Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and these preparations by at least two hours. |
Red Yeast Rice | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (“statins”) | Moderate |
Red yeast rice contains varying concentrations of the drug lovastatin. Combining red yeast rice with prescription statins might increase the chance of statin-related side effects including liver damage, muscle pain, and muscle damage. |
Sedative Agents | CNS Depressants | Moderate to Major | Some supplements can cause sedation and drowsiness. There is concern that combining these supplements with sedative medications might have additive effects. |
Serotonergic drugs |
Moderate to Major | Some supplements can increase serotonin levels. Combining these supplements with serotonergic medications can have additive effects, increasing the risk of serious side effects, including serotonin syndrome. | |
St. John’s wort | Over 50% of prescription medications | Moderate to Major | St. John’s wort can induce various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, possibly reducing the effectiveness of many medications. |
*Not a comprehensive list. For comprehensive information, evidence, and ratings, go to our Interaction Checker.