Each tablet contains: Antimonium Crudum 10X 15 mg • Arnica montana , radix 6x 15 mg • Arsenicum album 8X 15 mg • Formicum Acidum 8X 15 mg • Graphites 10X 15 mg • Histaminum hydrochloricum 8X, 12X, 22X 15 mg each • Ignatia amara 6X 15 mg • Lappa Major 8X 15 mg • Ledum palustre 8X 15 mg • Lycopodium clavatum 6X 15 mg • Pix Liquida 10X 15 mg • Selenium Metallicum 12X 15 mg • Sulfur 12X 15 mg • Sulphuricum acidum 22X 15 mg • Sulphuricum acidum 22X 15 mg • Tellurium Metallicum 10X 15 mg • Thuja occidentallis 6X 15 mg. Other Ingredients: Lactose, Magnesium Stearate.
Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.
This is a homeopathic preparation. Homeopathy is a system of medicine established in the 19th century by a German physician named Samuel Hahnemann. Its basic principles are that "like treats like" and "potentiation through dilution." For example, in homeopathy, diarrhea would be treated with an extreme dilution of a substance that normally causes diarrhea when taken in high doses.
Practitioners of homeopathy believe that more dilute preparations are more potent. Many homeopathic preparations are so diluted that they contain little or no active ingredient. Therefore, most homeopathic products are not expected to have any pharmacological effects, drug interactions, or other harmful effects. Any beneficial effects are controversial and cannot be explained by current scientific methods.
Dilutions of 1 to 10 are designated by an "X." So a 1X dilution = 1:10, 3X=1:1000; 6X=1:1,000,000. Dilutions of 1 to 100 are designated by a "C." So a 1C dilution = 1:100; 3C = 1:1,000,000. Dilutions of 24X or 12C or more contain zero molecules of the original active ingredient.
Homeopathic products are permitted for sale in the US due to legislation passed in 1938 sponsored by a homeopathic physician who was also a Senator. The law still requires that the FDA allow the sale of products listed in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States. However, homeopathic preparations are not held to the same safety and effectiveness standards as conventional medicines. For more information, see the Homeopathy monograph.
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Adrisin. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of clubmoss.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of Ignatius bean.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Adrisin. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Arnica has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use as a food flavoring in the US (4912). However, Canadian regulations do not allow its use as a food ingredient (12). ...when used orally in homeopathic dilutions of 30C and up to 5C (19110,19111,19117,19124,19126,96769). ...when used topically on unbroken skin, short-term (12).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when used orally or when applied topically to broken skin. Arnica is considered poisonous and has caused severe or fatal poisonings (5). Arnica can cause gastroenteritis, muscle paralysis, bleeding, arrhythmia, hypertension, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, multi-organ failure, and death (4,5,17,104,19101,19102,19103,19104,19105,19106,19107,19108).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or topically; avoid using (12).
LIKELY SAFE ...when organic arsenic is consumed in normal food amounts. Organic forms of arsenic normally found in foods have not been linked to toxicity (7135,16309). ...when arsenic trioxide is used intravenously and appropriately under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) is an FDA-approved prescription drug (15).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when inorganic arsenic is used orally, especially when used long-term or in high doses. Taking large doses acutely, or in small doses for prolonged periods of time, can cause serious side effects. Chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily has been associated with symptomatic arsenicism. Acute doses of 5 mg, or sometimes less, can cause gastrointestinal symptoms. Higher doses can cause severe poisoning and death (7135,16310,16312,16313,16316,102892). Prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and other sources has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, and mortality (99824,99827,99829,99830,99832,99834,99835,109108,109110). Inorganic arsenic is classified as a human carcinogen (16312,16316). The maximum permissible level of arsenic in drinking water is 10 mcg/L (16316).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when organic arsenic is consumed in food amounts.
Organic forms of arsenic found in a normal diet have not been linked to toxicity (7135,16309).
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when inorganic arsenic is used orally, especially when used long-term or in high doses.
Large doses acutely, or in small doses for prolonged periods of time, can cause serious side effects. Prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water has been linked to reduced scores on intelligence tests, developmental delays, impaired verbal comprehension, decreased memory and attention, and higher blood pressure in children (16319,99826,99828,99836,102898).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when organic arsenic is consumed in food amounts.
Organic forms of arsenic found in a normal diet have not been linked to toxicity (7135,16309).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when inorganic arsenic is taken orally, especially when used long-term or in high doses.
While exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water does not seem to increase the risk of neural tube defects (102897), it has been associated with an increased risk for spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality (99833). Exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water and other sources while pregnant has also been linked to changes in birth weight, length, and head circumference (102895), with one study showing that higher maternal blood arsenic levels are associated with 44% greater odds of delivering a small for gestational age infant and 103% greater odds of delivering a large for gestational age infant (102895,102896). Avoid arsenic supplements and water contaminated with arsenic during pregnancy or lactation.
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally. Clubmoss contains toxic alkaloids, but no poisonings have been reported (18).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally; avoid using.
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when large amounts are used orally to induce abortion (2). The essential oil of marsh Labrador tea can cause severe gastrointestinal tract irritation, kidney and urinary tract damage, and paralysis (2). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of marsh Labrador tea for its other uses.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally; avoid using (2,19).
Marsh Labrador tea is considered to be a potential uterine stimulant and abortifacient (19,97164).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. A specific product containing Monterey pine bark extract (Enzogenol, ENZO Nutraceuticals) has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 1000 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (63614,63618,63620,105777) or 480 mg daily for up to 6 months (105778). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Monterey pine when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Selenium appears to be safe when taken short-term in amounts below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 400 mcg daily (4844,7830,7831,7836,7841,9724,9797,14447,17510,17511)(17512,17513,17515,17516,97087,97943,109085); however, there is concern that taking selenium long-term might not be safe. Some evidence shows that consuming a diet containing more than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of selenium, which is 55 mcg daily for most adults, is associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (99661). Some evidence also shows that taking a selenium supplement 200 mcg daily for an average of 3-8 years increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (97091,99661). Higher serum levels of selenium are also associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and increased mortality (16710,99661). ...when used intravenously. Selenium, as selenious acid, is an FDA-approved drug. Sodium selenite intravenous infusions up to 1000 mcg daily have been safely used for up to 28 days (90347,92910).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in high doses or long-term. Doses above 400 mcg daily can increase the risk of developing selenium toxicity (4844,7825). Additionally, some evidence shows that consuming a diet containing more than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of selenium, which is 55 mcg daily for most adults, is associated with an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (99661). There is also concern that taking a selenium supplement 200 mcg daily long-term, for an average of 3-8 years, increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (99661). Higher serum levels of selenium are also associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and increased mortality (16710,99661).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately.
Selenium seems to be safe when used short-term in doses below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 45 mcg daily for infants up to age 6 months, 60 mcg daily for infants 7 to 12 months, 40-90 mcg daily for children 1 to 3 years, 100-150 mcg daily for children 4 to 8 years, 200-280 mcg daily for children 9 to 13 years, and 400 mcg daily for children age 14 years and older (4844,86095); however, there is some concern that long-term use might not be safe. ...when used via a nasogastric tube in premature infants (7835,9764).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately.
Selenium appears to be safe when used short-term in amounts that do not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 400 mcg daily (4844,17507,74419,74481,74391); however, there is concern that long-term use might not be safe.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in excessive doses.
Doses above 400 mcg daily may cause significant toxicity (4844).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately.
Selenium appears to be safe when used short-term in amounts that do not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 400 mcg daily when taken short-term (4844,74467); however, there is concern that long-term use might not be safe.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in excessive doses.
Doses above 400 mcg daily may cause significant toxicity (4844,7838). ...when used orally in HIV-positive women. Selenium supplementation in HIV-positive women not taking highly active antiretroviral therapy may increase HIV-1 levels in breast milk (90358).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately, short-term. Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 10% have been used safely in clinical research for up to 8 weeks (27846,27847,88107,88112,88123,88124,98205,98207,100735). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using sulfur orally.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately, short-term.
Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 6% have been used safely when applied nightly in children and adolescents for up to 6 nights (27846,27847). In infants, topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 2% have been safely applied for 3 hours daily for up to 6 days (27847).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when applied topically and appropriately, short-term.
Topical products containing sulfur in concentrations up to 6% have been safely applied nightly for up to 6 nights (27846,27847). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of sulfur when used orally; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Adrisin. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, arnica might have additive effects with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs. Homeopathic arnica preparations are unlikely to have this interaction.
 Details
In vitro evidence shows that sesquiterpene lactones in arnica flowers can decrease platelet aggregation (104). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Arsenic trioxide can prolong the QT interval.
Details
Up to 40% of patients treated with prescription arsenic trioxide have a prolonged QT interval on their electrocardiogram (ECG) (15). Theoretically, non-prescription arsenic could have an additive effect when combined with drugs that prolong the QT interval.
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Evidence from in vitro research suggests that clubmoss extract can inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (43717). Theoretically, concurrent use of clubmoss with other acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors might have additive effects and increase the risk of cholinergic side effects. AChE inhibitors and cholinergic drugs include bethanechol (Urecholine), donepezil (Aricept), echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide), edrophonium (Enlon, Reversol, Tensilon), neostigmine (Prostigmin), physostigmine (Antilirium), pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol), succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin), and tacrine (Cognex).
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Evidence from in vitro research suggests that clubmoss extract can inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (43717). Theoretically, concurrent use of anticholinergic drugs and clubmoss might decrease the effectiveness of club moss or the anticholinergic agent. Some anticholinergic drugs include atropine, benztropine (Cogentin), biperiden (Akineton), procyclidine (Kemadrin), and trihexyphenidyl (Artane).
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Evidence from in vitro research suggests that clubmoss extract can inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (43717). Theoretically, concurrent use of clubmoss with other cholinergic drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of cholinergic side effects. AChE inhibitors and cholinergic drugs include bethanechol (Urecholine), donepezil (Aricept), echothiophate (Phospholine Iodide), edrophonium (Enlon, Reversol, Tensilon), neostigmine (Prostigmin), physostigmine (Antilirium), pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol), succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin), and tacrine (Cognex).
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Marsh Labrador tea can potentiate effects of barbiturates and alcohol (2).
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Selenium may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
Clinical research suggests that taking selenium 10 mcg/kg/day can increase bleeding times by increasing prostacyclin production, which inhibits platelet activity (14540). Other clinical research suggests that taking selenium 75 mcg daily, in combination with ascorbic acid 600 mg, alpha-tocopherol 300 mg, and beta-carotene 27 mg, reduces platelet aggregation (74406).
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Theoretically, selenium might prolong the sedating effects of barbiturates.
Details
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Contraceptive drugs might increase levels of selenium, although the clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
Details
Some research suggests that oral contraceptives increase serum selenium levels in women taking oral contraceptives; however, other research shows no change in selenium levels (14544,14545,14546,101343). It is suggested that an increase could be due to increased carrier proteins, indicating a redistribution of selenium rather than a change in total body selenium (14545).
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Gold salts might interfere with selenium activity in tissues.
Details
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Theoretically, selenium supplementation may reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressant therapy.
Details
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Selenium might reduce the beneficial effects of niacin on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
Details
A combination of niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) effectively raises HDL cholesterol levels in patients with coronary disease and low HDL levels. Clinical research shows that taking a combination of antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and selenium) along with niacin and simvastatin (Zocor) attenuates this rise in HDL, specifically the HDL-2 and apolipoprotein A1 fractions, by more than 50% in patients with coronary disease (7388,11537). It is not known whether this adverse effect is due to a single antioxidant such as selenium, or to the combination. It also is not known whether it will occur in other patient populations.
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Theoretically, selenium might interfere with warfarin activity.
Details
Animal research suggests that selenium can increase warfarin activity. Selenium might interact with warfarin by displacing it from albumin binding sites, reducing its metabolism in the liver, or by decreasing production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (14541). Selenium can also prolong bleeding times in humans by increasing prostacyclin production, which inhibits platelet activity (14540).
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Adrisin. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, arnica is unsafe and can cause toxicity.
When used in homeopathic amounts, arnica seem to be generally well tolerated. Topically, arnica also seems to be generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Bleeding, gastroenteritis, hypertension, muscle paralysis, nausea and vomiting, shortness of breath.
Topically: Contact dermatitis and irritation.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Arrhythmia, coma, multi-organ failure, and death.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, arnica can cause tachycardia or a faster heart rate (11,17113,19101,19102). A 24-year-old female presented to the emergency department with palpitations and vomiting 24 hours after ingesting a cup of tea that reportedly contained arnica flowers picked from her local area of mountainous Southern California. The species was not specified in the article and there was no indication by the authors that any testing had been done to confirm the identity of the plant (90610).
Dermatologic ...Orally, arnica can cause irritation of mucous membranes (11,17113). Topically, arnica can cause contact itchiness, dry skin, and rash (17113). Oral lesions resulted in a woman who used a mouthwash incorrectly by not following dilution instructions. The mouthwash was 70% alcohol and contained arnica and oil of peppermint (19106).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, arnica can cause stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (11,17113,19101,19102). Homeopathic arnica has been reported to cause dry mouth (30C) and sore tongue (6C) (19107). A 24-year-old female presented to the emergency department with palpitations and vomiting 24 hours after ingesting a cup of tea that reportedly contained arnica flowers picked from her local area of mountainous Southern California. The species was not specified in the article and there was no indication by the authors that any testing had been done to confirm the identity of the plant (90610).
Musculoskeletal ...Adverse effects after ingesting arnica include muscle weakness (19101). Homeopathic arnica has been reported to result in the feeling of a "throbby" head or neck (19107).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, arnica may cause drowsiness, nervousness, and headache (11,17113,19101,19107).
Ocular/Otic ...In a case report, accidental intake of a large amount of a homeopathic Arnica-30 resulted in acute vision loss due to bilateral toxic optic neuropathy (19105).
Psychiatric ...Oral homeopathic arnica (6C) may cause depressed feelings, specifically a feeling of unhappiness (19107).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, arnica can cause shortness of breath (11,17113).
General
...Orally, organic forms of arsenic found in the diet are well tolerated, with no clear links to adverse effects.
However, high doses or chronic intake of inorganic arsenic is associated with potentially serious adverse effects.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: With the acute ingestion of inorganic arsenic, anemia, arrhythmias, bruising, gastrointestinal irritation or damage, hepatotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy.
With chronic intake of inorganic arsenic, arsenicism can occur, including anorexia, cancer, skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, and toxicity of the cardiovascular and neurological systems.
Cardiovascular
...Orally, doses of inorganic arsenic 1 mg/kg daily can cause hematopoietic depression including anemia, arrhythmias, and blood vessel damage leading to bruising (7135,16309,16312).
Acute ingestion of inorganic arsenic 10 mg/kg daily or more causes vasodilation and myocardial depression leading to myocardial injury, shock, and circulatory failure (17,7135,16313,16316,102892). Chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, characterized in part by cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias (17,7135,16309,16310,16316). Prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water at levels greater than or equal to 20 mcg/L has been linked, in a dose-dependent manner, to a 9% to 43% greater risk of cardiovascular disease, 11% to 55% greater risk of coronary heart disease, and 16% to 90% greater risk of cardiovascular-related death (99827). Also, each interquartile increase in urinary inorganic arsenic levels is associated with an increased risk of both cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in a specific area of the US (109110). A metabolite of arsenic, monomethylarsonic acid, has also been positively linked to stroke risk (99831). Increased exposure to inorganic arsenic has also been linked to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (99835). The cardiovascular adverse effects of inorganic arsenic appear to be more profound in males with hypertension (99829).
The association between arsenic exposure and hypertension has also been investigated. A meta-analysis of observational research has found that the odds of having hypertension and risk of hypertension were increased by 14% and 30%, respectively, in those with the highest arsenic exposure when compared with the lowest. Exposure was determined based on intake of rice and rice products, as well as exposure in water, or levels in urine, hair, or toenails (109108). Additionally, increased exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water has been linked to higher blood pressure in children (102898).
Dermatologic ...Orally, chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, characterized in part by skin hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, and occlusive peripheral vascular disease leading to gangrene (17,7135,16309,16310,16316,102894). In one case, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused eczema of the hands, arms, and legs (102893).
Endocrine ...Orally, prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water has been associated with a 23% to 75% increase in the risk for diabetes (99830,99834). For every 100 mcg/L increase in inorganic arsenic levels in drinking water, the associated risk for diabetes increases by 13% (99834). A small meta-analysis has found that overall exposure to arsenic, including organic and inorganic arsenic, is associated with an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes (106539).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, acute ingestion of inorganic arsenic 5 mg, or sometimes less, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and flatulence (16316,102893). These effects usually resolve in about 12 hours without treatment (16316). Doses of inorganic arsenic 1 mg/kg daily can cause gastrointestinal irritation (7135,16309,16312). Acute ingestion of inorganic arsenic 10 mg/kg daily or more causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms including bloody rice-water diarrhea (17,7135,16313,16316,102892). Chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, characterized in part by anorexia and gastrointestinal disturbances (17,7135,16309,16310,16316).
Genitourinary ...Orally, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused irregular menstruation (102893). A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased mortality from genitourinary diseases (106541).
Hematologic ...Orally, chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, characterized in part by anemia, leukopenia, and occlusive peripheral vascular disease (17,7135,16309,16310,16316).
Hepatic
...Orally, doses of inorganic arsenic 1 mg/kg daily can cause hepatotoxicity (7135,16309,16312).
The homeopathic remedy, arsenicum album, has been associated with three cases of acute liver injury. In one case, a 70-year-old male with pre-existing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis died following the acute liver injury associated with use of this compound for about 12 weeks. High levels of arsenic were found in his hair and nail samples. Symptoms in the two other individuals resolved upon discontinuation of homeopathic arsenic and use of corticosteroids (109114).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused leg cramps in one patient (102893).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, doses of inorganic arsenic 1 mg/kg daily can cause peripheral neuropathy and encephalopathy (7135,16309,16312).
In one case, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused headache, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating (102893). Acute ingestion of inorganic arsenic 10 mg/kg daily or more can cause cerebral edema, leading to encephalopathy, convulsions, coma, and death (17,7135,16313,16316). Chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, characterized in part by sensory disturbances, peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy, confusion, and memory loss (17,7135,16309,16310,16316). A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased mortality from nervous system diseases (106541).
In children, prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenic in drinking water has been linked to reduced scores on intelligence tests, developmental delays, impaired verbal comprehension, and decreased memory and attention (16319,99826,99828,99836).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused conjunctivitis in one patient (102893). A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased mortality from traffic accidents. This is suggested to be related to a higher prevalence of visual field narrowing due to macular degeneration, as well as motor or sensory dysfunction, in those exposed to arsenic during infancy (106541).
Oncologic ...Inorganic arsenic is classified as a human carcinogen (16312,16316). Orally, chronic intake of 10 mcg/kg daily of inorganic arsenic produces arsenicism, which can result in cancers of the skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, and bladder (17,7135,16309,16310,16316). Chronic ingestion of lower doses of inorganic arsenic, as a contaminant in well water, has also been linked to cancers of the skin, bladder, kidneys, and lungs (7135,99824,99832,106540). More specifically, levels of inorganic arsenic greater than 200 mcg/L in drinking water have been linked to lung cancer (99824). Levels of inorganic arsenic greater than 10 mcg/L in drinking water are also dose-dependently linked to an increased risk for bladder and kidney cancers (99832). A meta-analysis of observational research has found that arsenic exposure, especially from water and soil, is associated with prostate cancer risk (109109). A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased mortality from liver cancer (106541).
Psychiatric ...Orally, chronic intake of inorganic arsenic 30 ng daily has reportedly caused insomnia and anxiety in one patient (102893).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased mortality from respiratory diseases (106541).
Other
...Orally, high doses of inorganic arsenic can cause death.
In one case, a 24-year-old female receiving a combination of arsenic trioxide, realgar, and mung bean flour from an illegal medical provider died within days of taking the compounded preparation. Laboratory analysis revealed the amount of arsenic consumed to be around 1.1 grams on day 1 and 0.9 grams on day 4. Researchers concluded that arsenic as the source of poisoning was clear based on the amount of arsenic ingested and the patient's clinical presentation prior to death, which included vomiting, diarrhea, reduced urine output, liver and kidney abnormalities, and myocardial injury (102892).
A long-term observational study in adults has found that exposure to inorganic arsenic from consumption of contaminated milk powder during infancy is associated with increased all-cause mortality (106541).
General
...Orally, no adverse effects have been reported; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Additionally, clubmoss contains toxic alkaloids, which could cause serious adverse effects (43721). When fir club moss (Lycopodium selago) is mistaken for clubmoss, cholinergic toxicity has been reported. This toxicity is due to huperzine A, which is not present in clubmoss (13193).
Airborne exposure to clubmoss spores might cause symptoms of asthma (43721).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Occupational exposure to clubmoss spores, including cases associated with facilities that use the spores to coat condoms, has been reported to cause asthma (43721).
Other ...Clubmoss (Lycopodium clavatum) might be mistaken for fir club moss (Lycopodium selago), which contains huperzine A, a constituent with strong inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase. In two case reports, fir club moss was mistaken for clubmoss and ingested as tea. This caused cholinergic toxicity with symptoms of sweating, nausea, dizziness, cramping, and slurred speech (13193).
General
...Orally, Ignatius bean is generally regarded as unsafe for use.
Any benefits of therapy may not outweigh the risk of toxicity. Ignatius bean 30-50 mg, which contains approximately 5 mg of strychnine, can cause restlessness, anxiety, heightened sense perception, enhanced reflexes, equilibrium disorders, painful back and neck stiffness, twitching, spasms of jaw and neck muscles, myoglobinuric renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, extreme muscle tension, and agitation and difficulty breathing after respiratory spasms (55854). Seizures have been reported to occur within 15 minutes of Ignatius bean ingestion (17). Taking Ignatius bean at a dose of 1-2 grams can be fatal (18). Most deaths occur within 3-6 hours of ingestion and are due to respiratory and subsequent cardiac arrest, anoxic brain damage, or multiple organ failure secondary to hyperthermia (18,505).
Long-term consumption of Ignatius bean can cause strychnine accumulation, particularly in individuals with liver damage. Chronic use can cause death after a period of weeks (18).
By inhalation, Ignatius bean has been reported to cause seizures (17).
Cardiovascular ...Orally, Ignatius bean 1-2 grams has been reported to cause fatal cardiac arrest within 3-6 hours of ingestion (55853,55855).
Endocrine ...Orally, Ignatius bean 1-2 grams has been reported to cause hyperthermia resulting in multiple organ failure within 3-6 hours of ingestion (18,505).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, Ignatius bean 30-50 mg, which contains approximately 5 mg of strychnine, has been reported to cause rhabdomyolysis, painful back and neck stiffness, spasms of jaw and neck muscles, and extreme muscle tension (55854).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, Ignatius bean 30-50 mg, which contains approximately 5 mg of strychnine, has been reported to cause restlessness, anxiety, heightened sense perception, enhanced reflexes, and twitching.
It has also been reported to cause seizures within 15 minutes of ingestion (55854). Taking 1-2 grams of Ignatius bean has been reported to cause death due to anoxic brain damage (18,505).
By inhalation, Ignatius bean has been reported to cause seizures within 5 minutes (17).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, Ignatius bean 30-50 mg, which contains approximately 5 mg of strychnine, has been reported to cause respiratory acidosis and difficulty breathing due to respiratory spasms (55854).
Renal ...Orally, Ignatius bean has been associated with myoglobinuric renal failure (55854).
Other ...Orally, Ignatius bean 1-2 grams can be fatal. Most deaths occur 3-6 hours after exposure and occur from respiratory and cardiac arrest, anoxic brain damage, or multiple organ failure due to hyperthermia (55853). Chronic use of lower doses of Ignatius bean has been reported to cause death after a period of weeks (55853).
General ...Orally, large amounts of marsh Labrador tea can cause poisoning due to its ledol constituent (2). The essential oil of marsh Labrador tea can cause severe irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, diarrhea, irritation and damage to the kidneys and urinary tract, heavy perspiration, myalgias, and arthralgias. It can also cause central nervous system excitation with narcotic intoxication, seizures, paralysis, and even death (2,97164). The content of ledol in marsh Labrador tea is unpredictable, and seems to range from 3.9% to 30.5% depending on the geographical source (97164).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, ledol, a constituent of the essential oil of marsh Labrador tea, can cause gastrointestinal irritation resulting in vomiting, gastroenteritis, and diarrhea (97164).
Genitourinary ...Orally, the essential oil of marsh Labrador tea can cause irritation and damage to the kidneys and urinary tract (2).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, the essential oil of marsh Labrador tea can cause myalgias and arthralgias (2).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, ledol, a constituent of marsh Labrador tea essential oil, can cause central nervous system excitation in a dose-dependent manner. Small amounts of ledol can lead to mild stimulating effects similar to caffeine, while larger doses can lead to spasms, seizures, paralysis, and even death (97164).
General ...Orally, Monterey pine seems to be well tolerated. Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Dermatologic ...Contact dermatitis from Monterey pine sawdust has been reported (63615).
Immunologic ...Monterey pine pollen may cause seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis (63612).
General
...Orally, selenium is generally well-tolerated when used in doses that do not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 400 mcg daily.
Intravenously, selenium is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastric discomfort, headache, and rash. Excessive amounts can cause alopecia, dermatitis, fatigue, nail changes, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Excessive ingestion has led to cases of multi-organ failure and death.
Dermatologic ...Excess selenium can produce selenosis in humans, affecting liver, skin, nails, and hair (74304,74326,74397,74495,90360) as well as dermatitis (74304). Results from the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial conducted among individuals at high risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer demonstrate that selenium supplementation is ineffective at preventing basal cell carcinoma and that it increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma and total nonmelanoma skin cancer (10687). Mild skin rash has been reported in patients taking up to 200 mcg of selenium daily for up to 12 months (97943).
Endocrine
...Multiple clinical studies have found an association between increased intake of selenium, either in the diet or as a supplement, and the risk for type 2 diabetes (97091,99661).
One meta-analysis shows that a selenium plasma level of 90 mcg/L or 140 mcg/L is associated with a 50% or 260% increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes, respectively, when compared with plasma levels below 90 mcg/L. Additionally, consuming selenium in amounts exceeding the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes when compared with consuming less than the RDA daily. Also, taking selenium 200 mcg daily as a supplement is associated with an 11% increased risk for diabetes when compared with a placebo supplement (99661).
Hypothyroidism, secondary to iodine deficiency, has been reported as a result of selenium intravenous administration (14563,14565). One large human clinical trial suggested a possible increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the selenium group (16707).
Gastrointestinal ...In human research, nausea, vomiting, and liver dysfunction has been reported as a result of high selenium exposure (74439,74376). Mild gastric discomfort has been reported in patients taking up to 200 mcg of selenium daily for up to 12 months (97943).
Genitourinary ...The effect of selenium supplementation on semen parameters is unclear. In human research, selenium supplementation may reduce sperm motility (9729); however, follow-up research reported no effect on sperm motility or any other semen quality parameter (74441).
Neurologic/CNS ...Chronic exposure to organic and inorganic selenium may cause neurotoxicity, particularly motor neuron degeneration, leading to an increased risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (74304). Mild headache has been reported in patients taking up to 200 mcg of selenium daily for up to 12 months (97943).
General ...Topically, sulfur is generally well tolerated when used in concentrations of up to 10%. Adverse effects include skin dryness, irritation, and pruritus (27846,88112,88120,88121,88126). Orally, sulfur has been reported to cause diarrhea and metabolic acidosis (27845).
Dermatologic ...Topically, application of sulfur preparations can cause dryness, leading to local irritation and pruritus in up to 28% of patients (27846,88112,88120,88121,88126).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, sulfur is converted to sulfide in the gastrointestinal tract, causing intestinal irritation which can lead to diarrhea (27845).
Renal ...There is one case report of metabolic acidosis occurring in a 57-year-old woman who had consumed approximately 250 grams of flowers of sulfur, a form of sulfur prepared by sublimation, over a 6-day period (27845). Underlying conditions, including diabetes and renal failure, may have contributed to the acidosis. Sulfur is converted to sulfide by colonic bacteria and then to sulfate in various tissues, generating hydrogen ions which can lead to acidosis when clearance mechanisms are overwhelmed (27845).
