Astragalus [Discontinued] by Ancient Nutrition

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for allergic rhinitis. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific astragalus root extract standardized to contain 40% polysaccharides (Lectranal, Milsing d.o.o.) 160 mg orally twice daily for 3-6 weeks improves symptoms such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, and itching when compared with placebo in adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis (17355).
• Amenorrhea. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One preliminary clinical study shows that taking a liquid decoction containing astragalus 30 grams, dong quai 30 grams, zizyphus 10 fruits, horny goat weed 15 grams, dodder 30 grams, and three slices of ginger, daily in two divided doses for 3 months, can increase menstrual frequency when compared to baseline in patients with amenorrhea (33050). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group. Additionally, it is unclear if this effect is due to astragalus, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Angina. It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for angina. Details: A preliminary clinical trial shows that taking astragalus 20 grams orally three times daily for 2 weeks can improve cardiac output, but not diastolic function, when compared to baseline in patients with angina (33063). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Anthracycline cardiotoxicity. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for preventing cardiotoxicity due to anthracyclines. Oral astragalus has not been evaluated for this use. Details: A large unblinded clinical study in patients with breast cancer or lymphoma receiving a chemotherapy regimen containing epirubicin shows that intravenous use of astragalus 500 mg daily for 14 days during 2 courses of chemotherapy modestly attenuates the decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and reduces the occurrence of cardiotoxicity when compared with standard care (110479). However, this study was conducted in China, which limits the generalizability of its results.
• Aplastic anemia. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for aplastic anemia. There is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral astragalus for this condition. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients 15 years and older with chronic aplastic anemia shows that giving intravenous astragalus in combination with stanozolol 2 mg three times daily produces greater improvements in symptoms and blood cell counts than stanozolol alone. Astragalus was given as 80-120 grams daily for repeated 15-day courses at 7-10 day intervals for at least 4 months (32840).
• Asthma. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in children with mild asthma shows that taking a combination of astragalus, cordyceps, Radix stemonae (Bai Bu), bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae, and Baikal skullcap orally for 6 months does not improve asthma symptoms, measures of lung function, or total steroid use when compared with placebo (32935).
• Beta-thalassemia. Although there has been interest in using oral astragalus for beta-thalassemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this condition.
• Breast cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral astragalus for breast cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this condition.
• Cervical cancer. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 19 clinical trials in adults with cervical cancer who are receiving chemotherapy shows that the use of Chinese herbal medicines containing astragalus increases tumor response (complete and partial responses) and Karnofsky performance score and reduces chemotherapy-associated adverse effects when compared with chemotherapy alone (107479). However, most studies included in the meta-analysis were low-quality, and all studies were conducted in China. Higher quality studies in other geographic locations are needed to confirm these findings. Additionally, it is unclear if any effects are due to astragalus, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-induced anemia. Oral or intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of low-quality clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy reduces the risk of anemia by 51% when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. It is unclear if oral or intravenous astragalus is beneficial for chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. Details: One preliminary clinical study shows that intravenous infusion of astragalus 40 grams in 250 mL of solution, given daily for 21 days during each of four courses of chemotherapy, reduces diarrhea by 59% when compared to chemotherapy alone (32747). Additionally, a meta-analysis of low-quality clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy reduces the risk of diarrhea by 45% when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-induced leukopenia. Oral or intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of low-quality clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy reduces the risk of thrombocytopenia by 41% when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Early research suggests that intravenous astragalus seems to reduce nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy use. It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for CINV. Details: A meta-analysis of low-quality clinical research in Chinese patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer shows that intravenous infusion of astragalus along with platinum-based chemotherapy reduces the risk of vomiting by 38% when compared with platinum-based chemotherapy alone (100698). Another preliminary clinical study shows that intravenous infusion of astragalus 40 grams in 250 mL of solution, given daily for 21 days during each of four courses of chemotherapy, reduces nausea by 36% and vomiting by 50% when compared with chemotherapy alone (32747). Higher quality studies are needed to confirm these results. The use of astragalus in combination with other ingredients for prevention of CINV has also been investigated. A meta-analysis of low-quality clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy reduces the risk of nausea and vomiting by 44% when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity. Oral or intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of low-quality clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy does not reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). The effects of astragalus when used alone are unclear.
• Chemotherapy-related fatigue. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for chemotherapy-related fatigue. There is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral astragalus for this condition. Details: One clinical study in patients with advanced cancer shows that treatment with an intravenous infusion of a partially purified astragalus extract (PG2, Pharmagenesis), 500 mg three times weekly for 4 weeks during chemotherapy, improves fatigue scores after one week, but not after two and four weeks, when compared with placebo (33034).
• Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One preliminary clinical study in adults with CFS shows that taking a 200 mL decoction containing astragalus 30 grams, kudzu 30 grams, codonopsis 15 grams, red sage 10 grams, aizoon stonecrop 15 grams, horny goat weed 10 grams, turmeric 10 grams, and calamus 10 grams, in two divided doses daily for 3 months improves fatigue symptoms when compared to baseline (32920). Another preliminary clinical study shows that taking 1.5 grams of a specific product (Myelophil, Samik Pharmaceutical Company) containing 66% of extracts of astragalus and danshen in a 1:1 ratio twice daily for 4 weeks improves fatigue severity when compared with placebo. However, taking 3 grams of the same product twice daily does not seem to have a benefit (32883). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for CKD. There is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral astragalus for this condition. Details: A meta-analysis of preliminary clinical research in patients with CKD shows that using astragalus, usually as an injection, along with conventional treatment modestly improves creatinine clearance by 6 mL/min, serum creatinine by 0.25 mg/dL, and hemoglobin levels by 1 gram/dL when compared with conventional treatment alone (90660). However, the studies included in the meta-analysis were of low quality. Also, it is not known if astragalus reduces mortality or attenuates the progression to kidney failure.
• Cirrhosis. Intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. There is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral astragalus for this condition. Details: A meta-analysis of results from low-quality clinical studies shows that intravenous injection of a combination of astragalus and danshen for up to 90 days might decrease fibrosis when compared with control in patients with liver cirrhosis (90662). However, it is unclear if this is due to astragalus, danshen, or the combination.
• Colorectal cancer. Oral or intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer shows that oral or intravenous use of traditional Chinese medicine therapies containing astragalus and other ingredients along with conventional chemotherapy improves quality of life scores and increases the rate of tumor response by 52% when compared with chemotherapy alone (102099). It is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Congestive heart failure (CHF). It is unclear if oral or intravenous astragalus is beneficial for CHF. Details: One preliminary clinical study in adults with CHF shows that intravenous infusion of astragalus 60 grams daily for 20 days improves left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) when compared with conventional treatment (32755). However, another preliminary clinical study shows that intravenous astragalus 60 grams daily for 28 days in combination with conventional treatment for CHF does not improve LVEF, LVEDV, or left ventricular end-systolic volume when compared with conventional treatment alone (32812). Both of these studies have methodological problems. Other preliminary clinical research shows that taking oral astragalus 2.25-7.5 grams twice daily for 14-30 days in combination with conventional treatment improves cardiac function, LVEF, and walking distance when compared with conventional treatment alone (33018,33022).
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral or intravenous astragalus is beneficial for diabetes. Details: A meta-analysis of preliminary clinical research in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes shows that astragalus, given as a daily intravenous injection 40-80 grams or taken orally 40-60 grams daily as an aqueous decoction for up to 4 months, modestly improves fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels when compared to a control group. Oral astragalus seems to improve these outcomes slightly more than intravenous astragalus. Orally, astragalus also seems to improve fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance, although its effect on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is inconsistent. (95909). Astragalus has also been evaluated as an adjuvant therapy to metformin. A meta-analysis of several mostly small clinical studies in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking astragalus 10-50 grams daily with metformin modestly reduces fasting blood glucose by approximately 12 mg/dL, 2-hour postprandial blood glucose by 12 mg/dL, and HbA1c by 0.9% when compared with metformin monotherapy (112809). However, the clinical studies included in both of these meta-analyses are of low methodological quality and include only Chinese patients, which limits the reliability and generalizability of the results. Some research has evaluated astragalus in combination with other ingredients. One preliminary clinical study in adults with previously untreated type 2 diabetes shows that taking astragalus 210 mg, goldthread 350 mg, and honeysuckle 840 mg three times daily before meals for 3 months does not improve fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, or HbA1c when compared with placebo, although glucose disposal rate is modestly improved (32925).
• Diabetic nephropathy. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for diabetic nephropathy. Details: Meta-analyses of small, low-quality clinical studies including over 4700 patients shows that adding intravenous astragalus to routine therapy for 2-12 weeks modestly improves blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urinary protein, urinary albumin, and serum albumin when compared with routine therapy alone in patients with diabetic nephropathy (33019,102100).
• Diabetic retinopathy. It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for diabetic retinopathy. Details: A meta-analysis of results from preliminary clinical research suggests that taking astragalus-containing products for up to 10 months modestly improves visual acuity and fundus manifestations when compared with control in patients with diabetic retinopathy. However, the included studies had methodological limitations, and the results were heterogeneous (90655).
• Fibromyalgia. Although there has been interest in using oral astragalus for fibromyalgia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this condition.
• Gastric cancer. Oral and intravenous astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 35 randomized, controlled trials involving 2670 patients with advanced gastric cancer shows that taking either intravenous or oral traditional Chinese medicines containing astragalus in conjunction with platinum-based chemotherapy may improve objective response rate, disease control rate, 1-year survival rate, and quality of life, and may also reduce the severity of chemotherapy-associated adverse effects, when compared with chemotherapy alone (107480). The validity of this meta-analysis is limited by potential publication bias, unclear randomization methods, and substantial heterogeneity among the included studies. Additionally, it is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Hearing loss. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for hearing loss. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that injecting 0.5 mL/kg of solution containing astragalus 2 grams/mL daily for 10 days improves hearing in people with sudden deafness or acute acoustic trauma when compared with a control group (33028,33033).
• Hepatitis B. Although there has been interest in using oral astragalus for hepatitis B, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this condition.
• HIV/AIDS. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One small clinical study shows that taking a combination containing mainly Baikal skullcap root, glossy privet fruit, astragalus root, and Eupolyphaga et polyphage (Ailing granules) 20 grams twice daily for 4 months improves HIV/AIDS symptoms and CD4 cell counts (32824). However, taking a different combination containing licorice, yin chen, white mulberry, astragalus, and safflower orally for 12 weeks is associated with only a slight decline in viral load and no change in CD4 cell counts (32795). The effects of astragalus alone are unclear.
• IgA nephropathy. Although there has been interest in using intravenous astragalus for IgA nephropathy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral or intravenous astragalus for this condition.
• Lung cancer. Early research suggests that oral or intravenous astragalus seems to increase the effectiveness of platinum-based chemotherapy or radiotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Details: One meta-analysis in patients with advanced NSCLC shows that intravenous administration of astragalus along with platinum-based chemotherapy increases the rate of one-year survival by 40% when compared with platinum-based chemotherapy alone (100698). Other meta-analyses in these patients show that use of oral or intravenous astragalus-containing herbal products appears to reduce the risk of death at six months by 42%, at one year by 33%, at two years by 27% to 33%, and at three years by 15% to 24% when compared with platinum-based chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone (15001,90656). However, most studies included in the meta-analyses were low-quality, and all studies were conducted in China. Higher quality studies in other geographic locations are needed to confirm these findings.
• Membranous nephropathy. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 48 small, low-quality clinical studies in adults with idiopathic membranous nephropathy conducted in China shows that taking astragalus 20-90 grams per day in combination with a variety of other supplements, in addition to conventional therapy, modestly improves the rate of complete or partial renal remission when compared with conventional therapy (e.g. angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, immunosuppression). Adding astragalus combinations to conventional therapy also modestly reduces proteinuria and serum creatinine (112010). However, the interpretation of these findings is limited by the heterogeneity of the included studies and variable definitions of complete and partial renal remission. Additionally, it is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Menopausal symptoms. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One preliminary clinical study shows that taking Dang Gui Buxue Tang, an herbal decoction containing astragalus and dong quai extract, 3 grams daily for 6 months does not reduce the incidence of menopausal hot flashes (32857). However, another preliminary clinical study shows that taking Dang Gui Buxue Tang 3-6 grams daily for 12 weeks reduces hot flash frequency by up to 40% and night sweat frequency up to 53% when compared to baseline (90659). Each 1.5 grams of Dang gui Buxue Tang contains extract prepared from dong quai 1.5 grams and astragalus 7.5 grams (90659). Another small clinical study in females with moderate or severe menopausal symptoms shows that taking a tablet containing astragalus and Rubus coreanus extract 1000 mg twice daily for 12 weeks modestly improves symptom and quality of life scores when compared with placebo (110478). However, the validity of these findings is limited by a high rate of study participant discontinuation.
• Myocardial infarction (MI). Although there has been interest in using intravenous astragalus for MI, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral or intravenous astragalus for this purpose.
• Myocarditis. It is unclear if oral or injectable astragalus is beneficial for viral myocarditis. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 mostly small, low-quality clinical studies in adults and children with viral myocarditis shows that astragalus injection may improve the total effective rate and reduce markers of inflammation when compared with conventional treatment (110477). However, most studies included in the meta-analysis were low-quality, dosing was variable, and all studies were conducted in China. Higher quality studies in other geographic locations are needed to confirm these findings. Several clinical studies report improvements in cardiac enzymes, cardiac function, or viral load in peripheral leukocytes with the use of astragalus preparations, but results are inconsistent and the methodological quality of these studies is low (33084,33105,33217,33218,33220,33221,33223). Doses demonstrating benefit include intramuscular astragalus extract, equivalent to 8 grams daily for 3-4 months (33105) and intravenous astragalus extract 40 grams daily for 2 weeks (33218,33221). It is unclear if astragalus speeds recovery or reduces the risk of mortality due to myocarditis.
• Nephrotic syndrome. It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for preventing infections in patients with nephrotic syndrome. Details: A meta-analysis of results from two preliminary clinical studies shows that taking astragalus 7.5-15 grams twice daily for 3-6 months reduces the risk of infection by 38% when compared to control in children with nephrotic syndrome (33036).
• Obesity. Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a combination of astragalus, rhubarb, turmeric, red sage root, ginger, and gallic acid concurrently with a reduced-calorie diet does not improve weight loss when compared with a reduced-calorie diet alone in adults who are overweight or obese (20347).
• Post-stroke fatigue. It is unclear if oral astragalus is beneficial for post-stroke fatigue. Details: A preliminary clinical study shows that taking astragalus extract (Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.) 2.8 grams three times daily for 28 days improves fatigue and some quality of life measures such as social functioning, role functioning, and physical functioning, when compared with placebo in patients experiencing fatigue following a recent stroke (95908).
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for lupus nephritis. There is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of oral astragalus for this condition. Details: A preliminary clinical study in adults with lupus nephritis shows that intravenous infusions of astragalus 40 grams daily for 12 consecutive days monthly for 3 months, in combination with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide once monthly as an intravenous drip, can improve symptoms, reduce infections, and reduce urinary protein excretion when compared to treatment with corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide alone (32838).
• Tinnitus. It is unclear if intravenous astragalus is beneficial for tinnitus. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that injecting 0.5 mL/kg of solution containing astragalus 2 grams/mL daily for 10 days reduces tinnitus in patients with acute acoustic trauma when compared to a control group (33028).
• Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Although there has been interest in using oral astragalus for URTI prevention, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this purpose.
• Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs). Oral astragalus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A moderate-size clinical study in females aged 18-45 with uncomplicated UTIs shows that taking a supplement containing astragalus root extract 100 mg, d-mannose, citric acid, dandelion, and prebiotics as a sachet dissolved in water twice daily for 5 days improves complete resolution of UTI symptoms and clearance of bacteriuria at days 6 and 35 when compared with placebo (111757). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to astragalus, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Wound healing. Although there has been interest in using topical astragalus for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of astragalus for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate astragalus for these uses.

(Read more about ASTRAGALUS)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Constipation. Oral Bacillus coagulans seems to be beneficial for constipation. Details: Clinical research in individuals with mild intermittent constipation shows that taking B. coagulans SNZ 1969 (CTCBIO, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 8 weeks reduces colonic transit time, increases the number of weekly complete spontaneous bowel movements, and improves bowel discomfort when compared with placebo. Colonic transit time was reduced by at least 25% in 58% of patients taking B. coagulans, compared with 32% of patients taking placebo (107613). Other clinical research in patients with functional constipation shows that taking B. coagulans Unique IS2 (Unique Biotech Limited) 2 billion CFUs daily for 4 weeks modestly increases the number of bowel movements and reduces abdominal pain and pain with defecation when compared with placebo. Also, 98% of patients achieved normal stool consistency, compared with 74% of those taking placebo (107612). Adding lactulose 10 grams to this regimen increases stool frequency when compared with placebo, but not when compared with lactulose alone. However, normal stool consistency was achieved earlier and by more patients in those taking lactulose plus B. coagulans when compared with lactulose alone. The combination was also more beneficial for reducing defecation pain, abdominal pain, and sensations of incomplete evacuation (107614). Also, a small clinical study in adults with constipation-dominant functional bowel disorders shows that taking a specific supplement containing B. coagulans 1 billion CFUs twice daily for 4 weeks modestly improves abdominal pain and abdominal distention, as well as discomfort and effort during defecation, when compared with baseline (104232). However, the validity of the findings in this study is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral Bacillus coagulans seems to be beneficial for IBS. Details: Clinical research in adults with diarrhea-predominant IBS shows that taking B. coagulans daily for 56-90 days improves quality of life and decreases bloating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and stool frequency when compared with placebo. Improvements in headache, anxiety, and constipation have also been shown (92730,92735,92740,105169). In addition, meta-analyses show that taking B. coagulans reduces overall symptom, straining, and/or abdominal pain severity when compared with placebo (107594,110866). In one study, taking B. coagulans for 80 days resulted in no symptoms in 63% of individuals, compared with only 21% of those taking placebo (105169). Doses used in some of this clinical research have included a specific B. coagulans MTCC5856 product (Lactospore, Sabinsa Corporation) 2 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 90 days (92730), another specific B. coagulans product (GanedenBC30, Ganeden Biotech Inc.) 300 million to 2 billion CFUs daily for 8 weeks (92735,92740), B. coagulans LBSC (Advanced Enzyme Technologies Ltd.) 2 billion CFUs three times daily for 80 days (105169), or B. coagulans Unique IS2 2 billion CFUs daily for 8 weeks (110866). Other clinical research in adults with IBS shows that taking a specific combination product (Colinox, DMG Italia SRL) containing B. coagulans and simethicone after each meal three times daily for 4 weeks improves bloating and discomfort, but not pain, when compared with placebo (92726).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for antibiotic-associated diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for athletic performance. Details: A small clinical trial shows that taking an inactivated B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 product (Staimune, Kerry, Inc) 1 billion cells daily for 2 weeks does not improve jump power or muscle endurance when compared with placebo (107610). This study might not have been adequately powered to detect differences between groups. A larger study in resistance-trained males shows that taking B. coagulans Unique IS-2 2 billion colony-forming units daily for 60 days in combination with 20 grams of an 80% whey protein concentrate modestly improves some measures of power and muscle strength when compared with taking whey protein alone. However, some measures of strength were not improved, and there was no effect on maximum oxygen consumption, muscle hypertrophy, or body composition (110878).
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for cancer prevention, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
• Cirrhosis. Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with liver cirrhosis who are at increased risk for developing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) shows that taking a combination of B. coagulans, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium butyricum, and Bacillus mesentericus three times daily, in conjunction with norfloxacin for 6 months, does not reduce the risk of developing SBP when compared with norfloxacin alone (92731).
• Clostridioides difficile infection. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for C. difficile infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
• Depression. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
• Diabetes. Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in patients with type 2 diabetes shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30) 100 billion CFUs, Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 10 billion CFUs, and fructo-oligosaccharides 500 mg daily for 12 weeks modestly reduces fasting blood glucose and insulin and improves measures of insulin resistance when compared with placebo. There was no effect on plasma lipids (107731).
• Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for acute diarrhea or diarrhea-dominant functional bowel disorders. Details: Clinical research in infants 6-24 months of age with acute diarrhea of various causes shows that taking B. coagulans 120 million colony-forming units (CFUs) twice daily for up to 5 days in conjunction with oral rehydration solution does not decrease duration, frequency, or volume of diarrhea when compared with oral rehydration solution and placebo (92738). However, a small clinical study in adults with acute diarrhea shows that taking a specific supplement (Lactic Acid Bacillus) containing B. coagulans 2 billion CFUs, three times daily for 7 days, reduces diarrhea and improves abdominal pain when compared with placebo (100853). Preliminary clinical research in adults with diarrhea-dominant functional bowel disorders shows that taking a specific supplement containing B. coagulans 1 billion CFUs twice daily for 4 weeks reduces abdominal pain, abdominal distention, discomfort and effort during defecation, and the number of stools classified as diarrhea when compared with baseline (104232). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Dyspepsia. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for dyspepsia. Details: Several small studies show that B. coagulans can improve symptoms of dyspepsia (104231,104232,104233,107611). In one study, 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) were taken twice daily for 4 weeks, resulting in an improvement in abdominal pain and abdominal distention when compared with placebo (104232). Some studies have used B. coagulans in combination with other probiotics. In adults with functional dyspepsia, taking a combination of B. coagulans MY01 and Bacillus subtilis MY02 as 1.25 billion CFUs each twice daily for 8 weeks improves postprandial distress scores of at least 0.7 in 48% of patients, compared with only 20% of those taking placebo (107611). A small clinical study in older adults aged 55-75 years with indigestion, abdominal pain, and flatulence shows that taking a probiotic syrup containing B. coagulans 500 million CFUs with digestive enzymes (alpha amylase 25 mg, pepsin 10 mg, and lipase 1.5 mg) 5 mL twice daily for 5 days reduces symptoms of dyspepsia when compared with placebo (104233). Also, a small study in adults with non-specific gastrointestinal discomfort shows that taking a specific combination supplement (SNZ TriBac, Sanzyme Biologics) containing B. coagulans SNZ 1969, Bacillus clausii SNZ 1971, and B. subtilis SNZ 1972, 2 billion CFUs daily for 30 days, decreases self-reported symptoms of burping, belching, and sour taste when compared with placebo (104231). It is unclear if these effects are due to B. coagulans, other ingredients, or the combinations.
• Flatulence. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for flatulence. Details: Clinical research in children aged 6-8 years shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 3 months modestly decreases the incidence of flatulence when compared with taking placebo (107615). However, preliminary clinical research in patients with postprandial intestinal gas-related symptoms shows that taking a specific combination supplement (Digestive Advantage Gas Defense Formula, Ganeden Biotech) containing this same strain of B. coagulans and an enzyme blend daily for 4 weeks does not improve bloating or gas when compared with placebo (92736).
• Gingivitis. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for gingivitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
• Helicobacter pylori. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for H. pylori. Details: In patients with H. pylori, preliminary clinical research shows that taking B. coagulans (Donghai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd) 1050 mg three times daily for 8 weeks results in a 20% eradication rate 1-2 weeks after treatment. This was as effective as taking Clostridium butyricum 1050 mg twice daily, alone or in combination with B. coagulans (105168). This study is limited by lack of blinding and the lack of a placebo group. Also, it is unclear how B. coagulans compares to standard H. pylori eradication treatments.
• HIV/AIDS. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
• Hypercholesterolemia. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for cholesterol reduction, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for IBD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this purpose.
• Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial or safe for NEC prevention. Details: Preliminary clinical research in infants with a gestational age of less than 33 weeks or a very low birth weight shows that taking B. coagulans 350 million colony-forming units daily until hospital discharge does not reduce the risk of NEC or death when compared with placebo. However, taking B. coagulans reduced the incidence of feeding intolerance in these newborns (92733). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warns that preterm infants given probiotics are at risk of serious infections caused by the bacteria or fungi contained in probiotics due to cases reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Also, The American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to preterm infants, particularly those with a birth weight below 1000 grams, due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy and potential for harm in this vulnerable population (111608).
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for NAFLD. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with NAFLD shows that taking 1 capsule containing B. coagulans 1 billion colony-forming units plus 400 mg inulin for 8 weeks may be beneficial for treating inflammation associated with NAFLD when compared with placebo. However, this combination did not improve lipid profiles or glycemic indices. Inulin was used in this study as a prebiotic to ensure bacterial growth in the gut lumen (104230).
• Postoperative ileus. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for postoperative ileus. Details: A small clinical study in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery shows that taking B. coagulans TBC169 105 million or 175 million colony-forming units the night before surgery, and then every 8 hours starting 8 hours after surgery, reduces time to first flatus by up to 10 hours when compared with placebo. There were also modest reductions in the rates of postoperative gastrointestinal adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, distension, and ileus. However, there was no difference in time to first defecation or length of hospital stay (110879).
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for RA. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with RA shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden Biotech Inc.) 2 billion colony-forming units daily for 60 days, in conjunction with standard therapy, reduces overall pain when compared with placebo. However, it does not reduce the number of painful or swollen joints or improve activities of daily living (92734).
• Rotaviral diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for rotaviral diarrhea. Details: Preliminary clinical research in newborns shows that taking B. coagulans 100 million colony-forming units daily for one year reduces the incidence of acute rotaviral diarrhea. Taking B. coagulans decreases the incidence of diarrheal episodes by around 5 per year and reduces duration of diarrhea by around 3 days per episode when compared with placebo. However, taking B. coagulans does not reduce the occurrence of mild to moderate dehydration (92729).
• Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Oral Bacillus coagulans has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with SIBO who were previously treated for 3 weeks with broad spectrum antibiotics shows that taking a specific probiotic product (Lactol, Bioplus Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd.) containing B. coagulans spores and fructo-oligosaccharides twice daily on 15 days per month for 6 months, in conjunction with minocycline, modestly decreases stomach pain and flatulence (91145).
• Travelers' diarrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral Bacillus coagulans for travelers' diarrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of B. coagulans for this condition.
• Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). It is unclear if oral Bacillus coagulans is beneficial for URTI prevention. Details: Clinical research in children aged 6-8 years shows that taking B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (GanedenBC30, Ganeden, Inc.) 1 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily for 3 months modestly decreases the incidence of some URTI symptoms, including nasal congestion, bloody nasal mucus, itchy nose, and hoarseness, but not others such as dry cough and sore throat, when compared with placebo (107615). More evidence is needed to rate Bacillus coagulans for these uses.

(Read more about BACILLUS COAGULANS)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Doses of astragalus up to 60 grams daily for up to 4 months have been used without reported adverse effects (32920,33038,95909). ...when used intravenously. Infusion of doses up to 80 grams daily for up to 4 months under the supervision of a medical professional have been used with apparent safety (32811,32812,32828,95909). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of astragalus when used topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
There is insufficient reliable information in humans. However, astragaloside, a constituent of astragalus, has maternal and fetal toxic effects in animals (32881). Avoid using.

(Read more about ASTRAGALUS)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when taken orally and appropriately. Bacillus coagulans spores in doses up to 6 billion colony-forming units (CFUs) daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies for up to 3 months (92726,92730,92734,92735,92736,92739,92740,104231,105169)(107611,107612,107614). Lower doses of B. coagulans up to 100 million CFUs daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies for up to one year (92738). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of non-viable, heat-killed B. coagulans formulations when used orally.

CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when taken orally and appropriately. Bacillus coagulans spores in doses up to 100 million colony-forming units (CFUs) daily have been used with apparent safety in clinical studies in infants of most ages for up to one year (92729,92733,92738) and in doses of one billion CFUs in children aged 6-8 years for 3 months (107615). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Bacillus coagulans in preterm infants with a birth weight under 1000 grams. Cases of bacteremia have occurred rarely in preterm infants given other probiotics (102416,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning about cases of serious infections caused by probiotics reported in very preterm or very low birth weight infants under 1000 grams (111610). Similarly, the American Academy of Pediatrics does not support the routine administration of probiotics to these infants due to conflicting data on safety and efficacy (111608).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about BACILLUS COAGULANS)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = A Theoretically, taking astragalus with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.  Details Clinical research in humans shows that astragalus might have hypoglycemic effects (95909,112809). Theoretically, taking astragalus, especially in combination with other hypoglycemic agents, might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with cyclophosphamide therapy.  Details Evidence regarding the effect of astragalus on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide is conflicting. Some animal research suggests that astragalus reverses cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression (3713). However, other animal research shows no effect (418).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, astragalus might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy.  Details Astragalus seems to stimulate immune function (303,10777). Theoretically, taking astragalus might decrease the effects of immunosuppressive therapy.

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, astragalus might increase levels and adverse effects of lithium.  Details Animal research suggests that astragalus has diuretic properties (15103). Theoretically, due to this diuretic effect, astragalus might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.

(Read more about ASTRAGALUS)

ANTIBIOTIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking antibiotics with Bacillus coagulans might decrease the effectiveness of B. coagulans.  Details B. coagulans preparations usually contain live and active organisms. Therefore, simultaneously taking antibiotics might kill a significant number of the organisms. Tell patients to separate administration of antibiotics and B. coagulans preparations by at least two hours.

(Read more about BACILLUS COAGULANS)

General ...Orally and intravenously, astragalus root seems to be well tolerated. Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: A case report raises concerns about liver and kidney cysts with astragalus use.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with lacunar angina in one clinical trial. However, this may not have been caused by astragalus (17355). In addition, rapid intravenous administration of astragalus has resulted in temporary palpitations (32812).

Dermatologic ...Intravenously, astragalus may cause rash, eczema, and pruritus (33034).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with enterocolitis and nausea in one clinical trial. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).

Genitourinary ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with vulvitis in one clinical trial. However, this effect may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).

Hepatic ...A case of high serum CA19-9 levels and small liver and kidney cysts has been reported for a 38-year-old woman who drank astragalus tea daily for one month. Levels returned to normal after one month, and cysts disappeared after ten months. Both symptoms returned following a resumption of astragalus use. The authors state that astragalus was the likely cause given the temporal relationship (90658).

Neurologic/CNS ...Rapid intravenous administration of astragalus has resulted in temporary dizziness (32812).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, astragalus has reportedly been associated with rhinosinusitis and pharyngitis in one clinical trial. However, these effects may not have been caused by astragalus (17355).

Renal ...A case of high serum CA19-9 levels and small liver and kidney cysts has been reported for a 38-year-old woman who drank astragalus tea daily for one month. Levels returned to normal after one month, and cysts disappeared after ten months. Both symptoms returned following a resumption of astragalus use. The authors state that astragalus was the likely cause given the temporal relationship (90658).

(Read more about ASTRAGALUS)

General ...Orally, Bacillus coagulans is well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: There is concern that probiotics may cause infections in some people.

Immunologic ...Since many probiotic preparations contain live and active microorganisms, there is some concern that they might cause pathogenic infection in some patients. Bacteremia and sepsis have been reported in patients with indwelling or central venous catheters or patients who are severely ill and/or immunocompromised, including preterm infants, that were using probiotic products (4380,8561,13008,13070,90298,102416,103444,105138,105140,105141)(107543,107597,107599,111610,111612,111613,111850,111852,111853). However, reports of pathogenic colonization in relatively healthy patients with intact immune systems who do not have indwelling or central venous catheters are extremely rare (4380,4389,4390,4391,4393,4398,105139,107543,107545,107546,107547).

(Read more about BACILLUS COAGULANS)