Perfect Aquatic Greens by Perfect Supplements

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Hypertension. Oral blue-green algae seem to modestly reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Details: Some small clinical studies show that blue-green algae can decrease blood pressure in patients with hypertension (97206,99654). A meta-analysis of five small clinical trials in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or chronic pain shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae 1-8 grams daily for up to 12 weeks reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 5 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by 7 mmHg when compared with placebo. The effect size was larger in patients with hypertension and in those treated for at least 12 weeks (109964). Another small clinical study shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. maxima) 4.5 grams daily for 6 weeks decreases blood pressure in adults with hypertension, with the number of subjects fulfilling the criteria for hypertension decreasing from 45% to 14% when compared to baseline (18297). A more recent clinical study in patients with hypertension shows that consuming a salad dressing containing 2 grams spirulina blue-green algae daily for 8 weeks reduces SBP by around 6 mmHg and DBP by around 4 mmHg when compared to baseline. While overall reduction in blood pressure with spirulina dressing was larger when compared with patients consuming a control dressing, the study groups were heterogenous at baseline, limiting the validity of any statistical comparisons between groups (109965).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in allergic rhinitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 2 grams daily for 6 months, improves self-rated scores for sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, and itching when compared with placebo in adults with allergic rhinitis (18300).
• Antiretroviral-induced insulin resistance. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for insulin resistance due to antiretrovirals. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 19 grams daily for 2 months increases insulin sensitivity by about 225% when compared to baseline in patients with antiretroviral-induced insulin resistance (75944). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Arsenic poisoning. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for chronic arsenic toxicity. Details: Preliminary clinical research in people living in areas of Bangladesh with high arsenic levels in drinking water shows that taking a combination of an alcoholic extract of spirulina blue-green algae 250 mg and zinc 2 mg orally twice daily for 16 weeks, in addition to use of filtered drinking water, increases urinary arsenic excretion, reduces hair arsenic levels, and improves skin manifestations of chronic arsenic toxicity when compared with placebo plus filtered water (18301).
• Athletic performance. Most research suggests that oral blue-green algae are not beneficial for improving athletic performance; however, the available studies are small. Details: AAlthough some research disagrees, most small or preliminary clinical trials show that taking spirulina blue-green algae does not improve athletic performance in trained or untrained adults. One study shows that, when compared with placebo, taking spirulina blue-green algae (Hawaiian Spirulina, Cyanotech Corporation) 3 grams daily for up to 8 weeks has no effect on exercise output during a 30-minute elliptical trainer workout in active males (97203). In elite rugby players, taking spirulina blue-green algae (Algae Green Value) 5.7 grams daily for 7 weeks does not improve jump or sprint performance or body composition when compared to placebo (104567). In healthy untrained males, a small study shows that taking spirulina blue green algae 6 grams daily for 7 days does not increase the time to fatigue related to arm cycling following a 30-minute submaximal exercise bout (104566). In male recreational runners, spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 2 grams three times daily for 4 weeks was not associated with any change in exercise intensity during a 2-hour treadmill jogging period. However, sprinting time to exhaustion following the 2-hour jog increased from 2.05 minutes to 2.7 minutes (18306). Also, a study of athletes and non-athletes shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (Parry Nutraceuticals) 2 grams daily for 8 weeks has a small effect on isometric muscle strength, but not muscle endurance, when compared with placebo (104568).
• Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oral blue-green algae have only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking 3 mL of a specific combination of spirulina blue-green algae, peony, ashwagandha, gotu kola, bacopa, and lemon balm (Nurture and Clarity, Tree of Healing-LD) diluted in 50-60 mL of water three times daily for 4 months improves ADHD scores when compared with placebo in previously untreated children aged 6-12 years (19272). It is unclear if this effect is due to blue-green algae, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Beta-thalassemia. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in beta-thalassemia. Details: In children with beta-thalassemia, preliminary clinical research shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (GNC Natural Brand Spirulina, General Nutrition Corporation) 250 mg/kg daily, up to a maximum dose of 4 grams daily, for 3 months reduces the percentage of children requiring blood transfusion during an interval of less than 2 weeks from 66% to 40%. There were also improvements in red blood cell count and levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, and liver function enzymes (104569). However, the validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Blepharospasm. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial when used in conjunction with botulinum toxin injections. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific product containing the blue-green algae species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Super Blue-Green Algae, Cell Tech) 1500 mg per day orally for 6 months in addition to botulinum toxin-A injections does not reduce eyelid spasms when compared with botulinum toxin-A alone in people with essential blepharospasm or Meige syndrome (14842).
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for CVD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Cognitive Impairment. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are effective for improving cognitive impairment. Details: A small clinical study in patients aged 60 or older with mild cognitive impairment shows that taking blue-green algae extract 1 gram 3 times daily for 12 weeks slightly improves some components of cognitive function testing related to visual learning, memory, and vocabulary when compared with placebo (112001). However, the validity of these findings is limited by lack of adjustment for multiple comparisons, which may explain the discrepant results with the other components of the cognitive function tests.
• Depression. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in diabetes. Details: A meta-analysis of seven small clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae 0.8-14 grams daily for 6-12 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose and improves total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, but does not affect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, when compared with placebo. There was no reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); however, all but two of the studies lasted less than 12 weeks, limiting the validity of the findings related to HbA1c (109970).
• Dyslipidemia. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in dyslipidemia. Details: Several clinical studies in patients with normal or elevated cholesterol levels show that doses of spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis, A. maxima, A. fusiformis) ranging from 1-10 grams daily for 1-6 months may reduce total cholesterol by 8% to 27%, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 10% to 65%, and triglycerides by 0% to 23%; and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 0% to 66% (18297,18298,18299,91705,91708,91710,91717,102689). However, the validity of these studies is limited by methodological weaknesses and heterogeneous population characteristics. A meta-analysis of 23 small studies, several of which were in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity, shows that taking blue-green algae 0.8-10 grams for 4 to 24 weeks modestly improves levels of LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol when compared with placebo or no treatment (112004). The interpretation of these findings is limited by the high heterogeneity of the included studies which enrolled patients of varying health status and employed various study designs.
• Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Exercise-induced muscle soreness. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are effective for the prevention of exercise-induced muscle soreness. Details: A small clinical study in recreationally trained males shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae 2 grams three times daily does not reduce delayed onset muscle soreness after eccentric exercise when compared with placebo (109967).
• Hepatitis C. Evidence for the use of oral blue-green algae in hepatitis C is conflicting. Details: One clinical study in adults with chronic hepatitis C who are unresponsive to interferon treatment shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 500 mg orally three times daily for 6 months is associated with greater improvements in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels than taking silymarin 140 mg three times daily. Complete virological response rates were 13% with blue-green algae and 3% with silymarin, although this difference was not statistically significant (63247). However, in another study in people with chronic hepatitis B or C, liver function enzyme levels worsened after one month of treatment with oral spirulina blue-green algae (18304).
• HIV/AIDS. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for people with HIV/AIDS who do not have access to antiretrovirals. Details: One clinical study in adults with untreated HIV shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) powder 5-10 grams daily for 3-6 months does not affect CD4 counts, viral load, or weight gain in patients with HIV (75927,91707). However, in one study, the incidence of opportunistic infections, respiratory disease, gastrointestinal symptoms, and fatigue was 43% for patients taking spirulina blue-green algae, compared to 70% for patients taking placebo (91707).
• Iron deficiency anemia. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for iron deficiency anemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Lichen planus. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in patients with oral lichen planus. Details: A small clinical study in patients with oral lichen planus shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae 500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks along with application of triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% oral paste three times daily for 1 week reduces pain and lesion size when compared with only triamcinolone acetonide three times daily for 8 weeks (109963).
• Malnutrition. Evidence for the use of oral blue-green algae in malnutrition is conflicting. Details: Some clinical research in severely undernourished children shows that adding spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 5 grams orally twice daily for 8 weeks to a traditional diet results in an average daily weight gain of 25 grams, compared with only 15 grams for those given the traditional diet alone. Similarly, giving blue-green algae 10 grams twice daily for 8 weeks in addition to a misola diet (millet, soy, peanut kernel, sugar, and salt) results in an average daily weight gain of 34 grams, compared with only 20 grams for children given the misola diet alone (18308). However, a small clinical study in malnourished children aged 3 months to 3 years shows that giving spirulina blue-green algae 5 grams daily for 3 months in addition to a traditional diet fails to increase weight gain more than the traditional diet alone (18309). Similarly, a moderate-size crossover study in preschool-aged children in Cambodia shows that taking blue-green algae 2 grams 5 times a week during the first hour of school for 8 weeks does not improve weight gain or height but may reduce the proportion of children with anemia when compared with placebo (112002). The interpretation of these findings is limited by the high rate of patients lost to follow-up and the lack of statistical adjustment for confounding factors, such as parasitism and home diet.
• Memory. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for memory, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Menopausal symptoms. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for improving symptoms of menopause. Details: A preliminary clinical study shows that taking a product containing the blue-green algae species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Klamin, Nutrigea) 1.6 grams daily for 8 weeks reduces anxiety and depression when compared with placebo in menopausal adults aged 50-60 years. The treatment has no effect on vasomotor symptoms or hormone levels (18310).
• Mental alertness. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for reducing mental fatigue. Details: A preliminary clinical study shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (Hawaiian Spirulina, Cyanotech Corporation) 3 grams daily for up to 8 weeks improves performance on a mathematical based mental fatigue test in healthy men when compared with placebo. Subjective improvement in mental alertness over placebo was also reported (97203).
• Metabolic syndrome. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in patients with metabolic syndrome. Details: A small clinical study in patients with metabolic syndrome shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (Spirulysat, AlgoSource), providing phycocyanin 20 mg, daily for 12 weeks improves triglyceride levels, but does not reduce body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, glycemic indices, or other lipid levels, when compared with placebo (109971).
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for NAFLD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Obesity. Evidence for the use of blue-green algae in obesity is conflicting. Details: Small, low-quality clinical trials have shown mixed results in people with obesity (18295,91717,97205,99655,99703,102688). When results are analyzed together, there is evidence of a very small benefit for both body weight and plasma lipid levels. Two meta-analyses show that taking spirulina blue-green algae may increase weight loss by up to 1.85 kg when compared with placebo (102690,104565). A greater effect is seen in patients with obesity when compared with overweight patients. In addition, there is a small effect on fat loss (102690). However, there is evidence from two studies lasting longer than 12 weeks that taking blue-green algae may slightly increase BMI (104565). A meta-analysis of small clinical trials also shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae reduces fasting blood sugar and total cholesterol levels by a small amount when compared with placebo, but has no effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol or triglyceride levels, in patients with obesity (102689). When combined with an exercise program, taking spirulina blue-green algae increases weight loss by 1.4 kg and improves exercise tolerance and total, LDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels when compared with exercise alone (99655,102688). Doses have included a specific product containing the spirulina blue-green algae species A. fusiformis (Multinal, New Ambadi Estate Pvt. Ltd.) 1 gram twice daily or four times daily for 3 months (91717) or spirulina blue-green algae 2 grams daily for 3 months, or 4.5 grams daily for 6 weeks, alone or in combination with exercise (97205,99655,102688).
• Oral leukoplakia. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial for oral leukoplakia in tobacco chewers. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. fusiformis) orally 1 gram daily for 12 months produces regression of precancerous oral leukoplakia lesions in 45% of tobacco chewers, compared to only 7% of those receiving placebo. Regression rates appear to be highest in those with homogeneous lesions and lowest in those with ulcerated or nodular lesions (15782).
• Periodontitis. It is unclear if injecting blue-green algae into periodontal pockets is beneficial in periodontitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that injecting a 4% w/v gel prepared from spirulina blue-green algae into periodontal pockets of adults with chronic periodontitis, after scaling and root planing, is associated with a decrease in probing pocket depth of 1.57 mm after 120 days, compared with only 0.84 mm in patients receiving scaling and root planing alone (91709).
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Stress. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for stress, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition.
• Ulcerative colitis. It is unclear if oral blue-green algae are beneficial in patients with ulcerative colitis. Details: A small clinical study in patients with ulcerative colitis shows that taking spirulina blue-green algae 500 mg twice daily for 8 weeks improves quality of life scores and reduces stress and sleep disturbances when compared with placebo. However, there was no effect on most measures of sleep quality, mood, and fatigue (109969).
• Wound healing. Although there has been interest in using oral blue-green algae for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of blue-green algae for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate blue-green algae for these uses.

(Read more about BLUE-GREEN ALGAE)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Pregnancy-related iron deficiency. Oral chlorella, which contains iron, can help to prevent iron deficiency and anemia in pregnancy. Details: A small clinical study in Japanese patients in their first trimester of pregnancy shows that taking chlorella (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp.) 2 grams three times daily, providing 7.2 mg iron daily, starting at the 12-18th week of gestation and continuing until delivery, reduces the incidence of maternal anemia, defined as a hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL, to about 30%, compared with about 60% in patients receiving no intervention (95013).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Brain tumor. It is unclear if oral chlorella is beneficial in patients with glioma. Details: A small clinical study in patients with glioma shows that taking chlorella tablets plus chlorella liquid extract over 2 years might improve tolerability of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but does not seem to affect tumor progression or survival, when compared to baseline (6804). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Depression. It is unclear if oral chlorella is beneficial as an adjunct to conventional antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder. Details: One open-label clinical trial in patients with major depressive disorder shows that taking chlorella extract tablets (ALGOMED, Bioprodukte Prof. Steinberg Produktions-und Vertreibs GmbH & Co.) 600 mg three times daily in addition to standard antidepressant therapy for 6 weeks improves subjective symptoms of depression and anxiety, measured on the Beck Depression Inventory II and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, when compared with standard antidepressant therapy alone (92132). The validity of this finding is limited by the large number of patients lost to follow-up and a lack of blinding.
• Dysmenorrhea. It is unclear if oral chlorella improves symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Details: A small clinical study in females 18-35 years of age with primary dysmenorrhea shows that taking chlorella (American Super Golden Med) 1500 mg daily for 8 weeks modestly decreases the severity and duration of painful menstrual cramps when compared with placebo (99882). This study is limited by small sample size and unclear allocation concealment.
• Exercise-induced respiratory infections. It is unclear if oral chlorella can prevent respiratory infections related to exercise. Details: A small clinical trial in physically active adults shows that taking chlorella (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp.) 3 grams twice daily for 6 weeks increases salivary IgA, a marker of immune response, but doesn't improve the duration or severity of upper respiratory symptoms or reduce the risk for upper respiratory tract infections when compared with placebo (99881). However, this study was likely underpowered to detect differences in these outcomes.
• Fatigue. It is unclear if oral chlorella improves fatigue from exercise. Details: A small clinical trial in healthy males shows that taking chlorella (Chlorella Kogyo Co., Ltd) 2 grams three times daily for 4 weeks does not decrease exercise-induced fatigue or fatigue at rest when compared with placebo (99880).
• Fibromyalgia. It is unclear if oral chlorella improves symptoms of fibromyalgia. Details: A small open-label clinical trial in people with fibromyalgia shows that taking chlorella tablets (Sun Chlorella) 10 grams plus a liquid chlorella extract (Wakasa Gold) 100 mL daily for 2 months improves general symptoms and pain scores when compared with baseline (5890). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Halitosis. Although there is interest in using oral chlorella for halitosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of chlorella for this purpose.
• Hepatitis C. It is unclear if oral chlorella improves outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Details: A small clinical trial in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection shows that taking chlorella tablets (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp) 1500 mg twice daily for one week, then 1500 mg three times daily for 11 weeks, in addition to an extract containing 82 mg/mL of chlorella (Wakasa Gold, Sun Chlorella Corp) 30 mL twice daily for 12 weeks, decreases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, but not aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or HCV RNA levels, when compared to baseline (92130). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral chlorella reduces lipid levels. Details: A small clinical trial in patients with mild hypercholesterolemia, defined as total cholesterol between 200-250 mg/dL, who are not using lipid-lowering medications, suggests that taking chlorella (Daesang Corp.) 1664 mg three times daily for 4 weeks reduces total cholesterol by 1.6% and triglycerides by 10.3%, but does not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, when compared with placebo (92131). This study was limited by its short duration and small size.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral chlorella is beneficial in patients with hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with mild to moderate hypertension shows that taking chlorella 10 grams and chlorella extract 100 mL daily for 1-2 months does not reduce blood pressure when compared to baseline (41811).
• Metabolic syndrome. Although there is interest in using oral chlorella for metabolic syndrome, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of chlorella for this condition.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Oral chlorella has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small open-label clinical trial in patients with NAFLD shows that taking chlorella extract 1200 mg with metformin 750 mg and vitamin E 200 mg daily for 3 months decreases alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and triglyceride levels when compared to baseline. Treatment with metformin 1250 mg and vitamin E 200 mg daily without chlorella does not appear to improve these outcome measures (99878). This study is limited by the lack of statistical comparison between groups.
• Peptic ulcers. Although there is interest in using oral chlorella for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of chlorella for this purpose.
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension. It is unclear if oral chlorella is beneficial for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension. Details: A small clinical study in healthy Japanese patients in their first trimester of pregnancy shows that taking chlorella (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp.) 2 grams three times daily, starting at the 12-18th week of gestation and continuing until delivery, reduces proteinuria and leg edema, but does not affect blood pressure, when compared with no intervention (95013). It is unclear if chlorella is beneficial in patients who are at risk for hypertension during pregnancy.
• Ulcerative colitis. Although there is interest in using oral chlorella for ulcerative colitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of chlorella for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate chlorella for these uses.

(Read more about CHLORELLA)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when non-contaminated species of spirulina blue-green algae are used orally and appropriately (91713). The blue-green algae species Arthrospira platensis has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 19 grams daily for 2 months, or 10 grams daily for 6 months (18296,18300,18306,75944,91705,99703,104567,109965). The blue-green algae species Arthrospira fusiformis has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 4 grams daily for 3 months, or 1 gram daily for 12 months (15782,91717). Another blue-green algae species, Arthrospira maxima, has been used with apparent safety in a dose of 4.5 grams daily for up to 12 weeks (18297,99654,99655,102688). ...when non-contaminated, non-toxin producing strains of blue-green algae from the Aphanizomenon flos-aquae species are used orally and appropriately. Doses up to 1.6 grams daily have been used with apparent safety for up to 6 months (14842,18310). Some blue-green algae species can produce toxins called microcystins. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the tolerable daily intake of microcystins in adults is 0.04 mcg/kg (96549).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when contaminated blue-green algae are used orally. Blue-green algae can be contaminated with heavy metals (including mercury, cadmium, lead, or arsenic), neurotoxins, and toxic microcystin-producing cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa (9171,75966,91704,91711,96550). Microcystins are most commonly reported in the blue-green algae species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae harvested from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon. The Oregon Department of Health has set a limit of 1 mcg of microcystin-LR equivalents per gram dry weight of blue-green algae, assuming consumption of about 2 grams/day by adults (91704,91713). However, many samples of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae have been reported to contain higher levels than this (9171,91704). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the tolerable daily intake of microcystins in adults is 0.04 mcg/kg (96549). When consumed orally, microcystins accumulate in the liver, binding to and inhibiting protein phosphatases, causing hepatocyte damage and possible tumor promotion (9171). Aphanizomenon flos-aquae can also produce neurotoxic compounds that may be present in supplements containing this organism (91704).

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when blue-green algae products are used orally. Blue-green algae can accumulate heavy metals such as lead and mercury (91704,91711). They can also contain toxic microcystins produced by contaminating species of cyanobacteria such a Microcystis aeruginosa (91704). Children are more sensitive to poisoning by microcystins (3536). The Oregon Department of Health has set a limit for microcystins of 1 mcg per gram dry weight of blue-green algae, but some countries have set very low exposure limits of 0.2 mcg per day and 0.8 mcg per day for infants and children, respectively (91704).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using. Some blue-green algae products, specifically those of the species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, have been found to contain low amounts of beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA). BMAA is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, and breast milk has been shown to be a potential source of BMAA exposure in infants (96550).

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Tablets and liquids containing chlorella 3-10 grams or 60-100 mL daily have been safely used in clinical studies lasting 2-3 months (5890,92130,92131). Also, chlorella extract 200-1800 mg daily has been safely used in clinical research for 4-6 weeks (10388,92132). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of chlorella when used topically.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts for up to approximately 28 weeks. A commercially available chlorella supplement (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp.) has been safely used in doses of 6 grams daily, starting during the 12-18th week of gestation and continuing until delivery (95013).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about CHLORELLA)

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Unlikely •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, spirulina blue-green algae might increase the risk of bleeding if used with other anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, this is unlikely.  Details Spirulina blue-green algae have shown antiplatelet and anticoagulant effects in vitro (18311,18312,75892,92162,92163). However, one preliminary study in 24 patients receiving spirulina blue-green algae 2.3 grams daily for 2 weeks showed no effect on platelet activation or measures of clotting time (97202).

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, taking blue-green algae with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.  Details Human research shows that spirulina blue-green algae can have hypoglycemic effects in patients with diabetes, at least some of whom were using antidiabetes drugs (18299). However, blue-green algae does not seem to improve glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with diabetes (102689,109970). A meta-analysis of animal studies also suggests that spirulina blue-green algae have hypoglycemic effects (109970).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concurrent use of blue-green algae might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.  Details Blue-green algae have been shown to stimulate the immune system (2534,10267).

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PHOTOSENSITIZING DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, chlorella might have additive effects with photosensitizing drugs.  Details Chlorella has been reported to cause photosensitization (3900,5852). In five case reports, patients who had ingested chlorella exhibited swelling followed by erythematopurpuric lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body (5852). Theoretically, concomitant use with photosensitizing drugs may exacerbate effects.

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, chlorella might reduce the clinical effects of warfarin.  Details Chlorella contains significant amounts of vitamin K. There is at least one case report of warfarin therapy becoming sub-therapeutic after initiation of chlorella supplements (3900,41830).

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General ...Orally, spirulina blue-green algae seem to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, flatulence, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

Dermatologic ...Orally, a severe rash has been reported in a 49-year-old woman after taking a spirulina blue-green algae supplement (species and dose unknown). After stopping the supplement, inflammatory myopathy with muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase occurred. The condition resolved with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide treatment (75936). In another case report, an 82 year-old woman developed a blistering skin condition over a 2-year period while taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis, dose unknown). She had partly hemorrhagic bullae, secreting erosions and macerations. These symptoms resolved when the supplement was stopped and the patient was treated with oral prednisone, topical silver sulfadiazine, and topical triamcinolone / neomycin (75921).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, gastrointestinal complaints are amongst the most common adverse effects associated with spirulina blue-green algae, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps (19272,75924,91713,109969). Similarly, common adverse effects associated with the blue-green algae species Aphanizomenon flos-aquae are stomach upset, flatulence, diarrhea, and bloating (14842).

Hematologic ...Orally, three cases of mild gum bleeding and one case of mild bruising have been reported in patients taking spirulina blue-green algae (Cyactiv, Cerule LLC) 2. 3 grams daily (containing approximately 1 gram of phycocanin) for 2 weeks (97202).

Hepatic ...Orally, significant elevations of liver function tests within 2 weeks of starting a spirulina blue-green algae supplement (species and dose unknown) have been reported in a 52-year-old man stabilized on amlodipine, simvastatin, and acarbose. A biopsy showed feathery degeneration and ballooning of hepatic cells. Cholestasis was present, and an ex-vivo lymphocyte stimulation test for spirulina blue-green algae was positive. All drugs and the spirulina blue-green algae supplement were stopped, with return of the LFTs to normal (9172).

Immunologic ...Orally, urticarial rashes and pruritus have occurred as part of generalized allergic reactions to blue-green algae (91706,91711,91712).
In one case report, a 14-year-old male experienced anaphylaxis with urticaria, lip edema, and asthma 6 hours after taking five tablets of spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis, strength unknown). He had a positive skin prick test. Oral challenge to an extract of the tablets, and IgE from his serum, reacted with the beta chain of C-phycocyanin from A. platensis (91712).
In another case report, a 17-year-old male with a history of multiple allergies developed rash, pruritus, angioedema, wheezing, and dyspnea within 10 minutes of taking spirulina blue-green algae (A. platensis) 300 mg. He had a positive skin test to A. platensis but no other ingredients of the tablets (91706).

Musculoskeletal ...Orally, after a 49-year-old woman stopped taking a spirulina blue-green algae supplement (species and dose unknown), the patient experienced inflammatory myopathy with muscle weakness and elevated creatine kinase. The condition resolved with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide treatment (75936). Another case report describes acute rhabdomyolysis that occurred after consumption of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis, Hawaiian spirulina, Solgar Inc., Leonia, NJ) 3 grams daily for 1 month. The 24-year old man presented with weakness, myalgias, elevated creatine kinase and liver function tests, and myoglobinuria (75922).

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General ...Orally, chlorella is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Allergic reactions, abdominal cramping, constipation, diarrhea, fatigue, flatus, nausea, photosensitivity, and stool discoloration.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis.

Dermatologic ...Orally, photosensitivity reactions have occurred following ingestion of chlorella (3900,5852). According to case reports, five patients who had ingested chlorella exhibited swelling followed by erythematopurpuric lesions on sun-exposed areas of the body (5852). The photosensitizing agent in the chlorella tablets was identified as pheophorbide-a and its ester.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, chlorella can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramping, flatus, and nausea, especially during the first two weeks of treatment (5890,6804,92130,92132). In one clinical trial, one out of 42 patients reported nausea and one reported diarrhea (92132). In another trial, taking chlorella tablets (Sun Chlorella A, Sun Chlorella Corp) and a chlorella extract (Wakasa Gold, Sun Chlorella Corp) resulted in transient worsening of constipation in 4 of 13 patients and transient mild diarrhea in 2 of 13 patients (92130).
Green discoloration of the feces has also been reported, due to the chlorophyll content of chlorella (6804,95013).

Hematologic ...Orally, chlorella has been linked to one case of thrombocytopenia; however, causality has not been determined. A 49-year-old female living in Turkey presented with thrombocytopenia (a platelet count of 27,000/mm³) after taking chlorella 1080 mg daily for 20 days. Platelet counts had been normal one month earlier, and returned to normal two weeks after discontinuing the chlorella supplement (99879).

Immunologic ...Allergic reactions, including asthma and anaphylaxis, have been reported in people taking chlorella and in those preparing chlorella tablets (3900,5847,41827,105645).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, manganese (Mn)-induced parkinsonism has been reported after long-term consumption of chlorella extract. In this case, a patient on maintenance hemodialysis reported gait disturbance, dysarthria, elevated serum and cerebrospinal fluid manganese levels, and abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the brain. The authors identified the condition as a rare case of Mn-induced parkinsonism, which may have been due to long-term ingestion of a chlorella extract containing 1.7 mg of Mn in the usual daily dose. The patient underwent edetic acid infusion therapy, which improved the MRI abnormalities and the other symptoms improved four months later (41817).
In one study, fatigue was reported in 18 of 41 patients receiving chlorella 200 mg (10388).

(Read more about CHLORELLA)