Dong Quai • Samambaia • Sarsaparilla • Tangerine peel • Aquilaria • Safflower • Manaca • Peach kernel • Dalergia wood • Bitter Orange • Tayuya • Iporuru • Una de Gato .
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Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Recovazon. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Recovazon. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Bitter orange has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912,35751).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when bitter orange essential oil is used topically or by inhalation as aromatherapy (6972,7107,98331,104186,104187,108642).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally for medicinal purposes. Although single doses of synephrine, or low daily doses used short-term, may be safe in healthy adults (2040,11269,15381,35757,35759,91681,97256,98332), laboratory analyses raise concerns that many marketed bitter orange products contain higher amounts of synephrine and other natural and synthetic amines than on the label, increasing the risk for serious stimulant-related adverse effects (104185). Additionally, there is a lack of agreement regarding a safe daily dose of synephrine. Health Canada has approved 50 mg of p-synephrine daily when used alone, or 40 mg of p-synephrine in combination with up to 320 mg of caffeine daily in healthy adults (91684). The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment in Germany recommends that supplements should provide no more than 6.7 mg of synephrine daily. This recommendation is meant to ensure that patients who frequently consume synephrine in conventional foods will receive no more than 25.7 mg daily (91290). These limits are intended to reduce the risk for serious adverse effects. There have been several case reports of ischemic stroke and cardiotoxicity including tachyarrhythmia, cardiac arrest, syncope, angina, myocardial infarction, ventricular arrhythmia, and death in otherwise healthy patients who have taken bitter orange extract alone or in combination with other stimulants such as caffeine (2040,6979,12030,13039,13067,14326,14342,91680).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in the amounts found in foods.
Bitter orange has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally for medicinal purposes.
There are case reports of cardiotoxicity including tachyarrhythmia, syncope, and myocardial infarction in otherwise healthy adults who have taken bitter orange extract alone or in combination with other stimulants such as caffeine (2040,6979,12030,13039,13067,14326,14342,91680). The effects of bitter orange during lactation are unknown; avoid use.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Dong quai has been used with apparent safety in a dose of 4.5 grams daily for 24 weeks, or in combination with other ingredients in doses of up to 150 mg daily for up to 6 months (19552,35797). ...when used intravenously as a 25% solution, in a dose of 200-250 mL daily for up to 20 days (48438,48442,48443,48483).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in large amounts, long-term. Theoretically, long-term use of large amounts of dong quai could be harmful. Dong quai contains several constituents such as bergapten, safrole, and isosafrole that are considered carcinogenic (7162). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of dong quai when used topically.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Dong quai has uterine stimulant and relaxant effects (8142); theoretically, it could adversely affect pregnancy. Observational research has found that intake of An-Tai-Yin, an herbal combination product containing dong quai and parsley, during the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system, connective tissue, and eyes (15129).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid use.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of iporuru.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of manaca.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when safflower oil is used orally as part of the diet (6,13146,72238).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when safflower oil is used topically for up to 8 weeks (95938). ...when safflower oil is administered intravenously in recommended doses by a health care professional. A specific safflower oil emulsion (Liposyn) 10% to 20% has been used intravenously for up to 2 weeks (72300,72301). ...when safflower yellow, a component of safflower flower, is administered intravenously and appropriately. Safflower yellow has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 150 mg daily for up to 5 weeks (94038,94041,102381).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when safflower oil is administered intravenously in recommended doses by a healthcare professional.
A specific safflower oil emulsion (Liposyn) 20% has been used intravenously in infants and children for up to 2 weeks (72284,72295). ...when safflower oil is used orally in medicinal amounts. Safflower oil 2.5 mL daily has been taken safely for 8 weeks (94042). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of safflower flower in children.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when safflower oil is used orally as part of the diet (6,13146,72238).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when safflower oil is administered intravenously in recommended doses by a healthcare professional (20529).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when safflower flower is used due to its abortifacient, menstrual stimulant, and uterine stimulant effects (11,12).
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when safflower oil is used orally as part of the diet (6,13146,72238).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of safflower flower during lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Sarsaparilla has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of sarsaparilla when taken orally in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Tangerine has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of tangerine when used orally or topically as a medicine.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Recovazon. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
Some clinical research shows that drinking a tea containing bitter orange and Indian snakeroot reduces fasting and postprandial glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes who are using antidiabetes drugs (35751). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to bitter orange, Indian snakeroot, or the combination. An animal study also shows that p-synephrine in combination with gliclazide , a sulfonylurea, causes an additional 20% to 44% decrease in glucose levels when compared with gliclazide alone (95658).
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Bitter orange might increase blood pressure and heart rate when taken with caffeine.
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Bitter orange might affect colchicine levels.
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Colchicine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Bitter orange has been reported to inhibit CYP3A4 and increase levels of CYP3A4 substrates (7029,11362,93470). However, one small clinical study in healthy adults shows that drinking bitter orange juice 240 mL twice daily for 4 days and taking a single dose of colchicine 0.6 mg on the 4th day decreases colchicine peak serum levels by 24%, time to peak serum level by 1 hour, and overall exposure to colchicine by 20% (35762). The clinical significance of this finding is unclear.
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Theoretically, bitter orange might increase levels of drug metabolized by CYP2D6.
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In vitro research shows that octopamine, a constituent of bitter orange, weakly inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes (91878). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Bitter orange might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Small clinical studies suggest that single or multiple doses of freshly squeezed bitter orange juice 200-240 mL can inhibit CYP3A4 metabolism of drugs (7029,11362,93470), causing increased drug levels and potentially increasing the risk of adverse effects. However, the extent of the effect of bitter orange on CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions is unknown. Some evidence suggests that bitter orange selectively inhibits intestinal CYP3A4, but not hepatic CYP3A4. Its effect on P-glycoprotein, which strongly overlaps with CYP3A4 interactions, is unclear (7029,11269,11270,11362). One small clinical study shows that drinking 8 ounces of freshly squeezed bitter orange juice has no effect on cyclosporine, which seems to be more dependent on hepatic CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein than intestinal CYP3A4 (11270).
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Bitter orange might increase blood levels of dextromethorphan.
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One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice increases dextromethorphan levels, likely through cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition (11362). Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk for dextromethorphan-related adverse effects.
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Bitter orange might increase blood levels of felodipine.
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One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice increases felodipine levels, likely through cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition (7029). Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk for felodipine-related adverse effects.
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Bitter orange might increase blood levels of indinavir.
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One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice slightly increases indinavir levels, but this effect is likely to be clinically insignificant. Bitter orange selectively inhibits intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4); however, the metabolism of indinavir seems to be more dependent on hepatic CYP3A4 (11269). The effect of bitter orange on other protease inhibitors has not been studied.
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Bitter orange might increase blood levels of midazolam.
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One small clinical study shows that bitter orange juice can increase midazolam levels, likely through inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) (7029). Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of midazolam-related adverse effects.
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Theoretically, taking MAOIs with synephrine-containing bitter orange preparations might increase the hypertensive effects of synephrine, potentially leading to hypertensive crisis.
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Theoretically, bitter orange might have an additive effect when combined with drugs that prolong the QT interval, potentially increasing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias.
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One case report suggests that taking bitter orange in combination with other stimulants such as caffeine might prolong the QT interval in some patients (13039).
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Bitter orange juice might increase blood levels of sildenafil.
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A small clinical study in healthy adult males shows that drinking freshly squeezed bitter orange juice 250 mL daily for 3 days and taking a single dose of sildenafil 50 mg on the 3rd day increases the peak plasma concentration of sildenafil by 18% and the overall exposure to sildenafil by 44%. Theoretically, this may be due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bitter orange (93470).
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Theoretically, bitter orange might increase the risk of hypertension and adverse cardiovascular effects when taken with stimulant drugs.
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Theoretically, dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; however, research is conflicting.
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Animal studies suggest that dong quai has antithrombin activity and inhibits platelet aggregation due to its coumarin components (6048,10057,96137). Additionally, some case reports in humans suggest that dong quai can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (3526,6048,23310,48439). However, clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking 1 gram of dong quai root daily for 3 weeks does not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation or cause bleeding (96137). Until more is known, use dong quai with caution in patients taking antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.
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Theoretically, dong quai may reduce the effects of estrogens.
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Dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with warfarin.
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Case reports suggest that concomitant use of dong quai with warfarin can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding (3526,6048,23310,48439). In one case, after 4 weeks of taking dong quai 565 mg once or twice daily, the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to 4.9. The INR normalized 4 weeks after discontinuation of dong quai (3526).
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High doses of safflower oil might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
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Small clinical studies show that taking safflower oil, approximately 55 grams daily for 2-3 weeks, decreases platelet aggregation (72241,72303). However, taking lower doses of safflower oil, such as 5 grams daily for 4 weeks, does not seem to affect platelet function (66267). In one case report, a 74-year-old male stabilized on warfarin developed urinary tract bleeding and an elevated INR after taking a safflower extract 20 grams daily for 14 days (95939).
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Theoretically, safflower oil might alter the effects of antidiabetes drugs.
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Some clinical research shows that taking safflower oil 10 grams daily for 3 weeks can increase fasting blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (13146). However, clinical research in patients with metabolic syndrome with or without impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking safflower oil 8 grams daily for 12 weeks reduces fasting glucose levels by around 8 mg/dL (108889). Some clinical research also shows that taking safflower oil 8 grams daily for 16 weeks does not affect fasting glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (94039).
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Theoretically, safflower oil might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin.
Details
In one case report, a 74-year-old male stabilized on warfarin developed urinary tract bleeding and an elevated INR after taking a safflower extract 20 grams daily for 14 days (95939).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of sarsaparilla with digoxin might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity.
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Theoretically, sarsaparilla might increase the effects and adverse effects of lithium.
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Sarsaparilla is thought to have diuretic properties (11). Due to these effects, sarsaparilla might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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In vitro, tangeretin, a constituent of tangerine, induces a 52% increase in the metabolism of midazolam by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) (28609). This suggests that tangeretin may stimulate CYP3A4 activity. However, in humans, drinking tangerine juice 200 mL slightly delayed the absorption, but did not affect the metabolism, of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate (28609). Theoretically, tangerine juice might increase CYP3A4 activity and decrease levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. However, this effect is unlikely.
Details
Some drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 include amitriptyline (Elavil), amiodarone (Cordarone), citalopram (Celexa), felodipine (Plendil), lansoprazole (Prevacid), ondansetron (Zofran), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), sertraline (Zoloft), sibutramine (Meridia), and many others.
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In vitro, tangeretin, a constituent of tangerine, appears to increase the metabolism of midazolam in human liver microsomes by up to 52% (28609). However, in humans, drinking tangerine juice 200 mL slightly delayed the absorption, but did not affect the metabolism, of midazolam (28609). Theoretically, tangerine juice might increase the metabolism and reduce the effects of midazolam. However, this effect is unlikely.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Recovazon. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, bitter orange might be unsafe when used in medicinal amounts.
Topically and when inhaled as aromatherapy, bitter orange seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Hypertension and tachycardia, particularly when used in combination with caffeine and/or other stimulant ingredients.
Topically: Skin irritation.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Myocardial infarction, QT prolongation, seizures, stroke, syncope, tachyarrhythmia, and ventricular fibrillation have been reported in patients taking bitter orange in combination with other ingredients. It is unclear if these effects are due to bitter orange, other ingredients, or the combination.
Cardiovascular
...Bitter orange, which contains adrenergic agonists synephrine and octopamine, may cause hypertension and cardiovascular toxicity when taken orally (2040,6969,6979).
Studies evaluating the effect of bitter orange on cardiovascular parameters have been mixed. Several studies show that taking bitter orange alone or in combination with caffeine increases blood pressure and heart rate. In one clinical study, bitter orange in combination with caffeine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate in otherwise healthy normotensive adults (13657). In another study, a single dose of bitter orange 900 mg, standardized to 6% synephrine (54 mg), also increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate for up to 5 hours in young, healthy adults (13774). Using half that dose of bitter orange and providing half as much synephrine, did not seem to significantly increase blood pressure or QT interval in healthy adults (14311). Increased diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure or heart rate also occurred in a clinical trial involving a specific supplement containing synephrine 21 mg and caffeine 304 mg (Ripped Fuel Extreme Cut, Twinlab) (35743). Synephrine given intravenously to males increased systolic blood pressure, but lacked an effect on diastolic blood pressure or heart rate (12193).
In clinical research and case reports, tachycardia, tachyarrhythmia, QT prolongation, ischemic stroke, variant angina, and myocardial infarction have occurred with use of bitter orange or synephrine-containing multi-ingredient products (12030,13039,13067,13091,13657,14326,35749,91680). In one case report, a combination product containing bitter orange may have masked bradycardia and hypotension while exacerbating weight loss in a 16 year-old female with an eating disorder taking the product for weight loss (35740). From 1998 to 2004, Health Canada received 16 reports of serious adverse cardiovascular reactions such as tachycardia, cardiac arrest, ventricular fibrillation, blackout, and collapse. In two of these cases, the patient died. In almost all of these cases, bitter orange was combined with another stimulant such as caffeine, ephedrine, or both (14342).
Other research has found no significant effect of bitter orange on blood pressure or heart rate. Several clinical studies have reported that, when taken as a single dose or in divided doses ranging from 20-100 mg for one day, p-synephrine had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram results or adverse cardiovascular events in healthy adults (35772,91681,91681,95659,101708) Similarly, no difference in blood pressure, heart rate or electrocardiogram results were reported when p-synephrine from bitter orange (Advantra Z/Kinetic; Nutratech/Novel Ingredients Inc.) was taken for 6 weeks in healthy patients (11268). Another clinical study showed no significant effect of bitter orange (Nutratech Inc.), standardized to synephrine 20 mg, on blood pressure or heart rate when taken daily for 8 weeks in healthy males (95656). In other research, changes in blood pressure, heart rate, or QTc interval were lacking when bitter orange was given alone or in combination with caffeine and green tea (14311,35753,35755,35764,35769,35770). In one study of healthy adults, taking a single dose of p-synephrine 103 mg actually reduced mean diastolic blood pressure by 0.4-4 mmHg at 1 and 2 hours after administration when compared with placebo (95659).
A meta-analysis of clinical trials in adults with or without obesity suggests that taking p-synephrine 6-214 mg orally daily does not affect blood pressure or heart rate when used short-term, but modestly increases blood pressure and heart rate when taken for 56-60 days (109950).
The effect of bitter orange on blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram results in patients with underlying conditions, particularly cardiovascular disease, is unknown and requires further study.
Dermatologic ...Photosensitivity may occur, particularly in fair-skinned people (11909). In a clinical trial, topical application with bitter orange essential oil resulted in irritation (6972).
Endocrine ...Some clinical research shows that taking a specific supplement containing 21 mg of synephrine and 304 mg of caffeine (Ripped Fuel Extreme Cut, Twinlab) increases levels of postprandial glucose (35743). Other preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific pre-workout supplement (Cellucor C4 Pre-Workout, Nutrabolt) along with a bitter orange extract standardized for synephrine 20 mg (Nutratech Inc.) 30 minutes once before exercise causes a significant 12% increase in glucose (95657); however, there is no difference in blood glucose when compared with placebo when this combination is taken daily for 8 weeks (95656). The effect of bitter orange itself is unclear.
Gastrointestinal ...Bitter orange has been linked to a report of ischemic colitis. In one case, a 52-year-old female developed ischemic colitis after taking a bitter orange-containing supplement (NaturalMax Skinny Fast, Nutraceutical Corporation) for a week. Symptoms resolved within 48 hours after discontinuing the supplement (15186). As this product contains various ingredients, the effect of bitter orange itself is unclear.
Musculoskeletal ...Unsteady gait has been noted in one case report of a patient taking bitter orange (13091). In another case, an otherwise healthy, Black male with sickle cell trait, developed severe rhabdomyolysis following ingestion of a specific weight loss product (Lipo 6, Nutrex Research Inc.), which contained synephrine and caffeine (16054). However, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific pre-workout supplement (Cellucor C4 Pre-Workout, Nutrabolt) along with a bitter orange extract standardized for synephrine 20 mg (Nutratech Inc.), taken 30 minutes once before exercise (95657) or daily for 8 weeks, does not affect creatine kinase or serum creatinine levels when compared with placebo (95656). As these products contain various ingredients, the effect of bitter orange itself is unclear.
Neurologic/CNS ...Dizziness, difficulty in concentrating, memory loss, syncope, seizure, and stroke have been noted in case reports following bitter orange administration (13091,13039). Theoretically, bitter orange may trigger a migraine or cluster headache due to its synephrine and octopamine content (35768). When used as aromatherapy, bitter orange essential oil has also been reported to cause headache in some patients (104187). Sprint athletes taking the bitter orange constituent p-synephrine 3 mg/kg (Synephrine HCL 99%, Nutrition Power) 60 minutes before exercises and sprinting reported more nervousness (mean difference 0.9) when compared with placebo on a Likert scale. Although statistically significant, this difference is not considered clinically significant (95655).
General
...Orally, dong quai is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Burping and flatulence.
Intravenously: Headache.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, dong quai might cause hypertension; according to one case report, a parent and breastfed infant experienced hypertension (195/85 mmHg and 115/69 mmHg, respectively) after the parent consumed a soup containing dong quai root (48428).
Dermatologic ...Dong quai contains psoralens that may cause photosensitivity and photodermatitis (10054,10057,48461).
Endocrine ...In a case report, a male developed gynecomastia after ingesting dong quai tablets (48504).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, burping and gas may occur with dong quai (738).
Hematologic ...In one case report, a 55-year-old female with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had temporary vision loss in the left eye from hemiretinal vein thrombosis three days after taking a phytoestrogen preparation containing dong quai 100 mg, black cohosh 250 mg, wild Mexican yam 276 mg, and red clover 250 mg (13155). It is unclear if dong quai contributed to this event.
Neurologic/CNS ...Dong quai given orally or by injection may be associated with headache (738,48438).
Oncologic ...Dong quai contains constituents that are carcinogenic; however, whether these constituents are present in concentrations large enough to cause cancer with long-term or high-dose use is unknown (7162).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A pharmacist experienced allergic asthma and rhinitis after occupational exposure to dong quai and other herbs (48435).
General ...None reported; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
General ...No adverse effects reported; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
General
...Orally and intravenously, safflower oil seems to be well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Liver failure.
Dermatologic ...Intravenously, safflower yellow, a constituent of safflower flower, can cause skin rash (94038,94041). In one case, adjusting the rate of the drip improved the rash (94041).
Hepatic ...Orally, safflower oil has been associated with liver failure. There are at least 7 case reports of acute liver failure requiring liver transplant that are probably associated with over-use of safflower oil, usually for weight loss purposes. However, it is not clear what dose or duration of safflower use led to liver failure in these cases (99138).
Immunologic ...Safflower can cause an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family. Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs.
General ...Orally, sarsaparilla seems to be well tolerated.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, there is some concern that sarsaparilla may cause GI irritation when used in large amounts (11,18). However, these claims cannot be substantiated.
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Occupational exposure to sarsaparilla root dust can cause rhinitis and asthma symptoms (4111).
Renal ...Orally, there is some concern that sarsaparilla may cause temporary kidney impairment and diuresis, possibly leading to shock, when used in large amounts (11,18). However, these claims cannot be substantiated.
General
...Orally, very few adverse effects have been reported with the medicinal use of tangerine.
However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Topically, contact dermatitis has been associated with tangerine essential oil (28610).
Dermatologic ...According to one case report, the essential oil of tangerine in a fragrance has been associated with contact dermatitis (28610).
Gastrointestinal ...In a case report, a 5 year-old patient had a phytobezoar that included tangerine residues (28611). In another case report, orange and tangerine caused obstruction of the small intestine (28612).