Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
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Proprietary Blend
(Herb: Solvent Ratio 1:7 (Distilled water & neutral grain spirits 28-38% ABV))
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1902 mg |
(Stellaria media )
(aerial parts)
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(Verbena sp. )
(aerial parts)
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(Larrea sp. )
(leaf)
(Greasewood)
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(Fucus sp. )
(algae)
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(Capsicum chinense )
(fruit)
|
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(Taraxacum officinale )
(root)
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None
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product WL-S. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
There is insufficient reliable information available about the effectiveness of chaparral.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product WL-S. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts typically found in food. Capsicum has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912). ...when used topically and appropriately (7038,10650,105345). The active capsicum constituent capsaicin is an FDA-approved ingredient used in certain over-the-counter, topical preparations (272).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term in medicinal amounts. A specific sustained-release chili extract (Capsifen) has been used safely in doses of up to 200 mg daily, for up to 28 days (105196). ...when used intranasally and appropriately, short-term. Capsicum-containing nasal sprays, suspensions, and swabs seem to be safe when applied multiple times over 24 hours or when applied daily or every other day for up to 14 days. Although no serious side effects have been reported in clinical trials, intranasal application of capsicum-containing products can be very painful (14322,14324,14328,14329,14351,14352,14353,14356,14357) (14358,14359,14360,15016,105204). POSSIBLY UNSAFE when used orally, long-term or in high doses. There is concern that long-term use or use of excessive doses might be linked to hepatic or kidney damage, as well as hypertensive crisis (12404,40569,40606). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of capsicum when injected.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used topically in children under 2 years old (272).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of capsicum when used orally in children.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately (272).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term.
Capsicum 5 mg daily has been used for up to 28 days during the latter half of the second trimester and the third trimester (96457).
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately (272).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Dermatitis can sometimes occur in infants when foods heavily spiced with capsicum peppers are ingested during lactation (739). Also, observational research suggests that intake of raw capsicum peppers during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of sensitization to inhalant allergens in children by the age of 2 years (41021).
LIKELY UNSAFE ...when used orally. There are several reports of serious poisoning, acute hepatitis, and kidney and liver damage, including irreversible renal and hepatic failure (568,569,570,571,3484,3497,11121,11122,11129,41416,41445).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
There are several reports of serious poisoning, acute hepatitis, and kidney and liver damage, including irreversible renal and hepatic failure (568,569,570,571,3484,3497,11121,11122,11129,41416,41445). Advise patients not to use products containing chaparral.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in the amounts commonly found in foods (12). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of chickweed when used orally or topically as a medicine.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in the amounts commonly found in foods (12).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of chickweed when used orally in amounts greater than those found in food; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Dandelion has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (12).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using amounts greater than those in foods.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when applied topically to the skin. A gel containing 1% Fucus vesiculosus extract, applied to the skin twice daily, has been used in clinical research with apparent safety for up to 5 weeks (12799).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally due to its iodine content and possible heavy metal content. Fucus vesiculosus contains up to 0.05% iodine or 226 mcg/gram dry weight (12789,74217). Ingesting more than 150 mcg of iodine daily can cause hyperthyroidism or exacerbate existing hyperthyroidism (12788). Fucus vesiculosus can also contain heavy metals, including cadmium, arsenic, and lead, and can cause heavy metal nephropathy (12789,12800,74213).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally because it may contain iodine and heavy metals (12789,74213,74217); avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Verbena has Generally Recognized As Safe status (GRAS) for use in foods in the US (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of verbena when used orally or topically in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of verbena in medicinal amounts during pregnancy and lactation; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product WL-S. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, using topical capsaicin may increase the risk of ACE inhibitor-induced cough.
Details
There is one case report of a topically applied capsaicin cream contributing to the cough reflex in a patient using an ACEI (12414). However, it is unclear if this interaction is clinically significant.
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Theoretically, capsicum may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
In vitro research shows that capsicum might increase the effects of antiplatelet drugs (12406,12407). Also, population research shows that capsicum is associated with an increased risk of self-reported bleeding in patients taking warfarin (12405,20348). However, clinical research shows that taking a single dose of capsaicin (Asian Herbex Ltd.), the active ingredient in capsicum, 400-800 mcg orally in combination with aspirin 500 mg does not decrease platelet aggregation when compared with taking aspirin 500 mg alone. Also, there was no notable effect on measures of platelet aggregation with capsaicin (92990). It is unclear whether capsaicin must be used in more than a single dose to affect platelet aggregation.
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Theoretically, taking capsicum with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Preliminary clinical research shows that consuming capsicum 5 grams along with a glucose drink attenuates the rise in plasma glucose after 30 minutes by 21%, decreases the 2-hour postprandial area under the curve of plasma glucose by 11%, and increases the 2-hour postprandial area under the curve of plasma insulin by 58% in healthy individuals when compared with placebo (40453,40614). Other clinical research shows that taking capsicum 5 mg daily for 28 days significantly reduces postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels, but not fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, in patients with gestational diabetes (96457).
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Theoretically, taking capsicum with aspirin might reduce the bioavailability of aspirin.
Details
Animal research shows that acute or chronic intake of capsicum pepper reduces oral aspirin bioavailability (22617). This has not been shown in humans.
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Theoretically, taking capsicum with ciprofloxacin might increase levels and adverse effects of ciprofloxacin.
Details
Animal research shows that concomitant use of capsaicin, the active constituent of capsicum, and ciprofloxacin increases the bioavailability of ciprofloxacin by up to 70% (22613).
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Theoretically, taking capsicum with theophylline might increase the levels and adverse effects of theophylline.
Details
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Theoretically, chaparral might have additive adverse effects on the liver when used with hepatotoxic drugs (568,569,570,571,3497,11121,11122).
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Theoretically, taking dandelion root along with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Details
In vitro research suggests that dandelion root inhibits platelet aggregation (18291).
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the risk for hypoglycemia when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that dandelion extract may have moderate alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity and might also increase insulin secretion (13474,90926). Also, in a case report, a 58-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who was being treated with insulin developed hypoglycemia 2 weeks after beginning to eat salads containing dandelion (46960).
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that dandelion might inhibit CYP1A2 (12734). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. However, until more is known, watch for an increase in the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 in patients taking dandelion.
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the clearance of drugs that are UDP-glucuronosyltransferase substrates.
Details
There is some preliminary evidence that dandelion might induce UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, a phase II enzyme (12734).
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Theoretically, through diuretic effects, dandelion might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Details
Animal research suggests that dandelion has diuretic properties (13475). As diuretics can increase serum lithium levels, the dose of lithium might need to be decreased when taken with dandelion.
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Theoretically, dandelion might increase the risk of hyperkalemia when taken with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Details
Dandelion contains significant amounts of potassium (13465).
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Theoretically, dandelion might lower fluoroquinolone levels.
Details
Animal research shows that dandelion reduces absorption of ciprofloxacin and can lower levels by 73% (13477). However, this effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, combining Fucus vesiculosus with amiodarone might cause excessively high iodine levels.
Details
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Theoretically, taking Fucus vesiculosus with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding.
Details
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Due to its iodine content, Fucus vesiculosus might alter the effects of antithyroid drugs.
Details
Fucus vesiculosus contains high concentrations of iodine (7135). Iodine in high doses has been reported to cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on the individual's past medical history. Taking Fucus vesiculosus while using antithyroid drugs could alter the effects of the antithyroid drugs (2138,17574).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of Fucus vesiculosus with CYP2C8 substrates might increase the risk for adverse effects.
Details
In vitro research shows that fucoidan, a constituent of Fucus vesiculosus, inhibits CYP2C8 (97791). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of Fucus vesiculosus with CYP2C9 substrates might increase the risk for adverse effects.
Details
In vitro research shows that fucoidan, a constituent of Fucus vesiculosus, inhibits CYP2C9 (97791). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of Fucus vesiculosus with CYP2D6 substrates might alter the effects of these substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that fucoidan, a constituent of Fucus vesiculosus, both inhibits and induces CYP2D6 (97791). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of Fucus vesiculosus with CYP3A4 substrates might increase the risk for adverse effects.
Details
In vitro research shows that fucoidan, a constituent of Fucus vesiculosus, inhibits CYP3A4 (97791). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Concomitant use of Fucus vesiculosus and lithium has resulted in hyperthyroidism.
Details
There is a case of hyperthyroidism occurring in a patient taking Fucus vesiculosus and lithium (74217). Monitor thyroid hormones closely in patients taking lithium and Fucus vesiculosus concomitantly.
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Due to its iodine content, Fucus vesiculosus might alter the effects of thyroid hormone.
Details
Fucus vesiculosus contains high concentrations of iodine (7135). Iodine in high doses has been reported to cause both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, depending on the individual's past medical history. Taking Fucus vesiculosus while using thyroid hormone could alter the effects of thyroid hormone.
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In vitro research suggests that beta-myrcene, a terpene constituents of verbena, can significantly inhibit cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) enzyme activity (82024). Theoretically, verbena might increase levels of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
Details
Some substrates of CYP2B1 include cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, barbiturates, bromobenzene, and others.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product WL-S. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, capsicum is generally well tolerated in amounts typically found in food or when the extract is used in doses of up to 200 mg daily.
Topically and intranasally, capsaicin, a constituent of capsicum, is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Belching, bloating, burning, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gas, headache, mild constipation, nausea, rhinorrhea, skin flushing, and sweating.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Cases of myocardial infarction and hypertensive crisis have been reported.
Cardiovascular
...Orally, palpitation was reported in one clinical trial (105196).
One case of myocardial infarction has been reported in a 41-year-old male without cardiovascular risk factors; the event was attributed to the use of an oral capsicum pepper pill that the patient had been taking for weight loss (40768). Another case of coronary vasospasm and acute myocardial infarction has been reported for a healthy 29-year-old male; the event was attributed to the use of a topical capsicum-containing patch that the patient had been applying to the middle of the back for 6 days (40658). Two cases of arterial hypertensive crisis have been reported for individuals who ingested a large amount of peppers and chili peppers the day before. One of the patients also had an acute myocardial infarction, and the other had high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (40569,40606).
Dermatologic
...Orally, capsicum or its constituent capsaicin may cause urticaria and skin wheals in rare cases (96457,105203).
Topically, capsicum can cause a prickling sensation, itching, pain, burning, edema, stinging, irritation, rash, and erythema. About 1 in 10 patients who use capsaicin topically discontinue treatment because of adverse effects. These effects seem to occur more often with topical formulations containing higher concentrations of capsaicin, the active constituent of capsicum. Side effects tend to diminish with continued use (12401,15260,15261,40358,40439,40483,40547,40676,40682,40719)(40784,40847,92979,92983,92984,96453,105193,105197,105202,111514). In one case, application of a capsaicin 8% patch (Qutenza) for 60 minutes caused a second-degree burn, characterized by burning, erythema, severe pain, and blistering at the administration site. The burn was treated with topical corticosteroids, but 9 months later neuropathic pain persisted, resulting in limited mobility. It is unclear whether the mobility sequalae were caused by topical capsaicin or the patient's pre-existing neurological disorders (111514). Skin contact with fresh capsicum fruit can also cause irritation or contact dermatitis (12408).
Intranasally, capsaicin can cause nasal burning and pain in most patients. It also often causes lacrimation, sneezing, and excessive nasal secretion; however, these side effects appear to diminish with repeat applications (14323,14329,14358). In some cases, the burning sensation disappears after 5-8 applications (14351,14358). In some cases, patients are pretreated with intranasal lidocaine to decrease the pain of intranasal capsaicin treatment. However, even with lidocaine pretreatment, patients seem to experience significant pain (14324).
Gastrointestinal
...Orally, capsicum can cause upper abdominal discomfort, including irritation, fullness, dyspepsia, gas, bloating, nausea, epigastric pain and burning, anal burning, diarrhea, mild constipation, and belching (12403,12410,40338,40427,40456,40503,40560,40584,40605,40665)(40718,40725,40745,40808,40828,96456,96457,105194,105196).
There is a case report of a 3-year-old female who experienced a burning and swollen mouth and lips after touching the arm of a parent that had been treated with a capsaicin patch and then placing the fingers in the mouth (105199). Excessive amounts of capsaicin can lead to gastroenteritis and hepatic necrosis (12404). In a case report, a 40-year-old male with diabetes consumed white wine daily and chewed cayenne which was thought to result in black teeth stains and loss of enamel (40809). Some preliminary research links ingestion of capsaicin with stomach and gallbladder cancer; however the link may be due to contamination of capsaicin products with carcinogens (40771).
Topically, capsaicin can cause diarrhea and vomiting (105202).
Immunologic ...In a case report, a 34-year-old female had anaphylaxis involving difficulty breathing and stupor and also urticaria after consuming a red bell pepper, which is in the capsicum genus. The causal chemical was theorized to be 1,3-beta-glucanase (92978). In another case report, a 33-year-old female experienced angioedema, difficulty breathing and swallowing, and urticaria after ingesting raw green and red peppers (92982).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, capsicum can cause sweating and flushing of the head and neck, lacrimation, headache, faintness, and rhinorrhea (7005,12410,105196,105203). Topically, applying capsaicin can cause headache (96450,105202). Injection of capsaicin into the intermetatarsal space has also been associated with headache (96454).
Ocular/Otic
...Topically, capsicum can be extremely irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes.
Capsicum oleoresin, an oily extract in pepper self-defense sprays, causes intense eye pain. It can also cause erythema, blepharospasm, tearing, shortness of breath, and blurred vision. In rare cases, corneal abrasions have occurred (12408,12409,40345,40348,40383,40720,40857).
Inhalation of capsicum can cause eye irritation, and allergic alveolitis (5885). In a case report, a 38-year-old female had acute anterior uveitis that developed about 12 hours after using a specific patch (Isola Capsicum N Plus) that contained capsaicin 1.5 mg per patch and methyl salicylate 132 mg per patch for neck pain. The uveitis was controlled with topical steroids and did not recur (92977).
Oncologic ...Population research suggests that moderate to high intake of capsaicin, the active constituent of capsicum, is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, while low intake is associated with a decreased risk. It is not clear from the study what amount of capsaicin is considered high versus low intake (92988). Additionally, some research suggests that any link may be due to contamination of capsaicin products with carcinogens (40771).
Pulmonary/Respiratory
...Orally, difficulty breathing was reported in a clinical trial (105196).
Topically, nasopharyngitis related to the use of a cream containing capsaicin has been reported (105202).
Inhalation of capsicum and exposure to capsicum oleoresin spray can cause cough, dyspnea, pain in the nasal passages, sneezing, rhinitis, and nasal congestion (5885,15016,40522,40546,40647). In rare cases, inhalation of the capsicum oleoresin or pepper spray has caused cyanosis, apnea, respiratory arrest and death in people. Death was caused by asphyxiation probably due to acute laryngeal edema and bronchoconstriction from inhalation of the capsicum oleoresin spray (40546,40672,40837,40879).
In a case report, a 47-year-old female who was exposed to capsaicin gas for more than 20 minutes experienced acute cough, shortness of breath, short-term chest pain, wheezing, and difficulty breathing for months afterwards (92980). In rare cases, exposure to capsicum oleoresin spray resulted in apnea, pulmonary injury, cyanosis, and even respiratory arrest (40383,40546).
General
...Chaparral is generally regarded as unsafe for use.
Any benefits of therapy may not outweigh the risk of toxicity. Orally, chaparral can cause hepatoxicity, resulting in jaundice, fatigue, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dark urine, light stools, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, and anorexia (568,569,570,571,3497,11121,11122). It can also cause cirrhosis, cholestasis, cholangitis, acute hepatitis, and liver failure possibly necessitating liver transplant (3497). Consumption of chaparral tea has been associated with cystic renal disease and cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney (11129). Although some information suggests that low doses of chaparral can be used safely, a safe dose has not been established (10417).
Topically, chaparral can cause contact dermatitis (11128).
Hepatic
...Orally, chaparral can cause hepatoxicity, resulting in jaundice, fatigue, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, dark urine, light stools, nausea, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, and anorexia.
It can also cause cirrhosis, cholestasis, cholangitis, acute hepatitis, and liver failure (3497) Multiple cases of severe hepatotoxicity have been reported, including at least two cases requiring liver transplant (568,569,570,571,3497,11121,11122,41416,41445,41464).
The nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) constituent of chaparral is thought to be responsible for its hepatotoxic effect; however, the exact mechanism of toxicity is unknown (11125). Although some information suggests that low doses of chaparral can be used safely, a safe dose has not been established (10417).
Immunologic ...Topically, chaparral can cause contact dermatitis (10417,11128,41434).
Renal ...Orally, chaparral can cause kidney failure (3497). Consumption of chaparral tea has been associated with cystic renal disease and cystic adenocarcinoma of the kidney. In one case report, consumption of 3-4 cups of chaparral tea daily was associated with these symptoms (11129).
General ...Orally, chickweed is generally well tolerated when consumed in food amounts. There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of chickweed when used as a medicine. A thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Immunologic ...Topically, chickweed extract has been reported to cause contact dermatitis (13478,41587,41590).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, consumption of large amounts of chickweed tea has been associated with some poorly documented cases of human paralysis (6). There is also one case of alleged nitrate toxicity leading to paralysis, but the chickweed implicated in this case may have been contaminated with fertilizer (12).
General
...Orally, dandelion seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, heartburn, and stomach discomfort.
Topically: Dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis in sensitive individuals.
Cardiovascular ...In one report, a 39-year-old obese woman developed palpitations and syncope after taking a weight loss supplement containing a combination of dandelion, bladderwrack, and boldo for 3 weeks. The patient was found to have prolonged QT-interval on ECG and frequent episodes of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (14321). It is not clear whether dandelion, another ingredient, or the combination of ingredients is responsible for this adverse effect. The product was not analyzed to determine the presence of any potential toxic contaminants.
Dermatologic ...Topically, dandelion can cause contact dermatitis and erythema multiforme in sensitive individuals. Dandelion can cause an allergic reaction in individuals sensitive to the Asteraceae/Compositae family (13478,13481,42893,46945,46977). Members of this family include ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, daisies, and many other herbs.
Endocrine ...In one report, a 56-year-old man with renal impairment developed hyperoxalaemia and peripheral gangrene after ingesting large amounts of dandelion tea (10 to 15 cups daily for 6 months). The adverse effect was attributed to the high oxalate content of dandelion tea (258 mcmol/L) and reduced renal oxalate clearance caused by renal impairment (90639). In another report, a 58-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who was being treated with insulin developed hypoglycemic symptoms 2 weeks after beginning to eat salads containing dandelion (46960). The hypoglycemic effect was attributed to the potential alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of dandelion.
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal symptoms, including stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and heartburn, have been reported following oral use of dandelion (19146,36931). A case of intestinal blockage has been reported for a patient who ingested a large amount of dandelion greens three weeks after undergoing a stomach operation (46981). Also, a case of hemorrhagic cystitis has been reported for a 33-year-old woman who took a specific herbal product (Slim-Kombu, Balestra and Mech, Vicenza, Italy) containing 20 herbal extracts, including dandelion extract. Symptoms resolved after the patient discontinued using the product, and symptoms resumed when the patient began taking the supplement again four months later. While various ingredients in the supplement may have contributed to the symptoms, it is possible that dandelion extract may have contributed to the effect due to its diurectic, laxative, cholagogue, and antirheumatic properties (46959).
Other ...Orally, products containing dandelion pollen can cause allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis (13479,13480). Also, rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma have been reported after handling products such as bird feed containing dandelion and other herbs, with reported positive skin tests for dandelion hypersensitivity (46948). Dandelion pollen may cause pollinosis, such as allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis (18065,46951,46964,46966,46972).
General
...When used orally, Fucus vesiculosus may be unsafe due to its iodine content.
Topically, Fucus vesiculosus appears to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Thyroid cancer.
Cardiovascular ...In one report, a young adult with obesity developed palpitations and syncope after taking an oral weight loss supplement containing a combination of Fucus vesiculosus, dandelion, and boldo for 3 weeks. The patient was found to have a prolonged QT interval on ECG and frequent episodes of sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (14321). It is not clear whether Fucus vesiculosus, another ingredient, or the combination of ingredients is responsible for this adverse effect. The product was not analyzed to determine the presence of any potential toxic contaminants.
Endocrine
...Orally, Fucus vesiculosus can cause or exacerbate hyperthyroidism due to its high iodine content (12789,13061,74217).
One case of hyperthyroidism has been reported for a 60-year-old patient taking lithium for bipolar disorder and a combination product containing Fucus vesiculosus 0.125 grams, cascara 0.170 grams, and Frangula 0.222 grams per tablet for laxative purposes. The patient had been taking one tablet of the combination laxative product daily for several years. Following discontinuation of the supplement, thyroid levels normalized (74217). Similar cases of hyperthyroidism have been reported for patients taking other seaweed-containing herbal supplements (Dream Shape; Ever Youth). Analyses of these supplements shows that these products contain triiodothyronine 1 mcg and thyroxine 3-4 mcg. In addition to seaweed, Dream Shape also contains hydrangea vine, maltose, chrysanthemum, Chinese matrimony vine, and sucrose, while Ever Youth contains radish, lotus leaf, chrysanthemum, hawthorn, senna tea, and Chinese matrimony vine (13061).
Orally, prolonged use of Fucus vesiculosus has been associated with hypothyroidism (13664). The iodine in Fucus vesiculosus can cause idiosyncratic reactions.
According to the Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board, prolonged, high dietary intake of iodine is associated with goiter and an increased risk of thyroid cancer (7135).
Genitourinary ...A case of hemorrhagic cystitis characterized by dysuria and polyuria has been reported in a young adult who took a specific product (Slim-Kombu, Balestra and Mech) containing Fucus vesiculosus and 19 other herbal extracts orally for weight loss. Upon discontinuation, symptoms improved (46959). It is unclear if this effect was due to Fucus vesiculosus or other ingredients in the supplement.
Renal ...A case of hemorrhagic cystitis characterized by dysuria and polyuria has been reported in a young adult who took a specific product (Slim-Kombu, Balestra and Mech) containing Fucus vesiculosus and 19 other herbal extracts orally for weight loss. Upon discontinuation, symptoms improved (46959). It is unclear if this effect was due to Fucus vesiculosus or other ingredients in the supplement. Nephrotoxicity has been associated with oral intake of Fucus vesiculosus that was contaminated with arsenic (12800).
General
...Orally, verbena is well tolerated when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (4912).
When used in medicinal amounts and in combination with other herbs, adverse effects have included gastrointestinal adverse effects and allergic skin reactions (374,379).
Topically, verbena can cause contact dermatitis (13431).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, verbena in combination with other herbs can cause gastrointestinal adverse effects (374,379).
Immunologic ...Orally, verbena in combination with other herbs can cause allergic skin reactions (374,379). Topically, verbena can cause contact dermatitis (13431).