Ingredients | Not Present |
---|---|
(L-Alpha Glycerophosphatidylcholine)
(50%)
|
500 mg |
(Withania somnifera )
(root)
(Withanolides)
(std. to 5% total Withanolides)
|
500 mg |
(Hericium erinaceus )
(mycelium)
(organic)
|
500 mg |
(Bacopa monnieri )
(whole plant)
(Bacosides)
(20% bacosides)
|
250 mg |
(Rhodiola rosea )
(root)
(Rosavins, Salidrosides)
(std. to 3% Rosavins, 1% Salidrosides)
|
200 mg |
(Cytidine Diphosphate-Choline)
|
100 mg |
100 mg | |
75 mg | |
Pterostilbene
(Trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene)
|
10 mg |
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Aligned Focus. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Aligned Focus. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Alpha-GPC has been used with apparent safety at doses of 400 mg three times daily (1200 mg/day) for up to 6 months (12102,12176). ...when used intramuscularly and appropriately. Alpha-GPC has been administered intramuscularly with apparent safety at doses of 1000-1200 mg/day for 28 to 90 days (12100,12102).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Ashwagandha has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 1250 mg daily for up to 6 months (3710,11301,19271,90649,90652,90653,97292,101816,102682,102683) (102684,102685,102687,103476,105824,109586,109588,109589,109590). ...when used topically. Ashwagandha lotion has been used with apparent safety in concentrations up to 8% for up to 2 months (111538).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Ashwagandha has abortifacient effects (12).
LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Bacopa has been used safely in clinical trials at a dose of up to 600 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (10058,10059,17946,97605).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term.
Clinical research suggests bacopa extract might be safe to use at a dose of 225 mg daily for up to 6 months or 320 mg daily for up to 14 weeks in children aged 6-14 years (33304,97603,109625).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term (12131). Citicoline 1000-2000 mg daily has been used with apparent safety for up to 12 weeks (12130,43248,98230,104828,109015,109016). Citicoline 2500 mg daily has also been used with apparent safety for up to 7 weeks (100988). ...when citicoline is used intravenously or intramuscularly under medical supervision (12131). Citicoline has been administered intravenously with apparent safety at a dose of 500 mg daily for 7 days, or 2000 mg daily for 3 days (43229,98444,104828). ...when used topically on the eye. Citicoline 2% eye drops have been used with apparent safety for up to 3 years alone or in combination with cyanocobalamin 0.05% (98229,104824,104825,104826,104827).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when citicoline is used orally and appropriately.
Citicoline has been used with apparent safety for up to 1 year at a dose of 250 mg daily in children under 5 years of age and 500 mg daily in children 5-13 years of age (98442).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of citicoline when used intravenously in children.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Phosphatidylserine has been used with apparent safety at dose of up to 300 mg daily for up to 6 months (2255,2437,2438,2439,2440,2441,7118,15539,68855).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term (7117).
Phosphatidylserine has been used with apparent safety in clinical research in doses of 200-300 mg daily for up to 4 months in children aged 4-18 years (7117,89498).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. There is some clinical research showing that taking rhodiola extract up to 300 mg twice daily has been used without adverse effects for up to 12 weeks (13109,16410,17616,71172,96459,102283,103269).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. L-theanine has been used safely in clinical research in doses of up to 900 mg daily for 8 weeks (12188,36439,96331,96332,96334,96341,97923,101986,104976). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of L-theanine when used long-term.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term.
A specific L-theanine product (Suntheanine, Taiyo Kagaku) 200 mg twice daily has been used safely in males aged 8-12 years for up to 6 weeks (91744).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Aligned Focus. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, alpha-GPC might decrease the effects of scopolamine.
Details
A small clinical study shows that alpha-GPC can partially counteract the attention and memory impairment effects caused by scopolamine given intramuscularly (12103). Whether alpha-GPC can decrease the beneficial anti-motion sickness effects of the scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop) is unclear.
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Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
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Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
Animal research suggests that ashwagandha might lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (19279). Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.
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Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.
Details
There is preliminary evidence that ashwagandha might have an additive effect with diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin) (3710). This may also occur with other benzodiazepines.
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Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.
Details
Ashwagandha seems to have sedative effects. Theoretically, this may potentiate the effects of barbiturates, other sedatives, and anxiolytics (3710).
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Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.
Details
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Ashwagandha might increase the effects and adverse effects of thyroid hormone.
Details
Concomitant use of ashwagandha with thyroid hormones may cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects. Preliminary clinical research and animal studies suggest that ashwagandha boosts thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (19281,19282,97292). In one clinical study, ashwagandha increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 41.5% and 19.6%, respectively, and reduced serum TSH levels by 17.4% from baseline in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism (97292).
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Theoretically, concurrent use might decrease the effectiveness of both agents.
Details
Bacopa seems to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and might increase acetylcholine levels, which could counteract the effects of anticholinergic drugs (17946). Similarly, anticholinergic drugs might counteract the cholinergic effects of bacopa.
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Theoretically, bacopa might increase the effects and adverse effects of cevimeline.
Details
In one case, a 58-year-old female taking cevimeline long-term for Sjogren syndrome experienced hyperhidrosis, malaise, nausea, and tachycardia shortly after taking a single dose of bacopa. Symptoms resolved after two days. Cevimeline is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP3A4, and researchers theorize that bacopa may have inhibited these isoenzymes (109627). However, it is unclear if bacopa causes clinically significant inhibition of either CYP2D6 or CYP3A4.
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Theoretically, concurrent use of bacopa with other cholinergic drugs might have additive effects.
Details
Bacopa seems to inhibit acetylcholinesterase and might increase acetylcholine levels (17946). Theoretically, this could result in additive cholinergic effects when used with cholinergic drugs.
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Theoretically, bacopa might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, bacopa might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C19 substrates.
Details
In vitro evidence suggests that bacopa extract can moderately and non-competitively inhibit CYP2C19 enzymes (97606). It is not known whether this is clinically significant.
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Theoretically, bacopa might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, bacopa might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, bacopa might have additive effects when used with thyroid hormone.
Details
Animal research suggests that bacopa increases thyroxine (T4) levels in mice by about 40% (33286).
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Theoretically, lion's mane mushroom may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
Details
In vitro research suggests that lion's mane mushroom extracts can inhibit platelet aggregation (92619).
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Theoretically, lion's mane mushroom may have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs.
Details
Animal research suggests that an aqueous extract of lion's mane mushroom can reduce serum glucose and increase serum insulin (91996).
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Theoretically, concurrent use of lion's mane mushroom might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Details
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Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might decrease the effectiveness anticholinergic drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, phosphatidylserine might have additive effects with cholinergic drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, taking rhodiola with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
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Theoretically, taking rhodiola with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
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Theoretically, rhodiola might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.
Details
In vitro research shows that rhodiola inhibits CYP1A2. This effect is highly variable and appears to be dependent on the rhodiola product studied (96461). However, a clinical study in healthy young males found that taking rhodiola extract 290 mg daily for 14 days does not inhibit the metabolism of caffeine, a CYP1A2 substrate (96463).
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Theoretically, rhodiola might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.
Details
In vitro research shows that rhodiola inhibits CYP2C9. This effect is highly variable and appears to be dependent on the rhodiola product studied (96461). Also, a clinical study in healthy young males found that taking rhodiola extract 290 mg daily for 14 days reduces the metabolism of losartan, a CYP2C9 substrate, by 21% after 4 hours (96463).
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Theoretically, rhodiola might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
In vitro research shows that rhodiola inhibits CYP3A4 (19497,96461). This effect is highly variable and appears to be dependent on the rhodiola product studied (96461). However, a clinical study in healthy young males found that taking rhodiola extract 290 mg daily for 14 days does not inhibit the metabolism of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate (96463).
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Theoretically, rhodiola use might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.
Details
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Rhodiola might increase the levels and adverse effects of losartan.
Details
A clinical study in healthy young males found that taking rhodiola extract 290 mg daily for 14 days reduces the metabolism of losartan, a CYP2C9 substrate, by 21% after 4 hours (96463).
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Theoretically, rhodiola might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that rhodiola inhibits P-glycoprotein (19497). Theoretically, using rhodiola with P-glycoprotein substrates might increase drug levels and potentially increase the risk of adverse effects.
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Theanine might lower blood pressure, potentiating the effects of antihypertensive drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, theanine might have additive sedative effects when used in conjunction with CNS depressants. However, it is unclear if this concern is clinically relevant.
Details
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Aligned Focus. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, alpha-GPC seems to be well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Stroke.
Dermatologic ...Orally, some patients can experience skin rash (12102). Intramuscularly, alpha-GPC can cause erythema at the injection site (12101).
Gastrointestinal
...Orally, alpha-GPC has been rarely associated with diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting (12102).
Intramuscularly, alpha-GPC has been rarely associated with diarrhea, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting (12102).
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, alpha-GPC has been rarely associated with dizziness, excitation, headache, and insomnia (12102).
Alpha-GPC use for at least 2 months has also been associated with an elevated risk of stroke when compared with non-users or those who used alpha-GPC for less than 2 months (108883).
Intramuscularly, alpha-GPC has been rarely associated with confusion, excitation, fainting, headache, and insomnia (12102).
General
...Orally, ashwagandha seems to be well-tolerated.
Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and vomiting. However, these adverse effects do not commonly occur with typical doses.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Some case reports raise concerns about acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, and the need for liver transplantation with ashwagandha treatment.
Dermatologic ...Orally, dermatitis has been reported in three of 42 patients in a clinical trial (19276).
Endocrine ...A case report describes a 73-year-old female who had taken an ashwagandha root extract (unspecified dose) for 2 years to treat hypothyroidism which had been previously managed with levothyroxine. The patient was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism after presenting with supraventricular tachycardia, chest pain, tremor, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, hair thinning, and low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Hyperthyroidism resolved after discontinuing ashwagandha (108745).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, large doses may cause gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and vomiting secondary to irritation of the mucous and serous membranes (3710). When taken orally, nausea and abdominal pain (19276,110490) and gastritis and flatulence (90651) have been reported.
Genitourinary ...In one case report, a 28-year-old male with a decrease in libido who was taking ashwagandha 5 grams daily over 10 days subsequently experienced burning, itching, and skin and mucous membrane discoloration of the penis, as well as an oval, dusky, eroded plaque (3 cm) with erythema on the glans penis and prepuce (32537).
Hepatic ...Orally, ashwagandha in doses of 154-1350 mg daily has played a role in several case reports of liver injury. In most of these cases, other causes of liver injury were excluded, and liver failure did not occur. Symptoms included jaundice, pruritus, malaise, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stool discoloration, and dark urine. Symptom onset was typically 5-180 days from first intake, although in some cases onset occurred after more than 12 months of use (102686,107372,110490,110491,111533,111535,112111). Laboratory findings include elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and serum bilirubin (112111). In most cases, liver enzymes normalized within 1-5 months after discontinuation of ashwagandha (102686,107372,110491,111535,112111). However, treatment with corticosteroids, lactulose, ornithine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and plasmapheresis, among other interventions, was required in one case (111533). Rarely, use of oral ashwagandha has been reported to cause hepatic encephalopathy and liver failure requiring liver transplantation (110490).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, ashwagandha has been reported to cause drowsiness (110492). Headache, neck pain, and blurry vision have been reported in a 47-year-old female taking ashwagandha, cannabis, and venlafaxine. Imaging over the course of multiple years and hospital admissions indicated numerous instances of intracranial hemorrhage and multifocal stenosis of intracranial arteries, likely secondary to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) (112113). It is unclear whether the RCVS and subsequent intracranial hemorrhages were precipitated by ashwagandha, cannabis, or venlafaxine.
General
...Orally, bacopa is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dry mouth, headache, nausea.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, bacopa has been reported to cause palpitations (10058).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, bacopa has been reported to cause abdominal cramps, abdominal pain, bloating, decreased appetite, diarrhea, dry mouth, excessive thirst, flatulence, indigestion, nausea, and increased stool frequency. Rates of adverse gastrointestinal events have ranged from 12% to 30% (10058,17946,33295,97605,109623,111520).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, bacopa has been reported to cause arthralgia, muscle fatigue, and myopathy (10058,109623,111522). In one case, a 21-year-old male experienced progressive proximal weakness, muscle atrophy, weight loss, dark urine, and elevated serum markers of myopathy, with muscle biopsy showing immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, after taking a supplement containing bacopa for 5 years (111522).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, bacopa has been reported to cause drowsiness, headache, insomnia, and vivid dreams (10058,10059,17946,109623).
Other ...Orally, bacopa has been reported to cause flu like symptoms and fatigue (10058,97605,111520).
General
...Orally, intramuscularly, and intravenously, citicoline seems to be well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, back pain, blurred vision, constipation, diarrhea, edema, headache, insomnia, nausea, rash.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, citicoline may cause chest pain, palpitations, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, and peripheral edema in some patients, although the incidence is likely similar to placebo (12130,12131,12132,43225).
Dermatologic ...Orally, citicoline may cause skin rash in some patients (12130,12132,43248).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, citicoline may cause abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea in some patients (12130,12132,98846,100988,105730,109015).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, citicoline may cause back pain in some patients (43225).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, citicoline may cause headache and insomnia in some patients (12130,43230,43273,98846,100988,109015,109016).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, citicoline may cause blurred vision in some patients (12130,12132).
Other ...Orally, citicoline may cause edema of the extremities in some patients (43225).
General
...Orally, lion's mane mushroom is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, skin rash.
Dermatologic ...Orally, lion's mane mushroom may cause skin rash (105546).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, lion's mane mushroom may cause gastrointestinal discomfort and nausea (91999,105546).
General
...Orally, phosphatidylserine is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Flatulence, gastrointestinal upset, headache, insomnia, and nausea.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, phosphatidylserine can cause gastrointestinal upset such as flatulence or nausea. Gastrointestinal upset can occur at doses of 200-300 mg/day (7116,7121,15539,68862,90711).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, phosphatidylserine can cause insomnia. Insomnia is more likely to occur with a higher dose of 600 mg (7121,68844). Headache has also been reported (90711).
General
...Orally, rhodiola seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Dizziness, increased or decreased production of saliva.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, rhodiola extract may cause dry mouth or excessive saliva production (16410,16411).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, rhodiola extract can cause dizziness (16410).
General
...Orally, L-theanine seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Drowsiness, headaches.
Neurologic/CNS
...Orally, L-theanine may cause headaches (36439).
Patients have also reported drowsiness, increased duration of sleep, and increased dream activity after oral L-theanine use (96331).
A case of subtle facial tic starting within 4 days of taking L-theanine 400 mg daily has been reported for a pediatric patient. Although the tics reportedly ceased once theanine was discontinued, the child had exhibited tics in the past. Therefore, the adverse effect was not thought to be related to L-theanine (91744).