Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
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(1:5)
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0.13 mL |
Glycerin
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Pennyroyal. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Pennyroyal. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when the essential oil is used orally or topically (4). Neurologic injury has been reported in adults consuming 2.5-5 mL of pennyroyal essential oil (5,6,9). Nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and death have been reported after ingestion of 15-30 mL (12,5601). Repeated use of an alcoholic extract of pennyroyal leaf over a period of 2 weeks has also been linked to one death (650). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using pennyroyal leaf as a tea.
CHILDREN: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
There is a report of 2 infants developing severe hepatic and neurologic injuries and one infant death after use of pennyroyal leaf tea (12,291).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or topically.
Pennyroyal essential oil has been used traditionally as an abortifacient (4,12). Pennyroyal leaf tea is reported to cause onset of menses (650).
LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or topically (4); avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Pennyroyal. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Concomitant use of pennyroyal essential oil and acetaminophen might increase the risk of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.
Details
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Pennyroyal. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, herbal teas prepared from pennyroyal leaves are typically associated with mild adverse effects.
However, pennyroyal essential oil is associated with severe adverse effects.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Pennyroyal leaf tea is associated with dizziness, nausea, and abdominal cramping. Pennyroyal essential oil is associated with severe adverse effects.
Topically: Pennyroyal essential oil can cause urticarial rashes and dermatitis.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Pennyroyal essential oil can cause acidosis, auditory and visual hallucinations, coma, confusion, death, delirium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, kidney failure, lethargy alternating with agitation, liver failure, respiratory depression, respiratory failure, restlessness, seizures, and shock.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause hypertension, shock, and tachycardia (12,5601).
Dermatologic ...Topically, pennyroyal essential oil can cause urticarial rashes and dermatitis (6,5601).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, herbal teas prepared with pennyroyal leaves can cause nausea and abdominal cramping (12). Pennyroyal essential oil causes more severe gastrointestinal effects, including abdominal pain, burning of the throat, and vomiting (12,5601).
Genitourinary ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause abortion (12,5601).
Hematologic ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (5601).
Hepatic ...The main constituent of pennyroyal essential oil, pulegone, and its metabolite menthofuran, are hepatotoxic (12). Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause liver failure (12,5601). A case report describes a 76-year-old adult who developed liver failure with duodenitis, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias after taking pennyroyal and acetaminophen concurrently (101477).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, herbal teas prepared with pennyroyal leaves can cause dizziness (12). Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause coma, dizziness, restlessness, and seizures (12,5601).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause mydriasis (12).
Psychiatric ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause agitation, auditory and visual hallucinations, confusion, delirium, and lethargy (12,5601).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause lung congestion, respiratory depression, and respiratory failure (12,5601).
Renal ...Orally, pennyroyal essential oil can cause kidney failure (12,5601).