Golden Book Teapills [Discontinued] by Plum Flower

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Alopecia areata. Although there has been interest in using oral aconite for alopecia areata, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose.
• Amenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral aconite for amenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose.
• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral aconite for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although there has been interest in using injectable aconite for COVID-19, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose.
• Diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral aconite for diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose.
• Heart failure. It is unclear if oral aconite is beneficial in patients with left ventricular failure. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with left ventricular failure shows that taking heat processed aconite tuber 1000 mg daily for up to 7 months modestly improves heart and kidney function when compared with placebo (30314).
• Pneumonia. Injectable aconite has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Oral aconite has not been evaluated for this use. Details: A meta-analysis of 20 small, low-quality randomized and non-randomized studies in older Chinese adults with severe pneumonia shows that 77% of patients receiving an injection containing aconite extract 0.1 mg/mL and panax ginseng extract 0.8 mg/mL had improvement in symptoms such as fever, cough, and chest tightness when compared with 61% of those who received standard treatment. This combination injection may also modestly reduce disease severity and the risk of mortality when compared with standard treatment. However, these outcomes were not evaluated in all studies, and dosing regimens were heterogenous, with doses ranging from 60-100 mL daily or twice daily for 7-14 days (110472).
• Raynaud syndrome. Although there has been interest in using oral aconite for Raynaud syndrome, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of aconite for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate aconite for these uses.

(Read more about ACONITE)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of Asian water plantain.

(Read more about ASIAN WATER PLANTAIN)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Amenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for amenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Angina. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for angina, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Common cold. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Diabetes. Several clinical trials have evaluated oral cassia cinnamon for type 2 diabetes, but results are conflicting. Details: Some clinical studies and meta-analyses of cassia cinnamon have found significant benefits in patients with diabetes (11347,17011,21914,21918,89646,89649,111692), while others have not (14344,16010,17689,21915,21916,89650). Results from meta-analyses are also mixed with respect to lowering fasting blood glucose and lipid levels (89647,108264). Meta-analyses including more than 1500 adults with type 2 diabetes show that taking cassia cinnamon 120 mg To 14.4 grams daily for 4-18 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose by an average of 25 mg/dL, total cholesterol by 16 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 9 mg/dL, and triglycerides by 30 mg/dL, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 2 mg/dL (89647,111692). Analyses included studies examining either extract or powder, and two of the studies included used an unspecified type of cinnamon. In contrast, a more recent meta-analysis of studies limited to cassia cinnamon ground bark powder 1-2 grams daily for 40-90 days shows no benefit on fasting blood glucose or lipid levels (108264). Evidence regarding cassia cinnamon's effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is mixed, with one meta-analysis of 15 clinical studies suggesting that it moderately lowers HbA1c, while other studies suggest that it does not, although some of the studies were too short to detect a change (89647,108264,111692). One meta-analysis found that cassia cinnamon was most beneficial for adults with HbA1c of 8% or higher (111692). The individual studies included in the meta-analyses were also small, and very heterogenous in relation to dose, duration, use of conventional medications, and diabetes control at baseline (89647,108264). Cassia cinnamon has also been evaluated in combination with other ingredients. A study in treatment-naïve adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes shows that taking a combination product containing cassia cinnamon extract 100 mg, black seed extract, and ficin extract (NW Low-Glu) 4-5 times daily for 12 weeks reduces HbA1c by 0.6-0.8% and 2-hour postprandial glucose by 25-35 mg/dl when compared to baseline, with similar findings when compared with metformin. However, there were no notable differences in fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and beta cell function (111710). It is unclear if these effects are due to cassia cinnamon, other ingredients, or the combination. In patients with type 1 diabetes, clinical research shows that taking cassia cinnamon daily does not improve fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity, or the rate of hypoglycemic episodes (16010,89648).
• Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for diarrhea. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in adults with diarrhea shows that taking cinnamon water extract 1200 mg twice daily for 8 weeks increases colonic transit time by about 10 hours but does not improve other symptoms of diarrhea including percentage of bowel movements with diarrhea, Bristol stool scale score, abdominal pain, bowel urgency, or abdominal distension when compared with placebo (111712).
• Dyslipidemia. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for dyslipidemia. Details: A meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies in adults with metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and overweight or obesity shows that taking cassia cinnamon daily for 2-4 months reduces total cholesterol by 7 mg/dL, triglycerides by 9 mg/dL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 6 mg/dL but does not increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Subgroup analysis suggests that cassia cinnamon improves lipid profiles of Asian patients but not European or American patients. Additionally, higher doses appear to regulate lipid profiles better, and cassia cinnamon doses above 1.5 grams daily increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by about 2.5 mg/dL. Subgroup analysis also shows that cassia cinnamon only reduces triglycerides for patients with metabolic syndrome and increases HDL cholesterol for patients with PCOS but does not impact total cholesterol for those with type 2 diabetes (111709).
• Erectile dysfunction (ED). Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for ED, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Hypertension. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes). The effects of cassia cinnamon in patients with impaired glucose tolerance are unclear; results from clinical research are conflicting. Details: A small clinical study in patients with impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking cassia cinnamon powder 6 grams twice daily for 12 weeks does not improve fasting plasma glucose or insulin sensitivity when compared with placebo (96280). However, another clinical study in overweight or obese patients with impaired fasting blood glucose shows that taking a dried aqueous extract of cassia cinnamon 250 mg twice daily for 12 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose by about 12 mg/dL when compared with baseline, but does not affect fasting insulin levels (93118). Another preliminary clinical trial in overweight or obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking two capsules of a specific combination product, (Glycabiane, PiLeJe) containing cassia cinnamon extract 228 mg, chromium chloride 10 mcg, and carnosine 100 mg per capsule, daily for 4 months decreases fasting blood glucose by 6.5 mg/dL but has no effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin sensitivity, or body weight, when compared with placebo (94234). It is unclear whether these effects are due to cassia cinnamon, ingredients, or the combination.
• Mosquito repellent. It is unclear if topical cassia cinnamon is beneficial as a mosquito repellent. Details: Preliminary clinical research suggests that applying a cream containing cassia cinnamon oil 5% to the skin provides protection from mosquito bites. However, the repellency of this cream appears to decrease more quickly over time compared to MeiMei cream (containing citronella and geranium oils) and Repellan S aerosol (containing 19% N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)) (59580).
• Muscle cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for muscle cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Nausea and vomiting. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for nausea and vomiting, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose.
• Obesity. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for weight loss. Details: A meta-analysis of 7 clinical studies shows that cassia cinnamon reduces body mass index (BMI) when compared with placebo (111692). However, preliminary clinical research in a small number of patients with overweight or obesity and impaired glucose tolerance shows that taking two capsules of a specific combination product (Glycabiane, PiLeJe) containing cassia cinnamon extract 228 mg, chromium chloride 10 mcg, and carnosine 100 mg per capsule, daily for 4 months does not decrease body weight, BMI, fat mass, or lipid levels when compared with placebo (94234). A very small clinical study in healthy adults shows that drinking a single dose of cinnamon infusion containing 2 grams of powdered cinnamon served along with breakfast does not increase energy expenditure, diet-induced thermogenesis, respiratory quotient, or lipid and carbohydrate oxidation and does not affect appetite responses including hunger, fullness, desire to eat, macronutrient intake, and food intake throughout the day when compared with control. Furthermore, cassia cinnamon intake reduces feelings of satiety and increases energy intake in the first meal after the intervention when compared with control (111707). The validity of these findings is limited by a lack of blinding.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for patients with PCOS. Details: A small observational study in adults with PCOS suggests that taking cinnamon 500 mg three times daily for 8 weeks is associated with decreased body weight, body mass index, insulin resistance, and testosterone but does not appear to alter levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), insulin, or lipids when compared with placebo (113514).
• Stroke. It is unclear if oral cassia cinnamon is beneficial for stroke prevention. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with a mild ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack shows that taking cinnamon (Chinese herbal formula granules, Guangdong Yifang Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd) 5 grams with aspirin 100 mg daily for 90 days, starting within 24 hours of the ischemia, reduces the percentage of patients with a recurrent stroke to 3%, compared with 15% of those taking aspirin plus placebo. There were also modest improvements in levels of plasma lipids, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin, as well as a reduced likelihood of identifying unstable or severe plaques on carotid ultrasound (108265). The use of cassia cinnamon, specifically, was not confirmed; however, this species of cinnamon is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine, as indicated in the study.
• Urinary incontinence. Although there has been interest in using oral cassia cinnamon for urinary incontinence, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cassia cinnamon for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate cassia cinnamon for these uses.

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging skin. It is unclear if topical peony is beneficial in patients with aging skin. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that using a cosmetic ingredient containing 0.5% paeoniflorin, a constituent of peony root, for 8 weeks can reduce facial wrinkles when compared with baseline (68356). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Anal fissures. Although there has been interest in using topical peony for anal fissures, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. Oral peony has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in females with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia shows that taking a specific combination of peony and licorice (Peony-Glycyrrhiza Decoction; PGD) 45 grams daily for 4 weeks is similarly effective to bromocriptine for reducing prolactin levels (59775). However, a higher quality clinical trial in females with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia shows that taking the same dose for 16 weeks does not improve prolactin levels or clinical symptoms when compared with placebo (97219). It is unclear if any effects are due to peony, licorice, or the combination. Preliminary clinical research in males with neuroleptic-induced hyperprolactinemia shows that taking an herbal extract containing peony and licorice (shakuyaku-kanzo-to), 2.5 grams three times daily, reduces prolactin levels after 4 weeks of treatment when compared with baseline. Prolactin levels returned to baseline 4 weeks after treatment cessation (59907). The validity of this study is limited by the lack of a comparator group. It is also unclear if this effect is due to peony, licorice, or the combination.
• Atherosclerosis. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for atherosclerosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although there has been interest in using oral peony for CFS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Cirrhosis. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for cirrhosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Cough. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for cough, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Diabetic nephropathy. It is unclear if oral peony is beneficial in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Details: Preliminary clinical research in Chinese adults with diabetic nephropathy shows that taking total glucosides of peony (TGP) 600 mg three times daily in conjunction with losartan 100 mg daily for 6 months does not improve urinary albumin excretion rate when compared with losartan alone. Taking TGP in conjunction with losartan also did not affect serum creatinine, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, or total cholesterol when compared with losartan alone (98466).
• Epilepsy. It is unclear if oral peony is beneficial in patients with epilepsy. Details: Preliminary clinical research in children 1-14 years of age with intractable epilepsy shows that taking peony root extract orally 20 mg/kg twice daily for 4 weeks reduces weekly seizure frequency and average seizure duration by 80% and 83%, respectively, when compared with baseline. Approximately 63% of subjects reported a reduction in seizure frequency of at least 50% when compared with baseline. The validity of this study is limited by the lack of a comparator group (106851).
• Gout. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for gout, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Hepatitis. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for hepatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Small clinical studies suggest that oral peony, as total glucosides of peony (TGP), may modestly improve symptoms in patients with JIA. Details: A pooled analysis of low-quality clinical research in Chinese children 1.5-14 years of age with JIA shows that taking TGP in conjunction with methotrexate for 9-26 weeks improves the odds of overall response rate by 1.5 to 2.5 times when compared with methotrexate alone. TGP also reduced erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels when compared with methotrexate alone. Clinical trials utilized TGP in doses of 30-180 mg/kg daily or 600-1800 mg daily. Preliminary subgroup analyses suggest that TGP is not effective for JIA if it is taken for 8 weeks or less (92785).
• Mastalgia. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for mastalgia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Migraine headache. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for migraine, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Muscle cramps. Oral peony has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary, low-quality, clinical research shows that taking a specific combination of peony and licorice (shakuyaku-kanzo-to) orally, 2.5-6 grams daily for up to 4 weeks, relieves muscle cramps when compared to baseline in patients undergoing hemodialysis (13551,13552). The validity of these studies is limited by the lack of a comparator group. It is also unclear if this effect is due to peony, licorice, or the combination.
• Neuropathic pain. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for neuropathic pain, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Osteoarthritis. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for osteoarthritis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Pancreatitis. It is unclear if rectal peony is beneficial in patients with pancreatitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with moderate to severe acute pancreatitis shows that rectal administration of 150 mL water containing 15 grams of red peony root granules twice daily for 7 days in addition to standard care reduces the time to resolution of abdominal pain and normal bowel habits by 25% when compared with a placebo enema. Additionally, patients receiving red peony root had an average 2-day reduction in hospital stay and a greater improvement on the modified Balthazar CT score when compared with placebo (104283).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Oral peony has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research shows that taking peony root extract 2250 mg daily, along with Ceylon cinnamon, levant berry, St. John's wort, Tribulus, and licorice, during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle for 3 months reduces the rate of oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea by 33% and the time between menstrual cycles by 43 days when compared with lifestyle modification alone. Taking this combination also improves quality of life by about 30% and modestly reduces body weight and body mass index when compared with lifestyle intervention alone. Although taking this combination improved conception rate by 4-fold, live birth rate was similar to lifestyle intervention alone (97216). It is unclear if these effects are due to peony, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there has been interest in using oral peony for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Psoriasis. It is unclear if oral peony is beneficial for plaque psoriasis. Details: Preliminary clinical research in Chinese adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis shows that taking total glucosides of peony (TGP) 600 mg three times daily in conjunction with acitretin for 12 weeks does not improve plaque size or severity when compared with acitretin alone. However, taking TGP in combination with acitretin might increase the number of patients achieving a 50% reduction in plaque size when compared with acitretin alone (97950).
• Respiratory tract infections. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for respiratory tract infections, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Restless legs syndrome (RLS). Oral peony has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 12 low-quality clinical studies in Chinese patients with RLS shows that taking peony-containing combination herbal preparations along with conventional therapy appears to improve sleep quality and decrease RLS symptoms when compared with conventional therapy alone. A few of the studies included in this analysis also suggest that taking peony-containing herbal products alone might be more effective than conventional therapy for RLS (100991). The peony-containing products included in this analysis contained between 4-15 other herbal ingredients. It is unclear whether the effects are due to peony, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if oral peony is beneficial in patients with RA. Details: Although low-quality clinical research in patients with RA has shown that use of total glucosides of peony (TGP) in conjunction with standard treatment for 4-24 weeks reduces erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels when compared with standard treatment alone, effects on RA symptoms are conflicting (92786,101245). A pooled analysis of low-quality clinical research in Chinese adults with RA shows that taking TGP in conjunction with leflunomide for 4-24 weeks is less effective for reducing RA symptom scores when compared with leflunomide alone (92786). However, another pooled analysis of low-quality clinical research in Chinese adults with RA shows that taking TGP for 12-24 weeks in combination with methotrexate improves swollen joint count, but not other symptoms such as morning stiffness and tender joint count, when compared with methotrexate alone. Preliminary subgroup analyses also suggest that taking TGP in conjunction with methotrexate might reduce overall adverse effects when compared with methotrexate alone (101245). The dose of TGP used is not reported in most trials.
• Sjogren syndrome. It is unclear if oral peony is beneficial in patients with Sjogren syndrome. Details: Some clinical research in Chinese adults with Sjogren syndrome shows that taking total glucosides of peony (TGP) 600 mg three times daily for 24 weeks improves overall symptoms, with the greatest effects on symptoms of dry eye and fatigue, when compared with placebo (100992). An earlier and smaller clinical study from the same research group found that taking TGP at the same dose and duration improved symptoms of dry mouth, but did not reduce overall symptom scores or other markers of disease, when compared with placebo (97949). However, this study was not adequately powered to detect differences in overall symptom scores between TGP and placebo.
• Spasticity. Although there has been interest in using oral peony for spasticity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of peony for this purpose.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Small clinical studies suggest that oral peony, as total glucosides of peony (TGP), may modestly improve disease activity scores in patients with SLE. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 small, low-quality clinical studies in patients with SLE shows that taking TGP 0.6 grams 2-3 times daily or 1.2 grams twice daily for 1-6 months in conjunction with conventional treatment modestly improves the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score when compared with conventional treatment alone. Analyses of secondary endpoints which were not available for all studies show that TGP also improved markers of SLE disease activity, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, reduced the average daily dose of glucocorticoids and the cumulative dose of cyclophosphamide, and decreased the rate of disease recurrence (110432). However, the validity of the findings from this meta-analysis is limited by the heterogeneity of the included studies, which enrolled patients of varying age and disease severity. More evidence is needed to rate peony for these uses.

(Read more about PEONY)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Cancer. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for CFS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for CKD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although there has been interest in using oral poria mushroom for COVID-19, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this purpose.
• Dementia. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for dementia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Diabetes. Oral poria mushroom has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of generally small clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking Chinese herbal medicine combinations containing poria mushroom for 2-24 weeks along with hypoglycemic medications modestly reduces fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels when compared with control groups taking hypoglycemic agents only. There were also modest improvements in levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and in insulin sensitivity (111920). Given the large number of other ingredients in the available formulations, it is unclear if any beneficial effects are related to poria mushroom, other ingredients in the formulation, or their combination.
• Diarrhea. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Endometriosis. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for endometriosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Influenza. Oral poria mushroom has only been evaluated for influenza vaccine enhancement in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking a product containing poria mushroom extract, rosemary extract, and aloe gel powder twice daily for 28 days prior to and following an influenza vaccination does not affect upper respiratory tract illness symptoms, severity, duration, or medication-related use when compared with taking placebo (111921). It is unclear if this study was large enough to detect differences between groups. Also, the effect of poria mushroom itself on influenza vaccine enhancement is unclear.
• Tinnitus. Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for tinnitus, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this condition.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Although there is interest in using oral poria mushroom for UTIs, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of poria mushroom for this use. More evidence is needed to rate poria mushroom for these uses.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Oral rehmannia acteosides might reduce proteinuria when used in conjunction with angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with CKD. Details: A large clinical trial in adults with chronic glomerulonephritis shows that taking rehmannia acteosides 400 mg twice daily, in conjunction with irbesartan 150 mg daily, for 8 weeks decreases proteinuria by 36%, compared with a reduction of 28% with irbesartan alone (93662).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aplastic anemia. It is unclear if oral rehmannia is beneficial in patients with aplastic anemia. Details: A small clinical study in adults with aplastic anemia shows that taking rehmannia polysaccharide (dose unknown), in conjunction with stanozolol, increases the incidence of symptom remission by 45% when compared with stanozolol alone (70704).
• Atopic disease. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for atopic disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
• Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
• Metabolic syndrome. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for metabolic syndrome, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
• Obesity. It is unclear if oral rehmannia root extract is beneficial in patients with obesity. Details: A very small clinical study in females with obesity shows that taking steamed rehmannia root extract 4 grams twice daily for 8 weeks decreases waist circumference by 2.6%, but does not affect body weight or body fat percentage, when compared to baseline (93660). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group.
• Osteoporosis. Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for osteoporosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there has been interest in using oral rehmannia for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of rehmannia for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate rehmannia for these uses.

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

• Menopausal symptoms. Topical wild yam does not seem to improve menopausal symptoms. Details: Wild yam applied topically as a cream in menopausal patients for 3 months appears to be no better than placebo for relieving vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flashes and night sweats. It also does not appear to change serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, or progesterone levels (10989).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Cognitive function. It is unclear if oral wild yam is beneficial for improving cognitive function in healthy adults. Details: Preliminary clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking a specific wild yam extract (Diopower 15, Anti-Aging Pro Corporation) orally, 50 mg (containing diosgenin 8 mg) daily for 12 weeks, modestly improves overall measures of cognitive function and semantic fluency when compared with placebo (96724).
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there is interest in using oral or topical wild yam for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Gallbladder disease. Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for gallbladder disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Infertility. Although there is interest in using oral or topical wild yam for infertility, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Osteoporosis. Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for osteoporosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Postmenopausal conditions. Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for postmenopausal conditions, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for these conditions.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition.
• Sexual dysfunction. Although there is interest in using oral wild yam for sexual dysfunction, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of wild yam for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate wild yam for these uses.

(Read more about WILD YAM)

UNSAFE ...when used orally or topically. Aconite root contains toxic alkaloids that are strong, fast-acting poisons that affect the heart and central nervous system, causing severe arrhythmias, reduced consciousness, and death (15499,19669,30294,30300,30301,30303,30309,30334,30335,30336,92276,104514,106706). All species of this plant are dangerous. Severe poisoning has been reported after ingestion of 0.2-2 mg of aconitine, 1 gram of the raw plant, or 6 grams of processed and cured aconite (3490,104514). Even when a processed product is used, aconite can cause toxicity including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, muscle spasms, hypothermia, paralysis of the respiratory system, and heart rhythm disorders (15499). Aconite can also be absorbed through the skin and cause significant toxicity (12).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: UNSAFE
when used orally or topically (15499).

(Read more about ACONITE)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Asian water plantain.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about ASIAN WATER PLANTAIN)

LIKELY SAFE ...when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods. Cassia cinnamon has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US for use as a spice or flavoring agent (4912) ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Cassia cinnamon 1-2 grams daily has been used safely for up to 3 months (17011,21914). Cassia cinnamon 3-6 grams daily has been used safely for up to 6 weeks (11347,14344). Cassia cinnamon extract corresponding to 3 grams daily of cassia cinnamon powder has also been used safely for up to 4 months (21916).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically, short-term. Cassia cinnamon oil 5% cream applied topically to the legs has been used safely in one clinical trial (59580).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in high doses, long-term. Some cassia cinnamon products contain high levels of coumarin. Coumarin can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299,21920). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg daily can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin use is discontinued (15302). In most cases, ingestion of cassia cinnamon will not provide a high enough amount of coumarin to cause significant toxicity; however, in especially sensitive people, such as those with liver disease, prolonged ingestion of large amounts of cassia cinnamon might exacerbate the condition.

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily has been used safely in adolescents 13-18 years of age for up to 3 months (89648).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in amounts commonly found in foods (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of cassia cinnamon when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and stick to food amounts.

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short term. Total glucosides of peony has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 1800 mg daily for up to 6 months (92786,97949,97950,98466,100992,110432). Peony root extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 2250 mg daily for up to 3 months (97216). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of peony when used orally, topically, or rectally, long-term.

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Total glucosides of peony has been used with apparent safety in children 1.5-4 years of age at doses up to 180 mg/kg daily or 1.2 grams daily for up to 12 months (92785). Peony root extract 40 mg/kg daily has also been used with apparent safety in children 1-14 years of age for 4 weeks (106851).

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally. Preliminary research suggests that peony can cause uterine contractions (13400). However, other preliminary research suggests a combination of peony and angelica with or without motherwort, banksias rose, and ligustica, might be safe (11015,48433). Until more is known, avoid use.

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about PEONY)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of poria mushroom.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short term. Rehmannia root extract 4 grams daily or rehmannia leaf extract 800 mg daily has been used with apparent safety for 8 weeks in clinical studies (93660,93662).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally. A dose of 50 mg (containing 8 mg diosgenin) has been used with apparent safety for 12 weeks (12,96724). ...when used topically. A wild yam cream has been used with apparent safety for 3 months (10989).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about WILD YAM)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, combining aconite with other antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.  Details Higenamine, a constituent of aconite, is thought to have antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. In an animal model of thrombosis, higenamine inhibited platelet aggregation and reduced the size of thrombus formation (92282).

STIMULANT DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, combining aconite with other stimulant drugs might alter the effects of the stimulant drug or increase the risk of cardiovascular toxicity.  Details Aconite and its constituents have stimulant effects due to agonist activity at beta-2-adrenoreceptors. In cardiac muscle, aconite appears to have a positive inotropic effect and increases heart rate and blood pressure (2634,15499,30296,92282). However, some constituents of aconite can reduce heart rate and blood pressure (15499,30343).

(Read more about ACONITE)

(Read more about ASIAN WATER PLANTAIN)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, cassia cinnamon may have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Cassia cinnamon may lower blood glucose levels, and have additive effects in patients treated with antidiabetic agents (11347,17011,21914,21918,89649). Dose adjustments to diabetes medications might be necessary.

HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, large doses of cassia cinnamon might cause additive effects when used with hepatotoxic drugs.  Details There is some concern that ingesting large amounts of cassia cinnamon for an extended duration might cause hepatotoxicity in some people. Cassia cinnamon contains coumarin, which can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299,21920). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg/day can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin use is discontinued (15302,97249). Lower amounts might also cause liver problems in sensitive people, such as those with liver disease or those taking potentially hepatotoxic agents.

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, combining peony with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bleeding.  Details In vitro research suggests that peony might have antiplatelet, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic effects (92787).

CLOZAPINE (Clozaril) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, peony might increase the levels and clinical effects of clozapine.  Details In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.

CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, peony might interfere with contraceptive drugs due to competition for estrogen receptors.  Details In vitro and animal research shows that peony extract has estrogenic activity (100990). Concomitant use might also increase the risk for estrogen-related adverse effects.

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of peony may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.  Details In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of peony may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.  Details In vitro research shows that peony suppresses the metabolism of clozapine via weak-to-moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 (92790). This effect has not been reported in humans.

ESTROGENS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of peony might interfere with hormone replacement therapy and/or increase the risk for estrogen-related adverse effects.  Details In vitro and animal research shows that peony extract has estrogenic activity (100990). Theoretically, peony might compete for estrogen receptors and/or cause additive estrogenic effects.

PHENYTOIN (Dilantin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, peony might reduce the levels and clinical effects of phenytoin.  Details Animal research shows that taking peony root reduces levels of phenytoin (8657). Some researchers suggest that peony root might affect cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, which metabolizes phenytoin. However, preliminary research in humans shows that peony root does not alter levels of losartan (Cozaar), which is also metabolized by CYP2C9 (11480).

(Read more about PEONY)

ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, poria mushroom might decrease the clinical effects of anticholinergic drugs.  Details In animal research, poria mushroom essential oil reduces acetylcholinesterase activity (111917). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

CHOLINERGIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, poria mushroom might have additive effects when used with cholinergic drugs.  Details In animal research, poria mushroom essential oil reduces acetylcholinesterase activity (111917). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking poria mushroom extract may enhance the therapeutic and adverse effects of sedatives.  Details Animal research shows that poria mushroom extract has sedative properties (111916). This interaction has not been shown in humans.

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, rehmannia might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Animal research shows that rehmannia may have hypoglycemic effects (15061,93668).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, rehmannia might increase the risk of hypotension when taken with antihypertensive drugs.  Details Animal research shows that rehmannia may have hypotensive effects. Laboratory research shows that formulations of dried and processed rehmannia root inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (104272).

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

ESTROGENS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, wild yam might increase or decrease the effects of estrogen.  Details Wild yam root shows estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects in vitro (6180,70411,96723,96725). Theoretically, wild yam might interfere with hormone therapy.

(Read more about WILD YAM)

General ...Orally and topically, aconite is generally regarded as unsafe for use. Any benefits of therapy might not outweigh the risk of toxicity.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
All routes of administration: Serious neurologic, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory adverse effects have been reported.

Cardiovascular ...Orally and topically, aconite can cause hypotension, palpitations, chest tightness, pulmonary edema, arrhythmia, bradycardia, tachycardia, sustained or bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, and Torsade de pointes (558,559,561,562,563,3490,15499,15650,30294,30295)(30300,30305,30323,30336,92276,92277,92278,104514,106706,110473)(112901). Cardioversion has been reported to be ineffective for the reversal of aconite-induced dysrhythmia, but the use of agents such as amiodarone, lidocaine, and magnesium have been successful in some cases (2634,3490,106706,112901).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, aconite can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and gastric pain (563,30297,30341,92277,92278). Topically, aconite can cause nausea and vomiting (92276).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, aconite can cause weakness, sweating, restlessness, dizziness, numbness, paresthesia, seizures, and reduced consciousness (558,559,561,562,563,3490,15499,15650,30335,30336,30341,92277,92278,104513). Topically, aconite can cause generalized paresthesia, fatigue, sweating, dizziness and tongue numbness (92276).

Ocular/Otic ...Orally, aconite has been reported to cause visual blurring and yellow-green vision with pupil dilation (30319).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, aconite overdose can lead to respiratory failure (104513).

Renal ...Orally and topically, aconite can cause hypokalemia and metabolic and/or respiratory acidosis (558,559,561,562,563,3490,15499,15650).

Other ...Orally and topically, aconite has been reported to cause death in both adults and children (559,3490,3491,30301,30334,30341,92276,92278). In one case report, topical application of aconite to an infant led to cardiogenic shock with multi-organ failure and death (92276). Poisoning has been reported in 15 patients after consuming a homemade liquor containing aconite. Patients presented with tongue or extremity numbness, vomiting, dizziness, or heart palpitations, and 5 died (110471). Death has also been reported in individuals who cooked aconite tubers as vegetables or for health purposes (92278).
The first symptoms of aconite poisoning after oral ingestion of the leaves or root usually occur within 10-90 minutes, although toxicity may be delayed until a second or third dose (559,15499,104513,110471). Recovery time from aconite poisoning ranges from 1.5-2 days for mild intoxication to 7-9 days for patients with cardiovascular complications; fatalities in treated patients are about 5% (15499). Treatment of aconite toxicity is typically supportive, although charcoal hemoperfusion has aided in detoxification (15499,106706).

(Read more about ACONITE)

General ...There is limited information available about the potential adverse effects of Asian water plantain. Orally, it has been used as a part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with apparent safety; there have been no reported adverse effects in most patients. However, one case of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity has been reported with the use of a combination TCM product containing Asian water plantain (99434).

Hepatic ...One case report of drug-induced systemic toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, has occurred in a 59-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B who had taken six doses of a combination product containing Asian water plantain 3 weeks prior to admission. He presented with gum bleed and petechiae, and his admission lab values indicated fulminant liver failure. His condition progressed to include renal failure and eventual death after 4 weeks. It is not clear if Asian water plantain, the other ingredients, or the combination caused this toxicity. However, the authors identified Asian water plantain as the likely causative ingredient based on animal research (99434).

Renal ...One case report of drug-induced systemic toxicity, including nephrotoxicity, has occurred in a 59-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B who had taken six doses of a combination product containing Asian water plantain 3 weeks prior to admission. He initially presented with hepatic failure, which progressed to include renal failure and eventual death after 4 weeks. It is not clear if Asian water plantain, the other ingredients, or the combination caused this toxicity. However, the authors identified Asian water plantain as the likely causative ingredient based on animal research (99434).

(Read more about ASIAN WATER PLANTAIN)

General ...Orally, cassia cinnamon appears to be well-tolerated. Significant side effects have not been reported in most patients.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Burning mouth, stomatitis.

Dermatologic ...In one clinical trial, a rash was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 90 days (17011).
In one case, a 58-year-old female with a documented allergy to topically applied cinnamic alcohol presented with eyelid dermatitis, which was found to be a manifestation of systemic contact dermatitis to cinnamon in the diet. Symptoms improved in two days and completely cleared five days after discontinuing the addition of cinnamon to food products (95599). In other case reports, two adults presented with allergic contact cheilitis following the ingestion of chai tea with cinnamon and yogurt with cinnamon. Cinnamon components were confirmed as the causative allergic agents with patch tests, and both cases of allergic contact cheilitis completely resolved upon cessation of the cinnamon-containing products (113516,113515).
Topically, allergic skin reactions and stomatitis from toothpaste flavored with cassia cinnamon have been reported (11915,11920). Intraoral allergic reactions with symptoms of tenderness and burning sensations of the oral mucosa have also been reported in patients using breath fresheners, toothpaste, mouthwash, candy, or chewing gum containing cinnamon, cinnamic aldehyde or cinnamic alcohol as flavoring agents. Glossodynia, or burning mouth syndrome, has also been reported in a 62-year-old female who ate apples dipped in cinnamon nightly (95598), and allergic contact dermatitis has been reported in a teenage female using a homemade cinnamon sugar face scrub (95596).

Endocrine ...In one clinical trial, a hypoglycemic seizure was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 3 months. The event occurred one day after enrolling in the study (89648). It is unclear if cassia cinnamon caused this event.

Hepatic ...There is some concern about the safety of ingesting large amounts of cassia cinnamon for extended durations due to its coumarin content. Coumarin can cause hepatotoxicity in animal models (15299). In humans, very high doses of coumarin from 50-7000 mg/day can result in hepatotoxicity that resolves when coumarin is discontinued (15302). In clinical trials, taking cassia cinnamon 360 mg to 12 grams daily for 3 months did not significantly increase levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) (21918,96280,108259). However, in one case report, acute hepatitis with elevated AST and ALT occurred in a 73-year-old female who started taking a cinnamon supplement (dose unknown) one week prior to admission. The cinnamon supplement was added on to high-dose rosuvastatin, which may have led to additive adverse hepatic effects. After discontinuing both products, liver function returned to normal, and the patient was able to restart rosuvastati without further complications (97249). In most cases, ingestion of cassia cinnamon won't provide a high enough amount of coumarin to cause significant toxicity; however, in especially sensitive people, such as those with liver disease or taking potentially hepatotoxic agents, prolonged ingestion of large amounts of cassia cinnamon might exacerbate the condition.

Immunologic ...An unspecified allergic reaction was reported in one patient taking cassia cinnamon 1 gram daily for 3 months (89648).

(Read more about CASSIA CINNAMON)

General ...Orally, peony seems to be well tolerated when used alone and as part of Chinese herbal formulas.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal distension, anorexia, diarrhea, gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea.
Topically: Dermatitis.

Dermatologic ...Topically, peony has been reported to cause contact dermatitis (13555).

Endocrine ...Orally, a specific traditional Chinese medicine preparation called DDT has been reported to lower follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and increase estradiol levels. It is not known if this effect is due to peony or the other ingredients (48404). Another specific traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Toki-shakuyaku-san, has been reported to increase plasma progesterone levels in some patients. It is not known if this effect is due to peony or the other ingredients (15294).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, peony and total glucosides of peony (TGP) have been reported to cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including abdominal distension, anorexia, diarrhea, and nausea, in some patients (13538,92785,97949,98466,100992). In one clinical study, diarrhea was reported in 5% of patients taking TGP 600 mg three times daily for 24 weeks versus 1% of patients taking placebo (100992).

Hematologic ...Orally, there is one case report of easy gum bleeding, epistaxis, and skin bruising with an international normalized ratio (INR) above 6 in a 61-year-old male who was previously stable on warfarin therapy. This patient had switched from one brand of quilinggao, a popular Chinese herbal product, to another brand 5 days prior. This product contained Fritillaria spp. (beimu), Paeonia rubra, Chinese peony (chishao), Lonicera japonica (jinyinhua), and Poncirus trifoliata (jishi). The patient's INR decreased to 1.9 after temporary withdrawal of warfarin therapy. Upon re-initiation of quilinggao, his INR increased to 5.2. It is not known if the increased INR is due to peony or the other ingredients (68343).

(Read more about PEONY)

General ...Orally, poria mushroom seems to be well tolerated. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

Immunologic ...Allergic reactions have been reported rarely, including allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma (12).

(Read more about PORIA MUSHROOM)

General ...Orally, rehmannia seems to be well tolerated.

(Read more about REHMANNIA)

General ...Orally, wild yam is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Fever, headache, upset stomach, and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, wild yam can cause upset stomach and vomiting, especially at higher doses (12,86450).

Hematologic ...In one case report, a 55-year-old female with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had temporary vision loss in the left eye from hemiretinal vein thrombosis 3 days after taking a combination phytoestrogen product containing wild yam 276 mg, dong quai 100 mg, red clover 250 mg, and black cohosh 250 mg (13155). It is unclear if wild yam contributed to this event.

Immunologic ...There are three case reports of anaphylaxis after ingestion of cooked wild yam (96722).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, wild yam can cause headache and fever, especially at higher doses (86450).

(Read more about WILD YAM)