Ingredients | Not Present |
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(Olea europaea )
(fruit)
(Extra Virgin Olive Oil)
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Essential Oils
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(Mentha piperita )
(leaf)
(Peppermint)
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(Eugenia caryophyllata )
(bud)
(Clove)
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(Origanum vulgare )
(leaf)
(Oregano)
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(Melaleuca alternifolia )
(leaf)
(Tea Tree)
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(Rosmarinus officinalis )
(leaf)
(Rosemary)
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Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Mouth & Gum Oil. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Mouth & Gum Oil. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Clove, clove oil, and eugenol have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when clove oil is applied topically (272). A clove oil 1% cream has been applied to the anus with apparent safety for up to 6 weeks (43487). A liposome-based product containing clove oil 45% has been applied to the palms with apparent safety for up to 2 weeks (100596).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when clove smoke is inhaled. Smoking clove cigarettes can cause respiratory injury (17,43599). ...when clove oil is injected intravenously. This can cause pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, and acute dyspnea (16384). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using clove orally in medicinal amounts.
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when clove oil is taken orally.
Ingesting 5-10 mL of undiluted clove oil has been linked to reports of coagulopathy, liver damage, and other serious side effects in infants and children up to 3 years of age (6,17,43385,43395,43419,43457,43652).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods (4912).
Clove, clove oil, and eugenol have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using clove in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when olive fruit is used orally and appropriately in amounts commonly found in foods.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when olive leaf extract is used orally and appropriately. Olive leaf extract providing 51-100 mg oleuropein daily has been used with apparent safety for 6-8 weeks (92245,92247,101860). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of olive fruit extract when used in amounts greater than those found in foods.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; stick with amounts commonly found in foods.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Oregano leaf and oil have Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oregano when used orally in amounts greater than those found in food. There is also insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oregano when used topically. Oregano oil in concentrations of greater than 1% may be irritating when applied to mucous membranes (67348,88188).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts.
Oregano is thought to have abortifacient and emmenagogue effects (19,7122,19104).
LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of oregano when used in medicinal amounts; avoid amounts greater than those found in food.
LIKELY SAFE ...when peppermint oil is used orally, topically, or rectally in medicinal doses. Peppermint oil has been safely used in multiple clinical trials (3801,3804,6190,6740,6741,10075,12009,13413,14467,17681)(17682,68522,96344,96360,96361,96362,96363,96364,96365,99493).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when peppermint leaf is used orally and appropriately, short-term. There is some clinical research showing that peppermint leaf can be used safely for up to 8 weeks (12724,13413). The long-term safety of peppermint leaf in medicinal doses is unknown. ...when peppermint oil is used by inhalation as aromatherapy (7107). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using intranasal peppermint oil.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally for medicinal purposes.
Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules have been used with apparent safety under medical supervision in children 8 years of age and older (4469).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (96361).
There is insufficient information available about the safety of using peppermint in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts typically found in foods. Rosemary has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the leaf is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (18). Powdered rosemary leaf has been used with apparent safety as a single dose of up to 1.5 grams (18246,91731) or at a dose of 1-4 grams daily for up to 8 weeks (91727,98536,105327,109561). ...when the essential oil is used topically and appropriately for up to 7 months (5177,91729,109560). ...when the essential oil is used by inhalation as aromatherapy, short-term (7107,18323,105324,109559).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when the essential oil or very large quantities of rosemary leaf are used orally. Ingestion of undiluted rosemary oil or very large quantities of rosemary leaf can cause serious adverse effects (18,515).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts.
Rosemary might have uterine and menstrual flow stimulant effects (4,12,18), and might increase metabolism of estradiol and estrone (18331); avoid using. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of rosemary when used topically during pregnancy.
LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using rosemary in medicinal amounts during lactation; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately for up to 12 weeks (1538,4028,4031,4445,7032,8573,19157,19158,19159,19163)(19318,109944,109945).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when used orally. Tea tree oil has been reported to cause significant toxicity when used orally (4028,10011,19166,19168,19170,109947).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately.
Tea tree oil 5% preparations have been used with apparent safety in children (8573).
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Ingestion of tea tree oil can be toxic (4030,10010,10013,11799).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately (512).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Ingestion of tea tree oil can be toxic (515).
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Mouth & Gum Oil. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, clove oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, concomitant use of clove extracts with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Clinical and laboratory research suggest that polyphenol extracts from clove flower buds might lower blood glucose levels (100595). Dosing adjustments for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents may be necessary when taken with clove. Monitor blood glucose levels closely.
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Theoretically, topical application of clove oil with ibuprofen might increase the absorption and side effects of topical ibuprofen.
Details
Laboratory research shows that topical application of clove oil increases the absorption of topical ibuprofen (98854). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, oregano might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, peppermint oil might increase the levels and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
Details
In animal research, peppermint oil inhibits cyclosporine metabolism and increases cyclosporine levels. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) may be partially responsible for this interaction (11784). An interaction between peppermint oil and cyclosporine has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
In vitro and animal research shows that peppermint oil and peppermint leaf inhibit CYP1A2 (12479,12734). However, in clinical research, peppermint tea did not significantly affect the metabolism of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate. It is possible that the 6-day duration of treatment may have been too short to identify a difference (96359).
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Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that peppermint oil inhibits CYP2C19 (12479). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that peppermint oil inhibits CYP2C9 (12479). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, peppermint might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, rosemary may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, taking rosemary with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Animal research shows that rosemary extract can decrease blood glucose levels in diabetic models (71821,71923). However, research in humans is conflicting. Although rosemary powder decreased blood glucose levels in healthy adults (105327), no change in blood glucose levels was seen in adults with type 2 diabetes, most of whom were taking antidiabetes drugs (105323,105327).
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Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as aspirin.
Details
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylates (18330).
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Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as choline magnesium trisalicylate.
Details
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylate (18330).
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Theoretically, rosemary might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A1 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, rosemary might decrease the levels and clinical effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, rosemary might have additive effects with salicylate-containing drugs such as salsalate.
Details
Rosemary is reported to contain salicylate (18330).
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Mouth & Gum Oil. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, clove is well tolerated when consumed as a spice; however, clove oil in doses of only 5-10 mL can be toxic in children.
Topically, clove is generally well tolerated. When inhaled or used intravenously, clove may be unsafe.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Burning, contact dermatitis, dental decay, itching, mucous membrane irritation, tingling, ulcers.
Inhaled: Dental decay, hypertension, itching, tachycardia.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Liver failure, respiratory distress.
Inhaled: Pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, respiratory distress.
Cardiovascular ...Smoking clove cigarettes increases heart rate and systolic blood pressure (12892).
Dental ...Population research has found that the risk of dental decay is increased in clove cigarette smokers (43332). Repeated topical application of clove in the mouth can cause gingival damage and skin and mucous membrane irritation (4,272,512). Eugenol, a constituent of clove and a material commonly found in dentistry, has been associated with side effects including gum inflammation and irritation (43365,43373,43522).
Dermatologic ...The American Dental Association has accepted clove for professional use, but not nonprescription use, due to potential damage to soft tissue that may be induced by clove application. In clinical research, small aphthous-like ulcers appeared in the area of the mouth where clove gel was applied in four participants (43448). Skin irritation and stinging have been reported with clove oil application (43338,43626). In a 24-year-old, exposure to a clove oil spill resulted in permanent local anesthesia and anhidrosis, or lack of sweating, at the affected area (43626).
Endocrine ...A case of hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis have been reported after administration of one teaspoon of clove oil to a seven-month-old infant (43457). A case of electrolyte imbalance following accidental ingestion by a seven-month-old has also been reported (6).
Hematologic ...A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation has been reported in a 2-year-old patient after consuming between 5-10 mL of clove oil. The patient was treated with heparin, fresh frozen plasma, protein C, factor VII, and antithrombin III. On the fifth day, the patient started to improve and made a full recovery (43652).
Hepatic ...There are three cases of hepatic failure occurring in children after ingestion of 5-10 mL of clove oil (43395,43419,43652). Liver injury also occurred in a 3-year-old male (96949). These patients were successfully treated with N-acetylcysteine. The course of liver injury seems to be milder and shorter with early N-acetylcysteine treatment (43395,43419,96949). Another patient, who also presented with disseminated intravascular coagulation, was successfully treated with heparin, fresh frozen plasma, protein C, factor VII, and antithrombin III (43652).
Immunologic ...Contact dermatitis and urticaria has been reported following topical exposure to clove oil or eugenol, a constituent of clove oil (12635,43339,43606,43346).
Neurologic/CNS ...CNS depression has been reported in a 7-month-old who was given one teaspoon of clove oil accidentally in place of mineral oil for diarrhea. The patient was successfully treated with supportive care and gastric lavage (43457). A case of confusion and inability to speak has been reported secondary to oral exposure to clove oil and alcohol. The patient required intubation and was successfully treated with thiamine and normal saline (43580). Seizure and coma have been reported in a two-year-old male after ingesting 5-10 mL of clove oil (43652).
Pulmonary/Respiratory
...Clove cigarettes have been associated with throat and chest tightness (43337), pulmonary edema (43618), and fatal aspiration pneumonitis (43599).
The causative factor may be clove alone or clove along with other substances found in cigarettes. Clove cigarettes contain significant amounts of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide and increase plasma levels of nicotine and exhaled carbon monoxide, which might cause long-term health effects similar to tobacco smoking (12892). According to the American Medical Association, inhaling clove cigarette smoke has been associated with severe lung injury in a few susceptible individuals with prodromal respiratory infection. Also, some individuals with normal respiratory tracts have apparently suffered aspiration pneumonitis as the result of a diminished gag reflex induced by a local anesthetic action of eugenol, which is volatilized into the smoke (43602).
Intravenous injection of clove oil in a 32-year-old female resulted in hypoxia, acute dyspnea, interstitial and alveolar infiltrates, and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The patient was managed with supplemental oxygen and recovered over the next seven days (16384).
Occupational exposure to eugenol, a constituent of clove, has also been reported to cause asthma and rhinitis (43492).
Renal ...Proteinuria and other urinary abnormalities were observed in a seven-month-old infant given one teaspoon of clove oil accidentally in place of mineral oil for diarrhea. The patient was successfully treated with supportive care and gastric lavage (43457).
General
...Orally, olive fruit is well tolerated when used in typical food amounts.
Olive leaf extract seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Headache and stomach discomfort.
Dermatologic ...Orally, one patient in one clinical trial reported bad skin and acne after using olive leaf extract (101860).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, three patients in one clinical trial reported stomach ache after using olive leaf extract (101860).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, three patients in one clinical trial reported headache after using olive leaf extract (101860).
Psychiatric ...In one case report, a 67-year-old female experienced irritability, anger, a lack of control, and feelings of sadness and negativity after consuming a multi-ingredient product containing olive leaf extract 5 grams, horseradish root, and eyebright daily for 38 days. All psychiatric symptoms disappeared within days of stopping the combined product. It is hypothesized that the hydroxytyrosol component of olive leaf extract contributed to these symptoms due to its chemical similarity to dopamine; however, it is not clear if these symptoms were due to the olive leaf extract or to the other ingredients (96245).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Olive tree pollen can cause seasonal respiratory allergy (1543).
General
...Orally, oregano is well tolerated when used in amounts typically found in foods.
There is currently a limited amount of information available about the safety of oregano when used in larger amounts as medicine.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal upset.
Topically: Dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Systemic allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, in sensitive individuals.
Dermatologic ...Oregano has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis (46902). Topically, oregano oil in concentrations of greater than 1% has been reported to cause irritation when applied to mucous membranes (67348,88188).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, large amounts of oregano can cause gastrointestinal upset. Concentrated, non-emulsified oil of oregano can cause localized irritation of the gastrointestinal tract (6878).
Immunologic ...Systemic allergic reactions have been reported with oregano. A 45-year-old male developed pruritus, respiratory difficulty, hypotension, swelling of the lips and tongue, and facial edema after ingesting pizza seasoned with oregano. He had 2 similar episodes after ingesting foods seasoned with thyme, another member of the Lamiaceae family. He did not react to similar foods without the seasoning, and he had positive skin tests to plants of the Lamiaceae family (3705).
General
...Orally, topically, or rectally, peppermint oil is generally well tolerated.
Inhaled,
peppermint oil seems to be well tolerated. Intranasally, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted. Orally, peppermint leaf seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, anal burning, belching, diarrhea, dry mouth, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting.
Topically: Burning, dermatitis, irritation, and redness.
Dermatologic
...Topically, peppermint oil can cause skin irritation, burning, erythema, and contact dermatitis (3802,11781,31528,43338,68473,68457,68509,96361,96362).
Also, a case of severe mucosal injury has been reported for a patient who misused an undiluted over the counter mouthwash that contained peppermint and arnica oil in 70% alcohol (19106).
In large amounts, peppermint oil may cause chemical burns when used topically or orally. A case of multiple burns in the oral cavity and pharynx, along with edema of the lips, tongue, uvula, and soft palate, has been reported for a 49-year-old female who ingested 40 drops of pure peppermint oil. Following treatment with intravenous steroids and antibiotics, the patient's symptoms resolved over the course of 2 weeks (68432). Also, a case of chemical burns on the skin and skin necrosis has been reported for a 35-year-old male who spilled undiluted peppermint oil on a previous skin graft (68572). Oral peppermint oil has also been associated with burning mouth syndrome and chronic mouth ulceration in people with contact sensitivity to peppermint (6743). Also, excessive consumption of mint candies containing peppermint oil has been linked to cases of stomatitis (13114).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, peppermint oil can cause heartburn, nausea and vomiting, anal or perianal burning, abdominal pain, belching, dry mouth, diarrhea, and increased appetite (3803,6740,6741,6742,10075,11779,11789,17682,68497,68514)(68532,68544,96344,96360,102602,104219,107955). Enteric-coated capsules might help to reduce the incidence of heartburn (3802,4469,6740,11777). However, in one clinical study, a specific enteric-coated formulation of peppermint oil (Pepogest; Nature's Way) taken as 180 mg three times daily was associated with a higher rate of adverse effects when compared with placebo (48% versus 31%, respectively). Specifically, of the patients consuming this product, 11% experienced belching and 26% experienced heartburn, compared to 2% and 12%, respectively, in the placebo group (107955). A meta-analysis of eight small clinical studies in patients with irritable bowel syndrome shows that taking enteric-coated formulations of peppermint oil increases the risk of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms by 67% when compared with a control group (109980). Enteric-coated capsules can also cause anal burning in people with reduced bowel transit time (11782,11789).
Genitourinary ...Orally, a sensitive urethra has been reported rarely (102602).
Hepatic ...One case of hepatocellular liver injury has been reported following the oral use of peppermint. Symptoms included elevated liver enzymes, fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, and signs of hypersensitivity. Details on the dosage and type of peppermint consumed were unavailable (96358).
Immunologic ...One case of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, characterized by sudden onset of lip and tongue swelling, tightness of throat, and shortness of breath, has been reported in a 69-year-old male who consumed peppermint candy (89479). An allergic reaction after use of peppermint oil in combination with caraway oil has been reported in a patient with a history of bronchial asthma (96344). It is not clear if this reaction occurred in response to the peppermint or caraway components.
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, headache has been reported rarely (102602).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, peppermint has been reported to cause blurry vision (3803).
General ...Orally, rosemary seems to be well tolerated when used in appropriate medicinal amounts. Undiluted rosemary oil or very large quantities of rosemary leaf should not be consumed. Topically and as aromatherapy, rosemary seems to be well tolerated.
Dermatologic ...Topically, rosemary use can lead to photosensitivity, erythema, dermatitis, and cheilitis in hypersensitive individuals (4,6).
Immunologic
...Topically, allergic reactions can occur.
When used in the mouth, lip and gum edema have occurred (101173). When used on the skin, allergic contact dermatitis has occurred, likely due to the constituent carnosol (71715,71924,71926).
Rosemary might also cause occupational asthma. A case of occupational asthma caused by several aromatic herbs including thyme, rosemary, bay leaf, and garlic has been reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by inhalation challenges. Although all of the herbs caused immediate skin reactivity, a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) showed that garlic was the most potent allergen by weight, with rosemary and the other herbs showing less reactivity (783).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, the undiluted oil, as well as the camphor constituent of rosemary, might cause seizures (4,5,6,12868).
General
...Orally, tea tree oil can cause significant toxicity and should not be used.
Topically, tea tree oil is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Allergic reactions, burning, dryness, irritation, pruritus, redness, and stinging.
Dermatologic
...Ingestion of as little as 2.
5 mL of tea tree oil can cause petechial body rash. It can take up to a week for symptoms to resolve (10011).
Topically, tea tree oil is usually well tolerated. However, it can cause local irritation and inflammation in some patients. Treatment with topical corticosteroids may be needed in some cases (10033,13713,19176,91442,91443,109946,109947). Severe allergic contact dermatitis has also been reported (109948). Tea tree oil can cause skin dryness, and less frequently pruritus, stinging, burning, and redness in patients with acne (8573,91447,109947). It may also cause mild oral mucosal burning (4445).
Endocrine ...In one case, a prepubertal male who used a hair styling gel and shampoo product containing both tea tree oil and lavender oil developed gynecomastia. The gynecomastia resolved when the products were discontinued. It is possible that this effect was due to lavender oil, which has been associated with other cases of gynecomastia in prepubertal males (15254).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, tea tree oil can cause eucalyptus-like odor on the breath. In young children, ingestion of 10 mL or less of tea tree oil can cause this effect (4030,10010,11799).
Hematologic ...Orally, as little as 2. 5 mL of tea tree oil can cause neutrophil leukocytosis. It can take up to a week for symptoms to resolve (10011).
Immunologic
...Orally, tea tree oil can cause or worsen systemic contact dermatitis (4028,19168).
Topically, tea tree oil is usually well tolerated. However, it can cause allergic contact eczema and allergic contact dermatitis in some children and adults. Corticosteroids may be needed in some cases (658,4027,4028,4029,10015,10029,10030,10031,10032)(91443,105242,105244).
In young children, ingestion of 10 mL or less of tea tree oil can cause significant ataxia, drowsiness, disorientation, and coma (4030,10010,11799).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, tea tree oil can cause ataxia and CNS depression (109947).
Ocular/Otic ...There is some concern that topical use of tea tree oil in the middle ear for treatment of ear infections might cause ototoxicity. There is preliminary evidence from animal research that preparations of pure tea tree oil can cause ototoxicity and impaired hearing. However, so far there are no reports of ototoxicity in humans. Until more is known, tell patients to avoid pure or highly concentrated tea tree oil preparations. Concentrations of 2% seem less likely to have this effect (7025).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, tea tree oil can cause dyspnea and pneumonitis (109947).