Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
---|---|
(Tapioca)
|
1000 mg |
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Cassava (Tapioca) Powder. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Cassava (Tapioca) Powder. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in food amounts that have been processed appropriately to remove cyanogenic glycosides. Cassava flour that contains no more than 10 ppm of cyanide is considered safe by the World Health Organization (25869,26585). Grating and crushing are considered to be appropriate processing methods to remove cyanide from bitter or sweet cassava root. Sweet cassava may be processed by boiling, steaming, baking, or frying (25841,26585). Boiling, steaming, baking, or frying are not considered to be sufficient processing methods to remove cyanide from bitter cassava (26585).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in food amounts that have not been processed appropriately to remove cyanogenic glycosides. Regularly consuming uncooked cassava or cassava that has not been processed appropriately, especially as part of a protein-deficient diet, increases exposure to cyanogenic glycosides (25844). Heap fermentation or sun drying are not considered to be appropriate processing methods for removing cyanide from bitter or sweet cassava root (26585). Boiling, steaming, baking, or frying are not considered to be appropriate processing methods for removing cyanide from bitter cassava (26585). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using cassava in medicinal amounts.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally in food amounts.
Cassava is commonly consumed as a food with apparent safety. However, regular cassava consumption by children has been associated with inadequate intake of vitamin A, zinc, and iron (26175). Also, cassava may contain cyanogenic glycosides, and children are at a higher risk of cyanide poisoning from cassava compared to adults (25843).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally as a food in large quantities.
Epidemiological research has found that children who eat more than 700 grams of cassava daily may have a higher risk of developing konzo, a paralytic disease, than those who eat less than 150 grams daily (25860).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally as a food, especially in large quantities.
Animal research suggests that consuming milled cassava powder as 80% of the diet during the first 15 days of pregnancy can cause teratogenic effects, including intrauterine growth restriction, limb defects, and abnormally small brain (microencephaly) (26171). Also, epidemiological evidence suggests that pregnant women who regularly consume dietary cassava in the form of gari during pregnancy have higher levels of thiocyanate, which has negative effects on fetal birthweight, compared to those who do not consume cassava (26172). ...when applied intravaginally. Inserting 2-3 cm of cassava stalk into the vagina has been used to induce abortion and labor (26174).
LACTATION: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in food amounts, especially in large quantities.
Excess consumption of cassava during lactation may increase the risk of exposing the infant to thiocyanate, which can negatively affect thyroid function in the infant (26586).
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Cassava (Tapioca) Powder. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Evidence from human and animal research suggests that cassava root has marked antithyroid effects, particularly if poorly processed or if consumed as part of a protein-deficient diet (25846,25848,25849,25850,25851,25852). Also, clinical research shows that consuming boiled cassava leaves 200 grams twice daily for 9 days significantly reduces levels of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine (25847). Theoretically, cassava may alter thyroid function, reduce thyroid hormone levels, and interfere with thyroid hormone-replacement therapy.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Cassava (Tapioca) Powder. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General ...Orally, cassava may cause cyanide poisoning. Cassava, especially the bitter variety, contains cyanogenic glycosides. If not removed during processing, these constituents are converted to cyanogens. Symptoms of cyanide poisoning can include vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, and diarrhea, as well as dizziness, weakness, and headache. (26585). Cassava intake has also been associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism and endemic goiter. This adverse effect is attributed to cyanogens, which can disrupt thyroid hormone production by decreasing iodine absorption (25841,25843,25844). The risk of these adverse effects is especially high for patients who consume cassava as part of a protein-deficient diet (25841,25843,25844). Consumption of cassava that has not been processed to remove the cyanogens has also been associated with an increased risk of developing paralytic diseases, tropical pancreatitis, and tropical ataxic neuropathy (25844,25854,25856,25859,25860,25861,25863,25864). Rarely, cassava has been reported to cause allergic reaction (99802,99806,99807).
Endocrine
...Orally, cassava has been associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism and endemic goiter, particularly when consumed after poor processing or along with a protein-deficient diet (25846,25850,25852).
Cassava, especially the bitter varieties, contains cyanogenic glycosides. If not removed during processing, these constituents are converted to cyanogens, which disrupt thyroid hormone production by decreasing iodine absorption (25841,25843,25844). In humans, consuming boiled cassava leaves 200 grams twice daily can decrease serum levels of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) after only 9 days (25847).
There is also some concern that people who regularly consume cassava may have an increased risk of developing tropical pancreatitis, a form of pancreatitis that is primarily seen in tropical countries. However, this association has not been consistently observed (25854,25856).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, cassava can cause cyanide poisoning. Cassava, especially the bitter varieties, contains cyanogenic glycosides. If not removed during processing, these constituents are converted to cyanogens. Gastrointestinal symptoms of cyanide poisoning can include vomiting, nausea, stomach pains, and diarrhea (26585).
Immunologic ...Rarely, cases of IgE-mediated allergic reaction have been reported after consumption of cassava. Reactions have included generalized urticaria, angioedema, respiratory distress, dry cough, and anaphylaxis. To date, all patients with confirmed cassava allergy also had an existing, confirmed latex allergy. It is hypothesized that cassava allergy results from primary sensitization to latex (99802,99806,99807).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, cassava can cause cyanide poisoning. Cassava, especially the bitter variety, contains cyanogenic glycosides. If not removed during processing, these constituents are converted to cyanogens. Neurological symptoms of cyanide poisoning include dizziness, weakness, and headache (26585). Evidence from case-control studies suggests that ingestion of wild or unprocessed cassava is associated with an increased risk of paralytic diseases, including spastic paraparesis, ataxic neuropathy, and konzo. People who consume wild or unprocessed cassava along with a protein-deficient diet seem to be at a particularly increased risk for these effects (25844,25859,25860,25861,99804). Although konzo is primarily a paralytic disease, children diagnosed with konzo have also demonstrated reduced mental and motor function (99805). Furthermore, children who have not been diagnosed with konzo but who live in a region where konzo is endemic demonstrate impairment in neurocognition and motor proficiency when compared with children in non-endemic regions. This suggests that there may be a subclinical form of the condition that causes neurocognitive complications (99805).
Ocular/Otic ...Orally, long-term consumption of wild or unprocessed cassava has been associated with the development of optic neuropathy and tropical ataxic neuropathy, presenting as loss of vision and hearing, particularly in protein-malnourished populations. Both of these conditions are attributed to cassava-induced cyanide overload (25863,25864,26585).