Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies by Garden of Life MyKind Organics

Acne. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for acne, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral apple cider vinegar is beneficial for improving endurance during exercise. Details: Preliminary clinical research in a small number of healthy male athletes shows that drinking apple cider vinegar 500 mL one-hour prior to an endurance cycling test does not improve endurance capacity, as measured by respiratory exchange rate, heart rate, or blood levels of ammonia, glucose, or lactate, when compared with a commercial sports drink (103225). It is unknown if apple cider vinegar would improve endurance when compared with a placebo control.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for eczema, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Cognitive function. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar to improve cognitive function, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this use.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for COVID-19, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this use.
Dandruff. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for dandruff, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Dental plaque. It is unclear if topical apple cider vinegar prevents the accumulation of dental plaque. Details: A small clinical study in children aged 3-6 years with cerebral palsy shows that applying apple cider vinegar 5% to their teeth daily for 6 months reduces the accumulation of dental plaque when compared with manual tooth brushing without dental paste (111228). However, the validity of these findings is limited by a lack of blinding and poor study methodology.
Depression. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Diabetes. It is unclear if oral apple cider vinegar is beneficial for improving glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes; evidence is conflicting. Details: Two meta-analyses of mainly lower-quality clinical trials in a variety of populations (i.e., healthy, overweight, or obese individuals or those with type 2 diabetes) show that taking apple cider vinegar daily for up to 12 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels by about 8-21 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.5%-0.9%, and total cholesterol by 6-7 mg/dL when compared with control (e.g., water, another beverage, no beverage, or restricted calorie diet). There was no effect on levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, insulin, or on measures of insulin resistance. However, in sub-group analyses limited to patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of apple cider vinegar on FBG or HbA1c levels is conflicting (106284,112355). Of note, both meta-analyses include studies with heterogeneous populations, varied dosages, and different durations that limit the interpretation of these pooled results. Additionally, a very small clinical study shows that taking apple cider vinegar 20 grams with a meal increases postprandial insulin sensitivity and reduces postprandial flux in insulin levels in patients with insulin resistance, but not those with type 2 diabetes, when compared with placebo (17614). It is unclear if the formulation of apple cider vinegar alters its effects. One small crossover study in healthy adults found a modestly greater reduction in postprandial glucose with the use of liquid apple cider vinegar (providing 1.25 grams acetic acid) when compared with apple cider vinegar whole tablets or crushed tablets (providing 1.5 grams acetic acid) or water alone (106285). Larger studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Gastroparesis. It is unclear if oral apple cider vinegar is beneficial for gastroparesis. Details: A very small clinical study shows that taking apple cider vinegar 30 mL daily worsens the gastric emptying rate in patients with type 1 diabetes and gastroparesis when compared with drinking water (17609).
Gingivitis. It is unclear if topical apple cider vinegar prevents the development of gingivitis. Details: A small clinical study in children aged 3-6 years with cerebral palsy shows that applying apple cider vinegar 5% to the teeth daily for 6 months reduces gingivitis scores when compared to baseline, with results comparable to manual tooth brushing without dental paste at the end of the study period (111228). However, the validity of these findings is limited by a lack of blinding and poor methodology.
Herpes zoster (shingles). Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for shingles, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Hyperlipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes). Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for prediabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Insect bite. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for insect bites, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Intestinal parasite infection. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for intestinal parasite infections, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). It is unclear if oral apple cider vinegar reduces the risk for kidney stones. Details: Some population research suggests that the consumption of fermented vinegar can reduce the risk for kidney stones (97311). However, there is currently no clinical evidence confirming this association, or any studies specifically evaluating the use of apple cider vinegar for this purpose.
Leg cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for leg cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Obesity. It is unclear if oral apple cider vinegar is beneficial for obesity. Details: A small clinical study in overweight and obese adults shows that taking apple cider vinegar 15 mL twice daily for 12 weeks along with a calorie-restricted diet helps control appetite and modestly reduces body weight, body mass index (BMI), and hip girth when compared with a restricted calorie diet alone. Taking apple cider vinegar along with dieting also appears to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and decrease triglyceride levels, but not low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, when compared to dieting alone (97310).
Osteoarthritis. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for osteoarthritis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Pharyngitis. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for pharyngitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Rhinosinusitis. Although there has been interest in using oral apple cider vinegar for rhinosinusitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Sunburn. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for sunburn, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Vaginal candidiasis. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for vaginal candidiasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition.
Warts. Although there has been interest in using topical apple cider vinegar for warts, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of apple cider vinegar for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate apple cider vinegar for these uses.

BACILLUS COAGULANS (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

Constipation. Oral Bacillus coagulans seems to be beneficial for constipation. Details: Clinical research in individuals with mild intermittent constipation shows that taking B. coagulans SNZ 1969 (CTCBIO, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 8 weeks reduces colonic transit time, increases the number of weekly complete spontaneous bowel movements, and improves bowel discomfort when compared with placebo. Colonic transit time was reduced by at least 25% in 58% of patients taking B. coagulans, compared with 32% of patients taking placebo (107613). Other clinical research in patients with functional constipation shows that taking B. coagulans Unique IS2 (Unique Biotech Limited) 2 billion CFUs daily for 4 weeks modestly increases the number of bowel movements and reduces abdominal pain and pain with defecation when compared with placebo. Also, 98% of patients achieved normal stool consistency, compared with 74% of those taking placebo (107612). Adding lactulose 10 grams to this regimen increases stool frequency when compared with placebo, but not when compared with lactulose alone. However, normal stool consistency was achieved earlier and by more patients in those taking lactulose plus B. coagulans when compared with lactulose alone. The combination was also more beneficial for reducing defecation pain, abdominal pain, and sensations of incomplete evacuation (107614). Also, a small clinical study in adults with constipation-dominant functional bowel disorders shows that taking a specific supplement containing B. coagulans 1 billion CFUs twice daily for 4 weeks modestly improves abdominal pain and abdominal distention, as well as discomfort and effort during defecation, when compared with baseline (104232). However, the validity of the findings in this study is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral Bacillus coagulans seems to be beneficial for IBS. Details: Clinical research in adults with diarrhea-predominant IBS shows that taking B. coagulans daily for 56-90 days improves quality of life and decreases bloating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and stool frequency when compared with placebo. Improvements in headache, anxiety, and constipation have also been shown (92730,92735,92740,105169). In addition, meta-analyses show that taking B. coagulans reduces overall symptom, straining, and/or abdominal pain severity when compared with placebo (107594,110866). In one study, taking B. coagulans for 80 days resulted in no symptoms in 63% of individuals, compared with only 21% of those taking placebo (105169). Doses used in some of this clinical research have included a specific B. coagulans MTCC5856 product (Lactospore, Sabinsa Corporation) 2 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 90 days (92730), another specific B. coagulans product (GanedenBC30, Ganeden Biotech Inc.) 300 million to 2 billion CFUs daily for 8 weeks (92735,92740), B. coagulans LBSC (Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd.) 2 billion CFUs three times daily for 80 days (105169), or B. coagulans Unique IS2 2 billion CFUs daily for 8 weeks (110866). Other clinical research in adults with IBS shows that taking a specific combination product (Colinox, DMG Italia SRL) containing B. coagulans and simethicone after each meal three times daily for 4 weeks improves bloating and discomfort, but not pain, when compared with placebo (92726).

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for athletic performance. Details: A small clinical trial shows that taking an inactivated B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 product (Staimune, Kerry, Inc) 1 billion cells daily for 2 weeks does not improve jump power or muscle endurance when compared with placebo (107610). This study might not have been adequately powered to detect differences between groups. A larger study in resistance-trained males shows that taking B. coagulans Unique IS-2 2 billion colony-forming units daily for 60 days in combination with 20 grams of an 80% whey protein concentrate modestly improves some measures of power and muscle strength when compared with taking whey protein alone. However, some measures of strength were not improved, and there was no effect on maximum oxygen consumption, muscle hypertrophy, or body composition (110878).
Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for cancer prevention, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
Cirrhosis. Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with liver cirrhosis who are at increased risk for developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) shows that taking a combination of B. coagulans, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus mesentericus three times daily, in conjunction with norfloxacin for 6 months, does not reduce the risk of developing SBP when compared with norfloxacin alone (92731).
Clostridioides difficile infection. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for C. difficile infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
Depression. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
Diabetes. Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30) 100 billion CFUs, Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 10 billion CFUs, and fructo-oligosaccharides 500 mg daily for 12 weeks modestly reduces fasting blood glucose and insulin and improves measures of insulin resistance when compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma lipids (107731).
Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for acute diarrhea or diarrhea-dominant functional bowel disorders. Details: Clinical research in infants 6-24 months of age with acute diarrhea of various causes shows that taking B. coagulans 120 million colony-forming units (CFUs) twice daily for up to 5 days in conjunction with oral rehydration solution does not decrease duration, frequency, or volume of diarrhea when compared with oral rehydration solution and placebo (92738). However, a small clinical study in adults with acute diarrhea shows that taking a specific supplement (Lactic Acid Bacillus) containing B. coagulans 2 billion CFUs, three times daily for 7 days, reduces diarrhea and improves abdominal pain when compared with placebo (100853). Preliminary clinical research in adults with diarrhea-dominant functional bowel disorders shows that taking a specific supplement containing B. coagulans 1 billion CFUs twice daily for 4 weeks reduces abdominal pain, abdominal distention, discomfort and effort during defecation, and the number of stools classified as diarrhea when compared with baseline (104232). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
Dyspepsia. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for dyspepsia. Details: Several small studies show that B. coagulans can improve symptoms of dyspepsia (104231,104232,104233,107611). In one study, 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) were taken twice daily for 4 weeks, resulting in an improvement in abdominal pain and abdominal distention when compared with placebo (104232). Some studies have used B. coagulans in combination with other probiotics. In adults with functional dyspepsia, taking a combination of B. coagulans MY01 and Bacillus subtilis MY02 as 1.25 billion CFUs each twice daily for 8 weeks improves postprandial distress scores of at least 0.7 in 48% of patients, compared with only 20% of those taking placebo (107611). A small clinical study in older adults aged 55-75 years with indigestion, abdominal pain, and flatulence shows that taking a probiotic syrup containing B. coagulans 500 million CFUs with digestive enzymes (alpha amylase 25 mg, pepsin 10 mg, and lipase 1.5 mg) 5 mL twice daily for 5 days reduces symptoms of dyspepsia when compared with placebo (104233). Also, a small study in adults with non-specific gastrointestinal discomfort shows that taking a specific combination supplement (SNZ TriBac, Sanzyme Biologics) containing B. coagulans SNZ 1969, Bacillus clausii SNZ 1971, and B. subtilis SNZ 1972, 2 billion CFUs daily for 30 days, decreases self-reported symptoms of burping, belching, and sour taste when compared with placebo (104231). It is unclear if these effects are due to B. coagulans, other ingredients, or the combinations.
Flatulence. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for flatulence. Details: Clinical research in children aged 6-8 years shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 3 months modestly decreases the incidence of flatulence when compared with taking placebo (107615). However, preliminary clinical research in patients with postprandial intestinal gas-related symptoms shows that taking a specific combination supplement (Digestive Advantage Gas Defense Formula, Ganeden Biotech) containing this same strain of B. coagulans and an enzyme blend daily for 4 weeks does not improve bloating or gas when compared with placebo (92736).
Gingivitis. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for gingivitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
Helicobacter pylori. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for H. pylori. Details: In patients with H. pylori, preliminary clinical research shows that taking B. coagulans (Donghai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd) 1050 mg three times daily for 8 weeks results in a 20% eradication rate 1-2 weeks after treatment. This was as effective as taking Clostridium butyricum 1050 mg twice daily, alone or in combination with B. coagulans (105168). This study is limited by lack of blinding and the lack of a placebo group. Also, it is unclear how B. coagulans compares to standard H. pylori eradication treatments.
HIV/AIDS. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
Hypercholesterolemia. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for cholesterol reduction, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for IBD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial or safe for NEC prevention. Details: Preliminary clinical research in infants with a gestational age of less than 33 weeks or a very low birth weight shows that taking B. coagulans 350 million colony-forming units daily until hospital discharge does not reduce the risk of NEC or death when compared with placebo. However, taking B. coagulans reduced the incidence of feeding intolerance in these newborns (92733). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that preterm infants given probiotics are at risk of serious infections caused by the bacteria or fungi contained in probiotics due to cases reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Also, The American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to preterm infants, particularly those with a birth weight below 1000 grams, due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy and potential for harm in this vulnerable population (111608).
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for NAFLD. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with NAFLD shows that taking 1 capsule containing B. coagulans 1 billion colony-forming units plus 400 mg inulin for 8 weeks may be beneficial for treating inflammation associated with NAFLD when compared with placebo. However, this combination did not improve lipid profiles or glycemic indices. Inulin was used in this study as a prebiotic to ensure bacterial growth in the gut lumen (104230).
Postoperative ileus. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for postoperative ileus. Details: A small clinical study in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery shows that taking B. coagulans TBC169 105 million or 175 million colony-forming units the night before surgery, and then every 8 hours starting 8 hours after surgery, reduces time to first flatus by up to 10 hours when compared with placebo. There were also modest reductions in the rates of postoperative gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, distension, and ileus. However, there was no difference in time to first defecation or length of hospital stay (110879).
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for RA. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with RA shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden Biotech Inc.) 2 billion colony-forming units daily for 60 days, in conjunction with standard therapy, reduces overall pain when compared with placebo. However, it does not reduce the number of painful or swollen joints or improve activities of daily living (92734).
Rotaviral diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for rotaviral diarrhea. Details: Preliminary clinical research in newborns shows that taking B. coagulans 100 million colony-forming units daily for one year reduces the incidence of acute rotaviral diarrhea. Taking B. coagulans decreases the incidence of diarrheal episodes by around 5 per year and reduces duration of diarrhea by around 3 days per episode when compared with placebo. However, taking B. coagulans does not reduce the occurrence of mild to moderate dehydration (92729).
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with SIBO who were previously treated for 3 weeks with broad spectrum antibiotics shows that taking a specific probiotic product (Lactol, Bioplus Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.) containing B. coagulans spores and fructo-oligosaccharides twice daily on 15 days per month for 6 months, in conjunction with minocycline, modestly decreases stomach pain and flatulence (91145).
Travelers' diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for travelers' diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for URTI prevention. Details: Clinical research in children aged 6-8 years shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 3 months modestly decreases the incidence of some URTI symptoms, including nasal congestion, bloody nasal mucus, itchy nose, and hoarseness, but not others such as dry cough and sore throat, when compared with placebo (107615). More evidence is needed to rate Bacillus coagulans for these uses.

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Oral Bacillus subtilis seems to be beneficial for preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Details: Clinical research in patients given antibiotics for at least 5 days shows that taking a total of 2 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) of B. subtilis B2335 alone or with Bacillus licheniformis B2336 twice daily results in around 8% or 10% of patients, respectively, developing antibiotic-associated diarrhea compared with around 32% of those taking placebo. In order to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea, four patients need to be treated with Bacillus subtilis. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloating were also prevented. The probiotics were started one day prior to antibiotic treatment and continued for 7 days after completion (110854).

Athletic performance. Small clinical studies suggest that oral Bacillus subtilis may not improve athletic performance. Details: Two small clinical trials in offseason college athletes undergoing a resistance training program show that taking B. subtilis DE111 (Deerland Enzymes, Kennesaw, GA, USA) does not improve measures of athletic performance, including speed, strength, or agility, when compared with placebo (110850,110855). In one trial, female athletes took B. subtilis DE111 5 billion colony forming units (CFUs) daily for 10 weeks (110850). In the other, male athletes took one billion CFUs daily for 12 weeks (110855). Larger clinical trials in these and other athletic populations are still needed.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for atopic dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Cirrhosis. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for cirrhosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Clostridioides difficile infection. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for C. difficile prevention and treatment, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Constipation. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for preventing constipation in infants, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Critical illness (trauma). Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: An open-label study in critically ill adults receiving ventilation shows that receiving B. subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis (Medilac-S) three times daily through a nasogastric feeding tube for up to 14 days results in microbiologically confirmed VAP in around 36% of individuals compared with around 50% of patients not receiving these probiotics, and the mean time to develop VAP was increased by almost 3 days. These findings suggest that seven patients need to be treated to prevent one episode of VAP. However, there was no effect on the incidence of clinically suspected VAP or length of hospital stay. All patients were also given standard preventive strategies (110851).
Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Bacillus subtilis is beneficial for patients with chronic loose stools. Details: A small clinical study in adults with chronic loose stools shows that taking B. subtilis C-3102 2.2 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 8 weeks modestly decreases stool frequency and improves stool form when compared with placebo. There was no difference in stool water content or other gastrointestinal symptoms (110836). The effect of B. subtilis on symptoms of chronic diarrhea is unclear from this study.
Dyslipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for dyslipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Dyspepsia. Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Some studies have used B. subtilis in combination with other probiotics. In adults with functional dyspepsia, a small clinical study shows that taking a combination of B. subtilis MY02 and Bacillus coagulans MY01 as 1.25 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) each twice daily for 8 weeks improves postprandial distress scores of at least 0.7 in 48% of patients, compared with only 20% of those taking placebo (107611). Also, a small study in adults with non-specific gastrointestinal discomfort shows that taking a specific combination supplement (SNZ TriBac, Sanzyme Biologics) containing B. subtilis SNZ 1972, Bacillus coagulans SNZ 1969, and Bacillus clausii SNZ 1971, 2 billion CFUs daily for 30 days, decreases self-reported symptoms of burping, belching, and sour taste when compared with placebo. However, there was no effect on symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, and passing gas (104231). It is unclear if these effects are due to B. subtilis, other ingredients, or the combinations.
Flatulence. It is unclear if oral Bacillus subtilis is beneficial for patients with flatulence. Details: A small clinical study in healthy adult shows that taking B. subtilis BS50 2 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) once daily for 6 weeks does not affect the proportion of patients with flatulence when compared with placebo. However, the proportion of patients with an improvement in burping and bloating was more than doubled when compared with placebo (110841).
Helicobacter pylori. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for Helicobacter pylori infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Hypertension. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A clinical study in patients with IBS with diarrhea shows that taking B. subtilis 100 million colony-forming units (CFUs), along with Streptococcus faecium 900 million CFUs and tianeptine 37.5 mg three times daily, improves overall IBS symptoms to the same degree as taking the same doses of B. subtilis and Streptococcus faecium in combination with amitriptyline 10 mg daily for 4 weeks (100805). The same dose of B. subtilis was used by all patients; the effect of B. subtilis alone is unclear.
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for preventing NEC in infants, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical or adverse effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Neonatal jaundice. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for preventing neonatal jaundice, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Pancreatitis. Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients hospitalized with mild acute pancreatitis shows that taking a combination of B. subtilis and Enterococcus faecium reduces hospital length of stay by approximately 0.7 days when compared with taking placebo. There were also modest reductions in time to relief of abdominal symptoms and time to oral feeding (110849). The dose of B. subtilis is unclear from this study. Also, it is unclear if these effects are due to B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, or the combination.
Prematurity. Oral or parenteral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in premature infants shows that receiving B. subtilis, along with Enterococcus faecium and multivitamins (Medilac-Vita) twice daily with mosapride 0.5 mg three times daily modestly increases the decline in serum levels of total bilirubin and the fading of jaundice compared with mosapride in combination with Saccharomyces boulardii or routine care only. Growth rate, symptoms of abdominal discomfort, gastrointestinal motility, rates of feeding intolerance, and incidence rates of complications such as sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, were all improved in the groups receiving mosapride and probiotics compared with routine care only (110852). The dose of B. subtilis is unclear from this study. Also, it is unclear if these effects are due to B. subtilis, other ingredients, or the combinations.
Sepsis. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus subtilis for preventing sepsis in infants, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. subtilis for this purpose.
Ulcerative colitis. Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of over 50 clinical studies in patients with ulcerative colitis shows that taking a specific product containing B. subtilis R0179 and Enterococcus faecium R0026 (Medilac-S), 3 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily of for 4-96 weeks, as adjunctive therapy with oral aminosalicylates, usually sulfasalazine or mesalazine, increases the likelihood of inducing clinical remission by 21% when compared with the conventional therapy alone. The proportion of patients reporting symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea was reduced by 40% to 53%. Most individual studies showed that these probiotics reduced the likelihood of symptom recurrence; however, a pooled analysis for this outcome could not be conducted (110853). It is unclear if any effects are due to B. subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, or the combination.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Oral Bacillus subtilis has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: An open-label study in critically ill adults receiving ventilation shows that receiving B. subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis (Medilac-S) three times daily through a nasogastric feeding tube for up to 14 days results in microbiologically confirmed VAP in around 36% of individuals compared with around 50% of patients not receiving these probiotics, and the mean time to develop VAP was increased by almost 3 days. These findings suggest that seven patients need to be treated to prevent one episode of VAP. However, there was no effect on the incidence of clinically suspected VAP or length of hospital stay. All patients were also given standard preventive strategies (110851). More evidence is needed to rate Bacillus subtilis for these uses.

VITAMIN B12

EFFECTIVE

Imerslund-Grasbeck disease. Intramuscular vitamin B12 is effective for patients with this condition. Details: Administering intramuscular vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin) 1 mg daily for 10 days, followed by monthly injections for the remainder of a patient's life, is effective for treating familial selective vitamin B12 malabsorption (Imerslund-Grasbeck disease) (15,82862).
Vitamin B12 deficiency. Administering vitamin B12 orally, intramuscularly, or intranasally is effective for preventing and treating vitamin B12 deficiency. Details: Vitamin B12 deficiency has varying definitions but is often defined as vitamin B12 (cobalamin) levels less than 180-200 pmol/L (or 240 pg/mL). Some believe that only intramuscular vitamin B12 is effective for treating vitamin B12 deficiency. However, clinical research shows that oral therapy increases cobalamin levels similarly to intramuscular administration, even in patients with pernicious anemia or malabsorption, if a high enough dose is given (2909,2911,2915,9335,82832) (82836,82949,82860,103976,103972,107141,107144). Some evidence suggests that the most effective oral dose is between 647-1032 mcg daily (13106). However, in certain situations, intramuscular treatment might be more appropriate. Guidelines by the British Committee for Standards in Hematology recommend only intramuscular vitamin B12 for initial treatment of severe vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with pernicious anemia, malabsorption disorders, or neurological involvement (94722). Intramuscular vitamin B12 is also appropriate in patients with diarrhea or vomiting and those likely to be nonadherent (103972). Vitamin B12 deficiency is especially common in older adults, primarily due to lack of intrinsic factor and malabsorption (2915,2919,9335). Daily supplementation with vitamin B12 50-100 mcg might be needed to correct deficiency (10126), while daily doses of 25-37.5 mcg help to maintain normal levels over time (9335). In addition to supplements, foods such as milk and bread fortified with vitamin B12 can be used and are approximately 55% to 60% absorbed by people over 60 years of age (10124). Vitamin B12 deficiency is also common in patients that have had gastric surgery, including gastrectomy and bariatric surgery (107144,107145). Taking vitamin B12 in the doses found in multivitamins or generic vitamin B supplements does not seem to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency following bariatric surgery (107145). However, taking methylcobalamin 500 mcg daily is beneficial for treating vitamin B12 deficiency associated with a total gastrectomy and taking cyanocobalamin 5000 mcg daily is beneficial for preventing vitamin B12 deficiency following gastric bypass (107144). Other people at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency include strict vegetarians who eat no animal products (vegans) and people with increased vitamin B12 requirements associated with pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, malignancy, and hepatic and kidney disease. Moderate consumption of animal products may not be sufficient to restore and maintain vitamin B12 levels, especially in adolescents who had consumed macrobiotic (vegan type) diets for the first 6 years of life. High dietary intake of vitamin B12 or supplements is usually needed in order to restore and maintain optimal vitamin B12 levels in these adolescents (10125).

LIKELY EFFECTIVE

Cyanide poisoning. Intravenous hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) is likely effective as an antidote for patients with suspected or known cyanide toxicity due to inhalation, ingestion, or skin exposure. Details: Treatment of cyanide poisoning with hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) up to 10 grams has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and recommended by the Australian Resuscitation Council (82870,82905,82906). Hydroxocobalamin is also FDA-approved for treating cyanide toxicity during pregnancy (82904).

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

Canker sores. Sublingual or topical vitamin B12 seems to reduce canker sore symptoms. Details: Clinical research in patients with canker sores shows that applying a topical ointment containing vitamin B12 500 mcg in four divided doses daily for 2 days reduces pain levels by 80% when compared with a control ointment not containing vitamin B12 (96176). Other preliminary clinical research shows that taking vitamin B12 1000 mcg sublingually daily for 6 months reduces the duration of canker sore outbreaks, the number of ulcers, and level of pain when compared with placebo in patients with normal vitamin B12 levels (17242).
Hyperhomocysteinemia. Oral vitamin B12 in combination with folic acid, and sometimes with vitamin B6, reduces homocysteine levels. Details: While folic acid 0.5-5 mg daily lowers fasting homocysteine levels by an average of 25%, adding vitamin B12 0.5 mg daily produces an additional decrease of about 7% on average (6883,9400,9401,9405,9409,50145,107136). Vitamin B12 in combination with folic acid and other vitamins also reduces homocysteine levels in patients with kidney failure, sickle cell disease, and those receiving nitrous oxide general anesthesia (1489,6883,6884,7289,7881,9324,9414,9415,9416,9481,82941). Some researchers recommend routine use of vitamin B12 with homocysteine-lowering regimens to avoid the risk of neuropathy in people with undetected vitamin B12 deficiency (9405). Using vitamin B12 alone has a limited effect on homocysteine levels, and probably only in those people with vitamin B12 deficiency (2147,9410,9512). Hyperhomocysteinemia is considered by some to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, recurrent thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic stroke (1899,2147,3323,9402,9405,9408,9409). Clinical research suggests that supplementation with folic acid, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 decreases homocysteine levels and reduces the atherosclerosis progression in patients at risk for atherosclerosis when compared with placebo (50133,50056,82806). However, other research suggests that elevated homocysteine levels may be a marker, as opposed to a cause, of vascular disease (11387,11388). A 5 µmol/L increase in plasma homocysteine increases the risk of cerebrovascular disease by 50%, and the odds of coronary heart disease by 60% and 80% in males and females, respectively (9407,9411). However, it is not clear if reducing homocysteine levels results in reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (1489,6883,6884,9400,9405,9409,96417). Folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 supplementation can reduce total homocysteine from 13.4 to 11 µmol/L. However, this reduction does not seem improve endothelial function or help with secondary prevention of death or myocardial infarction, and some research even suggests an increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (11387,13482,50373,50314,97619). There is also some debate about whether supplementation with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins can reduce the risk of stroke. A number of large clinical studies and meta-analyses show that supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, alone or in combination, does not reduce the risk of stroke in patients with CVD or impaired kidney function (11387,13482,50423,83050,96150). However, a more recent meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials including over 44,000 patients shows that B vitamin supplementation reduces the relative risk of stroke by 10% when compared with placebo in patients at risk or with a history of CVD (97619). Also, a meta-analysis in adults with a history of stroke shows that B vitamin supplementation modestly reduces the relative risk of stroke recurrence by 13% and vascular death by 11% when compared with placebo (107136).
Postherpetic neuralgia. Subcutaneous injections of vitamin B12 seem to reduce postherpetic neuralgia symptoms. Details: Clinical research in patients with subacute herpetic neuralgia shows that subcutaneous injection of vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 1000 mcg six times weekly for 4 weeks reduces pain when compared with oral vitamin B12 or subcutaneous lidocaine (90394). Another clinical study shows that administering local subcutaneous injections of methylcobalamin 1000 mcg plus lidocaine up to 20 mg daily for 12 injections over 14 days, starting within 7 days of the onset of subacute ophthalmic herpetic neuralgia, decreases the mean pain score by 63% to 79% when compared with intravenous lidocaine and intramuscular methylcobalamin. Less than 2 patients need to be treated to achieve a pain reduction to ≤3 out of 10. Healing of rash, itching, numbness, and tingling were also improved (96175). Additional clinical research in patients with postherpetic pain and itching shows that this same dosing regimen of subcutaneous vitamin B12 reduces pain and analgesic requirements when compared to baseline (90396).

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

Age-related cognitive decline. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to improve cognitive function in older adults when used alone or in combination with other B vitamins. Details: Taking vitamin B12 100-1000 mcg plus folic acid 400-2000 mcg, with or without vitamin B6 3-50 mg, daily for up to about 2 years does not seem to improve tests of cognitive function in adults aged 65 or older, most of whom do not report cognitive impairment at baseline (14392,50225,50510,90392,107140). Also, supplementation with vitamin B12 does not seem to improve cognitive function in elderly individuals with low vitamin B12 levels (12305).
Alzheimer disease. Oral vitamin B12, when used in combination with other B vitamins, does not seem to improve cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer disease. Details: Clinical research in patients with probable Alzheimer disease using routine medication shows that taking vitamin B12 1 mg, folic acid 5 mg, and vitamin B6 25 mg daily for 18 months does not have a beneficial effect on cognitive function or the severity of disease when compared with placebo. In this study, all patients were consuming a folate-fortified diet (50319). Also, a meta-analysis of clinical research in elderly adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia shows that taking vitamin B12, usually with other B vitamins, does not improve cognitive function (50510). Observational research has also found that higher vitamin B12 intake over 3 years in a population consuming a folate-fortified diet is not associated with a decreased risk of developing Alzheimer disease (15270). In contrast, preliminary clinical research in patients with probable Alzheimer disease who are not consuming a folate-fortified diet shows that taking vitamin B12 50 mcg daily plus folic acid 1.2 mg daily for 6 months modestly improves some measures of cognitive performance and decreases levels of homocysteine when compared with placebo (107150). More research is needed to determine if any changes in this latter study are clinically relevant.
Cataracts. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to reduce cataract development. Details: Clinical research in women with existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at increased risk of CVD shows that taking a combination of folic acid 2.5 mg daily, vitamin B6 50 mg daily, and vitamin B12 1 mg daily for an average of 7.3 years does not reduce the risk of cataracts and seems to increase the risk of cataract extraction by 28% when compared with placebo (96149).
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to improve sleep disorders. Details: Oral vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) does not seem to be effective for treating delayed sleep phase syndrome. Methylcobalamin 0.5-1 mg three times daily, with or without bright light therapy, also does not seem to help people with primary circadian rhythm sleep disorders (1344,1345,1346,1347,1348).
Cognitive impairment. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to be beneficial for older adults with cognitive impairment. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical research in elderly adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia shows that taking vitamin B12, usually with other B vitamins, does not improve cognitive function (50510). One clinical trial in elderly people with memory complaints shows that taking a combination of B vitamins, including folic acid 0.8 mg, vitamin B12 0.5 mg, and vitamin B6 (form not specified) 20 mg daily for 24 months reduces cerebral atrophy in the gray matter regions associated with Alzheimer disease by up to seven-fold when compared with placebo. However, this protection does not occur in patients with the lowest average blood levels of homocysteine (90374).
Fall prevention. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to reduce the risk of falls. Details: Clinical research shows that taking B vitamins, including folic acid 400 mcg and vitamin B12 500 mcg, daily for 2 years does not prevent falls when compared with placebo in elderly individuals also taking vitamin D (96148).
Osteoporosis. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Details: Clinical research in elderly patients or patients with a history of cerebrovascular disease shows that taking vitamin B12 500 mcg and folic acid 0.4-2 mg, with or without vitamin B6 25 mg, daily for 2-3 years does not seem to reduce the risk for osteoporotic fractures when compared with placebo (90377,90393). A 5-7 year follow-up of this research has also found no benefit (103981).
Physical performance. Oral vitamin B12 does not seem to improve physical performance in older adults. Details: Clinical research shows that taking B vitamins, including folic acid 400 mcg and vitamin B12 500 mcg, daily for 2 years does not increase hand strength or improve performance such as walking when compared with placebo in elderly individuals also taking vitamin D (96148).

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large-scale clinical study shows that taking vitamin B12 1000 mcg, folic acid 2.5 mg, and vitamin B6 50 mg daily, reduces the risk of developing AMD in females over 40 years of age with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or at least three risk factors for CVD. Those who took this combination for an average of 7.3 years had a 34% reduced risk of developing AMD and a 41% reduced risk of visually significant AMD when compared with placebo (14620). It is unclear if this effect is due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease). It is unclear if high-dose intramuscular vitamin B12 improves the prognosis of ALS. Details: A clinical study in patients with ALS symptoms for 3 years or less shows that intramuscular vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 25-50 mg twice weekly for 3.5 years does not slow functional decline or increase the time until ventilation or death when compared with placebo. However, other clinical research in patients with early-stage ALS shows that intramuscular methylcobalamin 50 mg twice weekly for 16 weeks is associated with slower functional decline and a longer period of time until death or full ventilation when compared with placebo (104947,111556). These effects seem to be particularly notable in fine and gross motor skills, but not bulbar or respiratory functions. Furthermore, vitamin B12 and riluzole slowed clinical progression of ALS more than riluzole alone (111556).
Angioplasty. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Some evidence suggests that vitamin B12 400 mcg, folic acid 1 mg, and vitamin B6 10 mg daily can decrease the rate of restenosis in patients treated with balloon angioplasty (8009,9412,34540). However, this combination does not seem to be as effective for reducing restenosis in patients after coronary stenting (8009). An intravenous loading dose of folic acid, pyridoxine, and vitamin B12 followed by oral administration of folic acid 1.2 mg, pyridoxine 48 mg, and vitamin B12 60 mcg daily after bare metal coronary stenting also does not seem to reduce restenosis and might actually increase restenosis (12150,12151,34540). Due to the lack of evidence of benefit and potential for harm, this combination of vitamins should not be recommended for patients receiving coronary stents (12151). It is unclear if any effects are due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Anxiety. Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for anxiety and panic attacks, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for these uses.
Asthma. Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for this condition.
Atherosclerosis. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One small clinical study in patients with intermediate risk for coronary heart disease shows that taking vitamin B12 100 mcg, aged garlic extract 250 mg, folic acid 300 mcg, vitamin B6 12.5 mg, and L-arginine 100 mg daily for 12 months reduces coronary artery calcium progression when compared with placebo (88385). It is unclear if this effect is due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema). It is unclear if topical vitamin B12 reduces the severity of eczema. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that applying a specific topical vitamin B12 0.07% cream (Regividerm) twice daily reduces the extent and severity of atopic dermatitis when compared with placebo (15765).
Attention. Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for improving attention and focus, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for this use.
Cancer. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 reduces overall cancer risk when used in combination with other B vitamins. Details: An ancillary clinical study in middle-aged and elderly adults with cardiovascular disease shows that taking a combination of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 0.02 mg, folic acid 0.56 mg, and vitamin B6 3 mg, with or without eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 400 mg plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 200 mg, for a median of 4.7 years does not reduce the risk of cancer when compared with placebo (90666). An additional secondary analysis of clinical research in patients recovering from stroke or transient ischemic attack shows that taking vitamin B12 500 mcg, folic acid 2 mg, and vitamin B6 25 mg daily for around 3.4 years does not reduce the risk of cancer when compared with placebo (90378). The validity of these findings is limited because the studies were not designed nor adequately powered to test for cancer risk.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Oral vitamin B12, taken along with other B vitamins, does not seem to improve secondary prevention of death or myocardial infarction in patients with CVD. However, it might slightly reduce the risk of stroke. Details: Overall evidence from clinical research and meta-analyses shows that taking vitamin B12 in combination with folic acid and/or vitamin B6 does not seem to reduce the risk for secondary death or myocardial infarction in patients with or at risk for CVD (11387,13482,34540,50423,83050,90379,97619). In fact, some research suggests that long-term supplementation with vitamin B6, folic acid, and vitamin B12 for secondary prevention increases the risk of CVD by 20% despite lowering homocysteine levels by 30% (13482). However, other research shows that taking vitamin B12 in combination with other B vitamins modestly reduces the risk of stroke, although results are conflicting (11387,13482,50423,83050,96150,96165,97619,107136). It is unclear which specific combination of B vitamins, if any, might be optimal for reducing stroke risk and which patients are most likely to benefit. In 2001, prior to the publication of the highest quality research on this topic, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a qualified health claim stating that, as part of a well-balanced diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 may reduce the risk of vascular disease (102368).
Cervical cancer. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 reduces cervical cancer risk. Details: Some epidemiological evidence has found that increasing vitamin B12 intake from dietary and supplement sources, along with folic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin, might decrease the risk of precancerous cervical lesions (11074). Also, an analysis of two case control studies has found that increased intake of vitamin B12 is associated with a 75% reduced odds of cervical cancer (34609).
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients receiving chemotherapy shows that a combination of B vitamins that includes vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 1000 mcg, taken daily starting one week prior to treatment and finishing 12 weeks after treatment is completed, does not prevent peripheral neuropathy when compared with placebo (96173).
Child development. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for child development. Details: Population research has found that daily dietary intake of less than 2.26 mcg vitamin B12 in the third trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of poorer outcomes in the offspring for some measures of speech and mathematics ability, including vocabulary at 24 months, combining words at 38 months, speech intelligibility at 6 years, and math comprehension between ages 8-11 years, when compared with dietary intakes of at least 2.26 mcg daily. There was no association between prenatal vitamin B12 intake and reading or spelling abilities, vocabulary at other ages, or full-scale Intelligence Quotient (IQ) at ages 8 or 15 (107143).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 reduces the risk of COPD. Details: Clinical research in patients with COPD shows that taking vitamin B12 500 mg daily for 8 weeks modestly improves endurance on the cycle ergometer, but does not improve oxygen consumption, when compared with placebo (96172).
Cognitive function. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in healthy, middle-aged adults shows that taking a combination product containing vitamin B12, other B vitamins, bacopa, and gingko biloba twice daily for 12 weeks does not improve measures of memory, attention, cognition, mood, or stress reactivity when compared with placebo (111554).
Colorectal cancer. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 reduces colorectal cancer risk. Details: Some epidemiological evidence has found that increased dietary intake of vitamin B12 is associated with a reduced risk of developing colorectal cancer (90383). However, preliminary clinical research shows that taking vitamin B12 1 mg, folic acid 2.5 mg, and vitamin B6 50 mg daily for up to 7.3 years does not reduce the risk of colorectal adenoma in females at high risk for cardiovascular disease (90389). Furthermore, a secondary analysis of clinical research in elderly patients suggests that taking vitamin B12 500 mcg and folic acid 400 mcg daily for 2 years might increase the risk of colorectal cancer when compared with placebo (90393).
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for patients with COVID-19. Details: A small observational study in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia has found that higher plasma vitamin B12 levels may be associated with an increased risk of transfer to intensive care or death than lower plasma levels. However, when multivariate regression was conducted, only patient age was associated with worsened outcomes. Additionally, the total study population was small, with only nine of 49 patients experiencing the worsened outcomes (107138).
Dementia. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 reduces the risk of developing dementia. Details: A large cohort of Danish adults has found that vitamin B12 levels or intake does not seem to impact the risk of developing Alzheimer disease or other dementias (104922). However, vitamin B12 might be beneficial in specific patient populations. A small observational study in patients with Parkinson disease has found that higher vitamin B12 levels (648.5 ng/L) are associated with a lower risk of developing dementia when compared with lower vitamin B12 levels (452 ng/L) (103975). It is not yet known if supplementation with vitamin B12 reduces the risk for dementia in these patients.
Depression. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for reducing depression risk. Details: A meta-analysis of epidemiological research has found that the highest dietary intake of vitamin B12 is associated with a 14% reduced risk of depression. However, in a sub-analysis, this association was not significant in males (107133). In contrast, one epidemiological study in older males included in the analysis has found that daily dietary intake of at least 4.79 mcg vitamin B12 is linked with a 58% lower risk of depression when compared with daily intake of less than 3.16 mcg. In this study, this inverse association was not observed in females (96168). Other observational research has found that low-normal serum vitamin B12 levels are associated with a 3.8 times increased risk for depression during pregnancy when compared with normal vitamin B12 levels (102384). It is unclear if increased intake of vitamin B12 through the diet or supplements reduces the risk for depression or is beneficial for treating symptoms of depression in any population. However, a meta-analysis of clinical research in elderly populations shows that supplementation with vitamin B12 100-1000 mcg daily, usually in combination with folic acid 400-2000 mcg daily, does not reduce symptoms of depression. Most individuals in these studies were not specifically diagnosed with depression (107140).
Diabetes. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 improves glycemic indices or prevents loss of skeletal muscle in patients with diabetes. Details: A small clinical study in patients with diabetes in India who are stabilized on metformin and/or a sulfonylurea shows that taking vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 500 mcg with or without folic acid 5 mg daily for 8 weeks seems to reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) by 1.3% to 1.5%, compared with a 0.3% increase with placebo (104917). This study is limited due its small sample size and lack of blinding. In elderly adults with type 2 diabetes, population research has found a lower dietary intake of vitamin B12 (average of 11.2 mcg daily) in individuals with a loss of skeletal muscle mass of at least 1.2%, compared with an average intake of 13.4 mcg daily in those with a skeletal muscle mass loss of less than 1.2%. However, further analysis determined that any relationship between vitamin B12 intake and loss of skeletal muscle mass was only significant in individuals with insufficient energy intake overall (107151).
Diabetic neuropathy. Small clinical studies suggest that oral vitamin B12 may modestly improve pain in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Details: Two small clinical studies in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy show that taking vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 1-1.5 mg for 4-12 months modestly improves pain when compared with baseline or placebo (82841,104923). Some research also shows that vitamin B12 may be beneficial in combination with other ingredients. Studies have evaluated products containing vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin or cyanocobalamin), benfotiamine, and vitamin B6 daily for 9-12 weeks (82931,82939); and vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin) 2 mg, folic acid (L-methylfolate) 3 mg, and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate) 35 mg (Metanx; Pamlab) daily for 24 weeks (90375).
Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for reducing diarrhea in children. Details: Preliminary clinical research in children aged 6-30 months from low- and middle-income countries shows that taking vitamin B12 at twice the recommended dietary allowance, with or without folic acid, does not reduce the risk for diarrhea when compared with placebo (90391).
Fatigue. It is unclear if intramuscular vitamin B12 is beneficial for improving well-being in those with fatigue or tiredness. Details: A small crossover trial in patients complaining of tiredness or fatigue shows that receiving intramuscular injections of vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin) 5 mg twice weekly for 2 weeks seems to improve general well-being and happiness, and has a trend toward improving fatigue, when compared with placebo (10127). The validity of this study is limited by a large drop-out rate and unstandardized outcome measures.
Hearing loss. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with adenosine triphosphate; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small observational study in adults with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss has found that taking vitamin B12 1.5 mg with adenosine triphosphate 300 mg daily for 8-16 weeks is associated with modestly reduced hearing loss at 4-6 months after starting treatment when compared with taking the combination for less than 8 weeks (104924). This finding is limited due to its observational nature and lack of a control group.
Hepatitis C. It is unclear if intramuscular vitamin B12 is beneficial for sustaining viral response in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Details: A small clinical study in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection shows that intramuscular vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 5000 mcg every 4 weeks along with standard care improves sustained viral response when compared with standard of care alone (90386).
Hypertriglyceridemia. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for reducing triglyceride levels. Details: Some evidence shows that taking vitamin B12 7.5 mcg with fish oil 5 grams might be superior to fish oil alone when used daily to reduce total serum cholesterol and triglycerides. This suggests vitamin B12 might have an independent effect in lowering serum cholesterol and triglycerides, but further investigation is needed to confirm this effect (8694).
Infant development. It is unclear if taking oral vitamin B12 during pregnancy is beneficial for improving infant development. Giving oral vitamin B12 to infants does not seem to be beneficial. Details: Clinical research shows that supplementation with vitamin B12 50 mcg daily from less than 14 weeks gestation until 6 weeks postpartum does not improve cognitive development in infants by 9 months of age when compared with placebo (96174). When these children were evaluated at 30 months of age, a very small benefit of vitamin B12 on expressive language was identified; however, there was no effect on cognition, receptive language, fine motor skills, or gross motor skills (100169). It is unknown whether a longer duration of postpartum supplementation or supplementation in specific populations might be beneficial. Vitamin B12 supplementation in infants has also been evaluated. A large clinical trial in marginally stunted Nepalese infants aged 6-11 months shows that giving vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) 2 mcg daily for 12 months reduces homocysteine levels, but does not improve motor or cognitive development, when compared with placebo (104926).
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for IBD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for this condition.
Lung cancer. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: The association between vitamin B12 and lung cancer is unclear. Some population research found no relationship between blood levels of vitamin B12 and lung cancer (9454). However, other observational research involving over 5,000 case-control pairs found that higher vitamin B12 levels are linked with an increased risk for lung cancer (102383). It is unclear if increased intake of vitamin B12, either through the diet or supplementation, directly affects the risk of lung cancer.
Male infertility. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A retrospective study in adult males with idiopathic and varicocele-related infertility suggests that taking a combination product containing vitamin B12 1.5 mcg, L-carnitine, acetyl L-carnitine, citric acid, selenium, coenzyme Q10, vitamin C, zinc, and folic acid (Proxeed Plus) twice daily for 6 months is associated with improvements in ejaculate volume, sperm count, sperm concentration, total motility, and progressive motility in patients with idiopathic infertility when compared to baseline. However, improvement in sperm morphology was lacking. Furthermore, patients with more severe varicocele seem to benefit most, especially with regard to progressive motility (111296). The validity of these findings is limited by a lack of comparator group. Further, it is unclear if these effects are due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Multiple sclerosis (MS). Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for MS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for this condition.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for NAFLD. Details: A small clinical study in adults with NAFLD shows that taking vitamin B12 1000 mcg daily for 12 weeks reduces serum levels of homocysteine but has no effect on serum aminotransferases, measures of steatosis, fibrosis scores, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, measures of insulin resistance, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when compared with placebo (111555).
Pancreatic cancer. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for reducing the risk of pancreatic cancer. Details: Most population research has found that increased intake of vitamin B12, as a supplement or in the diet, is not associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (9327,104927). However, a small, retrospective population study in which smoking and non-smoking adults recalled past eating habits found that increased dietary intake of vitamin B12 is associated with a 33% reduction in pancreatic cancer risk (97976). These conflicting findings may be related to study methodology, as well as the age, gender, or smoking status of the included patients.
Periodontitis. Although there is interest in using oral vitamin B12 for periodontitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of vitamin B12 for this condition.
Peripheral neuropathy. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific product containing vitamin B12 3 mcg, folic acid 400 mcg, and uridine monophosphate 50 mg (Keltican) daily for 60 days reduces pain by 44% and decreases analgesic use by over 75% when compared to baseline in patients with peripheral neuropathy, including those with lumbar/lumbosacral radiculopathy, sciatic pain, and cervical radiculopathy (90384). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a control group. Furthermore, it is unclear if the benefits are due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Psoriasis. Topical vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that a specific cream containing vitamin B12 and avocado oil (Regividerm, Regeneratio Pharma AG) reduces symptoms of psoriasis as effectively as calcipotriol ointment (Psorcutan) after 12 weeks of therapy. The vitamin B12 combination cream also causes less irritation than calcipotriol (14909). It is unclear if the benefits are due to vitamin B12, other ingredients, or the combination.
Respiratory tract infections. A small study suggests that oral vitamin B12 does not reduce the rate of respiratory tract infections in children. Details: Preliminary clinical research in children aged 6-30 months from low-and middle-income countries suggests that taking vitamin B12 at twice the recommended dietary allowance with or without folic acid does not reduce the risk for lower respiratory tract infections when compared with placebo (90391).
Schizophrenia. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research shows that taking a combination of vitamin B12 400 mcg and folic acid 2 mg daily for 16 weeks improves negative symptoms when compared with placebo in patients with schizophrenia who have persistent symptoms and a specific genetic variant of the folate transporter gene FOLHI. This variant normally results in reduced folate absorption. However, in patients without this genetic variant, folate is not beneficial with respect to negative symptom improvement (90387).
Sickle cell disease. Oral vitamin B12 has only been evaluated in combination with other B vitamins; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with sickle cell disease shows that taking vitamin B12 4.2-6 mcg, folic acid 700 mcg, and vitamin B6 4.2-6 mg daily might lower homocysteine levels. However, it is unknown if this will reduce the risk of endothelial damage in these patients (9324).
Stroke. It is unclear if oral vitamin B12, either alone or with other B vitamins, is beneficial for stroke prevention. Details: Epidemiological research has found that people with a higher intake of vitamin B12 from dietary sources do not have a reduced risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (14316). A number of clinical studies and meta-analyses show that supplementation with folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, alone or in combination, does not reduce the risk of stroke in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or impaired kidney function (11387,13482,50420,50423,83050,90379,90380,96150). However, a more recent meta-analysis of 10 clinical trials including over 44,000 patients shows that B vitamin supplementation modestly reduces the relative risk of stroke by 10% when compared with placebo in patients at risk or with a history of CVD (97619). This meta-analysis differed from some of the earlier analyses due to the inclusion of several additional clinical trials. Also, a meta-analysis in adults with a history of stroke shows that B vitamin supplementation modestly reduces the relative risk of stroke recurrence by 13% and vascular death by 11% when compared with placebo (107136). In 2001, prior to the publication of the highest quality research on this topic, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed a qualified health claim stating that, as part of a well-balanced diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol, folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 may reduce the risk of vascular disease (102368). Unfortunately, even after the publication of higher quality research, it is still unclear which specific combination of B vitamins is optimal and which patients are most likely to benefit. One network meta-analysis suggests that a combination of folic acid and vitamin B6 lowers the risk of stroke more effectively than B vitamin mixtures that include vitamin B12 (96165). However, this analysis is limited because it didn't account for dosing. Another meta-analysis suggests that exposure to low, but not high, amounts of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) seems to reduce stroke risk (96150).
Tinnitus. It is unclear if intramuscular vitamin B12 is beneficial in patients with tinnitus. Details: A small clinical study shows that intramuscular vitamin B12 2500 mcg weekly for 6 weeks reduces tinnitus severity by 22% when compared to baseline in patients with chronic tinnitus and vitamin B12 deficiency, but not in patients with normal levels of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 does not improve pitch or volume in either group of patients (96170). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a control group.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is unclear if oral vitamin B12 is beneficial for preventing VTE. Details: Epidemiological research has found that low levels of vitamin B12 are associated with an increased risk for VTE. However, clinical trials evaluating the use of B vitamins for prevention of VTE have shown conflicting results (90398). More evidence is needed to rate vitamin B12 for these uses.

Safety view details

Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

APPLE CIDER VINEGAR (organic Apple Cider Vinegar)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in food amounts.

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term for medicinal purposes. Apple cider vinegar has been safely used in short-term studies for up to 12 weeks (17609,17614,97310).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used topically. Topical application of apple cider vinegar has been reported to cause chemical burns in at least three patients. Mild skin irritation is common (91662,93074,101172). ...when used orally in large amounts, long-term. A case of hypokalemia, hyperreninemia, and osteoporosis has been reported for a patient who consumed apple cider vinegar 250 mL daily for 6 years (31730).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

BACILLUS COAGULANS (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when taken orally and appropriately. Bacillus coagulans spores in doses up to 6 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies for up to 3 months (92726,92730,92734,92735,92736,92739,92740,104231,105169)(107611,107612,107614). Lower doses of B. coagulans up to 100 million CFUs daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies for up to one year (92738). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of non-viable, heat-killed B. coagulans formulations when used orally.

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when taken orally and appropriately. Bacillus coagulans spores in doses up to 100 million colony-forming units (CFUs) daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies in infants of most ages for up to one year (92729,92733,92738) and in doses of one billion CFUs in children aged 6-8 years for 3 months (107615). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Bacillus coagulans in preterm infants with a birth weight under 1000 grams. Cases of bacteremia have occurred rarely in preterm infants given other probiotics (102416,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning about cases of serious infections caused by probiotics reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to these infants due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy (111608).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when taken orally and appropriately. Some strains of B. subtilis are considered "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) for use in food (110841). Bacillus subtilis has been used with apparent safety in clinical studies. B. subtilis strains BS50, B2335, CU1, MB40, MY02, or R0179 have been used with apparent safety in doses of 2-10 billion colony forming units (CFUs) daily for 2-8 weeks (107611,110841,110843,110846,110847,110848,110854,110859). One specific product, B. subtilis DE111, has been used with apparent safety in doses of one billion CFUs daily for 12 weeks or 5 billion CFUs daily for 10 weeks (110850). Another specific product (Medilac-S), containing a combination of B. subtilis R0179 and Enterococcus faecalis, has been used with apparent safety in doses providing up to 300 million CFUs of B. subtilis daily for up to 96 weeks (110853,110860).

CHILDREN:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Bacillus subtilis in children of any age. Cases of bacteremia have occurred rarely in preterm infants given other probiotics (102416,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning about cases of serious infections caused by probiotics reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to these infants due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy (111608).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available when used in doses higher than those found in foods; avoid using.

VITAMIN B12

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally, topically, intravenously, intramuscularly, or intranasally and appropriately. Vitamin B12 is generally considered safe, even in large doses (15,1344,1345,1346,1347,1348,2909,6243,7289,7881)(9414,9416,10126,14392,15765,82832,82949,82860,82864,90386)(111551,111554).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts that do not exceed the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The RDA for vitamin B12 during pregnancy is 2.6 mcg daily (6243). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of larger amounts of vitamin B12 during pregnancy.

LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts that do not exceed the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). The RDA of vitamin B12 during lactation is 2.8 mcg daily (6243). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of larger amounts of vitamin B12 while breastfeeding.

Interactions with Drugs view details

Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

APPLE CIDER VINEGAR (organic Apple Cider Vinegar)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination.

Severity = Mild • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = B

Theoretically, taking apple cider vinegar with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Details

Apple cider vinegar might reduce fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels and decrease gastric emptying in people with diabetes (17609,17614,106285,106287). However, not all research agrees (106284). Theoretically, it might have additive effects on glucose levels when used with antidiabetes drugs.

DIGOXIN (Lanoxin)

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, concomitant use of apple cider vinegar with digoxin might increase the risk of cardiac toxicity.

Details

A case of hypokalemia related to chronic use of apple cider vinegar has been reported (5911). Theoretically, overuse of apple cider vinegar could decrease potassium levels, increasing the risk of toxicity with digoxin.

DIURETIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, concomitant use of apple cider vinegar with diuretic drugs might increase the risk of hypokalemia.

Details

A case of hypokalemia related to chronic use of apple cider vinegar has been reported (5911). There is some concern that people taking apple cider vinegar along with potassium depleting diuretics might have an increased risk for hypokalemia.

INSULIN

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = High • Occurrence = Possible • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, concomitant use of apple cider vinegar with insulin might increase the risk of hypokalemia.

Details

A case of hypokalemia related to chronic use of apple cider vinegar has been reported (5911). Theoretically, overuse of apple cider vinegar concomitantly with insulin might increase the risk of hypokalemia (5911).

BACILLUS COAGULANS (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2)

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Mild • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, taking antibiotics with Bacillus coagulans might decrease the effectiveness of B. coagulans.

Details

B. coagulans preparations usually contain live and active organisms. Therefore, simultaneously taking antibiotics might kill a significant number of the organisms. Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and B. coagulans preparations by at least two hours.

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS

Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination.

Severity = Moderate • Occurrence = Probable • Level of Evidence = D

Theoretically, taking Bacillus subtilis with antibiotic drugs might decrease the effectiveness of B. subtilis.

Details

Since B. subtilis preparations usually contain live and active organisms, simultaneously taking antibiotics might kill a significant number of the organisms (1740). Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and B. subtilis preparations by at least 2 hours.

VITAMIN B12

None known.

Report an Adverse Reaction to Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies

Adverse Effects view details

Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.

APPLE CIDER VINEGAR (organic Apple Cider Vinegar)

General ...In food amounts, apple cider vinegar is well tolerated. It seems to be well tolerated when used orally, short-term for medicinal purposes. However, in larger amounts, long-term use may be unsafe.
Topically, apple cider vinegar may be unsafe.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Hypokalemia, hyperreninemia, and osteoporosis have been reported with long-term use.
Topically: Chemical burns, skin irritation.

Dermatologic ...Topically, apple cider vinegar may cause chemical burns. There is one published report of an individual who developed a chemical burn caused by a single topical application of apple cider vinegar containing 5% acetic acid to the skin (91662). Another case of chemical burn has been reported for a 14-year-old patient who applied apple cider vinegar to the skin for 3 days to remove a nevi. Symptoms included erythema, irritation, and non-inflammatory skin erosion. Symptoms were treated by applying mupirocin 2% ointment twice a day for several weeks and using sunscreen on the erosion and surrounding skin (93074). In one clinical trial, use of 0.5% apple cider vinegar soaks commonly caused skin irritation. One patient in this study experienced a nonpruritic papular rash, while another patient experienced severe pruritis with burning and erosion (101172). In another report, a female had an apple cider vinegar tablet lodged in the throat for 30 minutes, resulting in tenderness and pain in the larynx and difficulty swallowing for 6 months following the incident. This was thought to be due to the acid content of the tablet (13183).

Renal ...There is one published report of an individual who developed hypokalemia, elevated renin levels, high positive urinary anion gap, and osteoporosis after ingesting apple cider vinegar 250 mL per day for 6 years. The osteoporosis was attributed to buffering of the acute acid load by bone, and the other effects were attributed to significant bicarbonate excretion (31730).

BACILLUS COAGULANS (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2)

General ...Orally, Bacillus coagulans is well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: There is concern that probiotics may cause infections in some people.

Immunologic ...Since many probiotic preparations contain live and active microorganisms, there is some concern that they might cause pathogenic infection in some patients. Bacteremia and sepsis have been reported in patients with indwelling or central venous catheters or patients who are severely ill and/or immunocompromised, including preterm infants, that were using probiotic products (4380,8561,13008,13070,90298,102416,103444,105138,105140,105141)(107543,107597,107599,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). However, reports of pathogenic colonization in relatively healthy patients with intact immune systems who do not have indwelling or central venous catheters are extremely rare (4380,4389,4390,4391,4393,4398,105139,107543,107545,107546,107547).

General ...Orally, Bacillus subtilis seems to be well tolerated by most patients.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: There is concern that B. subtilis may cause bacteremia in certain patients.

Dermatologic ...Orally, itching and redness were reported rarely (110848).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, diarrhea has been reported rarely (110846).

Immunologic ...There are cases of Bacillus subtilis var. natto bacteremia and meningitis in patients with frequent consumption of natto, soybeans fermented with B. subtilis var. natto (110844,110862). A 70-year-old female recovered from bacteremia after this consumption was stopped and she was treated with vancomycin. It was hypothesized that this infection was due to an immunocompromised state related to age, type 2 diabetes, kidney failure, multiple myeloma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and treatment with immunosuppressive therapy (110844). In a 67-year-old female, bacterial entry was suspected to be related to erosion of her esophagus (110862).
There have been other rare cases of bacteremia or infections due to B. subtilis. These cases are unlikely to be related to intake or supplementation but to an immunocompromised state and/or introduction of bacteria to the body via non-oral routes. Cases of bacteremia include a newborn infant with sepsis, an adult with esophageal perforation, and a patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation subjected to contaminated materials (110834,110837,110840). There is also a case of cholangitis in a 15-year-old child with a recent kidney transplant related to polycystic kidney disease (110838).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, one case of headache was reported in a clinical trial (110847).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, two cases of nasal obstruction were reported in a clinical trial (110847).

Other ...Orally, an acute episode of mild pain was reported in a clinical trial (110847).

VITAMIN B12

General ...Orally, intramuscularly, and topically, vitamin B12 is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Intramuscular: Injection site reactions.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Intramuscularly: Severe hypokalemia has been rarely linked with correction of megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B12.

Cardiovascular ...In human clinical research, an intravenous loading dose of folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, followed by daily oral administration after coronary stenting, increased restenosis rates (12150). Hypertension following intravenous administration of hydroxocobalamin has been reported in human research (82870,82864).

Dermatologic ...Orally or intramuscularly, vitamin B12 can cause allergic reaction such as rash, pruritus, erythema, and urticaria. Theoretically, allergic reactions might be caused by the cobalt within the vitamin B12 molecule (82864,90373,90381,103974). In one case report, oral methylcobalamin resulted in contact dermatitis in a 59-year-old Japanese woman with a cobalt allergy (103974). Vitamin B12 (intramuscular or oral) has also been associated with at least 19 cases of acneiform eruptions which resolved upon discontinuation of vitamin B12 (90365,90369,90388). High-dose vitamin B12 (20 mcg daily) and vitamin B6 (80 mg daily) have been associated with cases of rosacea fulminans characterized by intense erythema with nodules, papules, and pustules. Symptoms may last up to four months after the supplement is stopped and can be treated with systemic corticosteroids and topical therapy (10998,82870,82871).

Gastrointestinal ...Intravenously, vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin) 2. 5-10 grams can cause nausea and dysphagia (82864).

Genitourinary ...Intravenously, vitamin B12 (hydroxocobalamin) 5-15 grams has been associated with chromaturia in clinical research (82870,82871).

Hematologic ...According to case report data, the correction of megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B12 may result in fatal hypokalemia (82914).

Musculoskeletal ...According to case report data, correction of megaloblastic anemia with vitamin B12 has precipitated gout in susceptible individuals (82879).

Neurologic/CNS ...Treatment with vitamin B12 has been rarely associated with involuntary movements in infants with vitamin B12 deficiency (90370,90385,90397). In some cases these adverse reactions were misdiagnosed as seizures or infantile tremor syndrome (90370,90385). These adverse reactions presented 2-5 days after treatment with vitamin B12 and resolved once vitamin B12 was discontinued (90370,90385,90397).

Oncologic ...Although some epidemiological research disagrees (9454), most research has found that elevated plasma levels of vitamin B12 are associated with an increased risk of various types of cancer, including lung and prostate cancers and solid tumors (50411,102383,107743). One study found, when compared with blood levels of vitamin B12 less than 1000 ng/mL, plasma vitamin B12 levels of at least 1000 ng/mL was strongly associated with the occurrence of solid cancer (107743). It is unclear if increased intake of vitamin B12, either through the diet or supplementation, directly affects the risk of cancer. It is possible that having cancer increases the risk of vitamin B12 elevation. However, one observational study has found that the highest quintile of dietary intake of vitamin B12 is associated with a 75% increased incidence of developing esophageal cancer when compared with the lowest quintile in never drinkers, but not drinkers (107147).

Renal ...There is a case report of oxalate nephropathy in a 54-year-old male which was determined to be related to the use of intravenous hydroxocobalamin as treatment for cyanide poisoning. Intermittent hemodialysis was started 5 days after admission, along with a low-oxalate diet, oral calcium acetate, and pyridoxine 5 mg/kg daily (107148). A review of the use of intravenous hydroxocobalamin for suspected cyanide poisoning in 21 intensive care units in France between 2011 and 2017 resulted in a 60% increased odds of acute kidney injury and a 77% increased odds of severe acute kidney injury in the first week. However, biopsies were not conducted and a direct link with use of hydroxocobalamin could not be made (107139).

Other ...Several studies have found that higher vitamin B12 levels may be associated with increased mortality or decreased survival rates in hospitalized elderly patients (82889,82812,82857,82895). Human research has also found a positive correlation between vitamin B12 status and all-cause mortality in Pima Indians with diabetes (82863).

Report an Adverse Reaction to Apple Cider Vinegar Probiotic Gummies