Healthy Vata by Banyan Botanicals

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Oral ashwagandha may modestly improve symptoms of anxiety in patients with GAD. Details: Clinical practice guidelines from the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) provisionally recommend ashwagandha root extract at doses of 300-600 mg, standardized to 5% withanolides, daily as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy in patients with GAD. This recommendation is based on a review of three preliminary clinical trials with consistent results (110318). Two of these studies are described below. A small clinical trial in patients with GAD who are taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) shows that taking ashwagandha 1 gram daily for 6 weeks reduces symptoms of anxiety by 48%, compared with a 27% reduction in patients taking placebo. Furthermore, by the end of treatment, 72% of patients taking ashwagandha were determined to have mild symptoms of GAD, compared with only 32% of those taking placebo (102687). Another preliminary clinical trial in patients aged 16 years and older with GAD shows that taking ashwagandha root powder granules 4 grams three times daily for 60 days moderately improves anxious mood in 58% of patients, compared with no moderate improvement in the placebo group. Mild improvement occurred in 82% of patients in the placebo group and 40% of patients in the ashwagandha group (90654).
• Insomnia. Oral ashwagandha may modestly improve sleep in patients with insomnia or non-restorative sleep. Details: A small meta-analysis in patients with insomnia and healthy patients shows that taking a specific ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) 250-600 mg daily or a specific root and leaf extract (Shoden, Arjuna Natural) 120 mg daily for 6-12 weeks modestly improves overall sleep, as well as sleep quality, sleep latency, total sleep time, wake time after sleep onset, and sleep efficiency, when compared with placebo. Effects were more pronounced in those with insomnia, with doses of at least 600 mg daily, and with treatment durations of at least 8 weeks (106784). These findings may be limited by heterogeneity of the included studies. In patients with non-restorative sleep, clinical research shows that taking a specific ashwagandha extract (Shoden, Arjuna Natural Private Ltd) 125 mg daily for 6 weeks increases sleep quality by 72%, compared with an improvement of 29% in patients taking placebo. Small to moderate improvements also occurred in total sleep time, sleep latency, and number of times awake (103476).
• Stress. Oral ashwagandha seems to help reduce stress and may also reduce stress-related weight gain. Details: A meta-analysis of seven small clinical studies in healthy adults, patients with chronic stress, or patients with psychiatric conditions shows that taking ashwagandha 240-1000 mg daily for 8-12 weeks improves stress when compared with placebo (109587). Clinical studies included in this meta-analysis that evaluated adults with chronic stress show that taking specific ashwagandha root extracts 240 mg daily (Shoden, Arjuna Natural Ltd.) or 300 mg twice daily (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) for 60 days reduces perceived stress levels by 30% to 44% and decreases cortisol levels by 22% to 28% when compared with baseline. These improvements remain significant when compared with the changes seen for patients treated with placebo (90652,95617,101816,102682). In adults reporting moderate to high stress levels, clinical research shows that treatment with specific slow-release capsules containing another ashwagandha root extract (Prolanza), 300 mg daily for 90 days, lowers perceived stress scores and cortisol levels when compared with placebo (107371). In healthy college students, clinical research also shows that taking ashwagandha root extract 350 mg twice daily for 30 days improves qualitative perceptions of stress management, but not stress scores, when compared with placebo (109589,109590). Other clinical research shows that taking ashwagandha root extract 500 mg twice daily may prevent stress-related weight gain when compared with placebo (95617).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging. A small clinical study suggests that oral ashwagandha may modestly improve well-being, sleep, and alertness in elderly patients. Details: A small clinical trial in individuals aged 65-80 years shows that taking ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) 600 mg daily for 12 weeks improves overall well-being, sleep quality, and mental alertness by small to moderate amounts when compared with placebo (102684).
• Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects. It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for attenuating the metabolic side effects of antipsychotic agents. Details: One preliminary clinical trial shows that taking a specific ashwagandha extract (Cap Strelaxin, M/s Pharmanza Herbal Pvt. Ltd.) 400 mg three times daily for one month reduces serum triglycerides by 12% and fasting blood glucose by 15% when compared with baseline levels. Patients were taking atypical antipsychotics and had modestly elevated triglycerides and fasting blood glucose levels at baseline (90649). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Anxiety. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for reducing anxiety. Details: One small clinical study shows that taking ashwagandha root (Swiss Herbals) 300 mg twice daily for 12 weeks, in combination with standard psychotherapy interventions, including dietary counseling, deep breathing exercise instruction, and a multivitamin, reduces anxiety scores when compared with standard psychotherapy interventions and placebo (19271). However, other clinical research in young adults shows that a specific ashwagandha root and leaf extract (NooGandha, Specnova LLC) 225 mg or 400 mg daily for 30 days produces similar improvements in self-reported anxiety, stress, and depression scores when compared with placebo (107370).
• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for improving athletic performance. Details: A meta-analysis of four small clinical trials shows that taking ashwagandha increases aerobic capacity in athletes and non-athletes based on the measurement of maximum oxygen consumption. Effective doses ranged from 500-1000 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (102683). Another meta-analysis shows that taking ashwagandha in doses of 120-1250 mg daily, as a single dose or divided twice daily, for up to 6 months seems to improve muscle strength, speed, time to exhaustion, recovery time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in athletes and non-athletes (105824). However, the validity of this analysis is reduced by the lack of a control group, the varied training levels of the subjects, and the wide range of outcomes assessed. More research is needed to determine whether taking ashwagandha can improve athletic performance.
• Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In a preliminary clinical trial, children with ADHD were given a combination herbal extract formula (Nurture & Clarity), containing ashwagandha, white peony root, gotu kola, blue-green algae, bacopa, and sage, 3 mL three times daily for 4 months. Measures of attention, cognition, and impulse control improved significantly in children receiving ashwagandha when compared with placebo (19272). The dose of ashwagandha in the combination product was not reported, and the effect of ashwagandha alone in ADHD is unclear.
• Back pain. Although there has been interest in using oral or topical ashwagandha for back pain, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Bipolar disorder. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for improving cognitive function in adults with bipolar disorder. Details: Clinical research shows that taking ashwagandha extract (Sensoril, Natreon, Inc.) 250 mg daily for 1 week and then 250 mg twice daily for 7 weeks, improves some, but not all, measures of cognition by a small-to-moderate amount when compared with placebo (90653).
• Bronchitis. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for bronchitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Cerebellar ataxia. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for improving balance in patients with cerebellar ataxia. Details: A small, open-label study evaluating ashwagandha 500 mg three times daily in combination with Ayurvedic therapy for one month showed improvement in balance indices in subjects with cerebellar ataxia when compared with baseline (19273). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group. Additionally, it is unclear if this effect is due to ashwagandha, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Chemotherapy-related fatigue. Evidence is limited to one small clinical study in patients with breast cancer. Details: In preliminary clinical research in patients with breast cancer, taking ashwagandha powdered root extract 2 grams (Himalaya Drug Co) three times daily through six cycles of chemotherapy decreases chemotherapy-related fatigue when compared with no treatment. Fatigue scores were 16% to 52% higher in the control group when compared to the ashwagandha group (90651).
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial in patients with COPD. Details: A small clinical study in patients with stable COPD shows that taking ashwagandha root extract 250 mg twice daily for 12 weeks, along with conventional therapy, improves measures of lung function and exercise tolerance, but not quality of life, when compared with conventional therapy alone (109588).
• Cognitive function. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for cognitive function, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Constipation. Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A very small clinical study in adults with constipation shows that taking a combination product containing ashwagandha root and ambrette fruit extracts 300 mg or 500 mg daily for 14 days improves bowel movement frequency and abdominal, rectal, and stool symptoms when compared with placebo (112114). It is unclear if these effects are due to ashwagandha, ambrette, or the combination. The validity of these effects is limited by the small sample size.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 shows that taking a specific combination product, (Artovid-20, Bioved Pharmaceuticals) containing ashwagandha, ginger, turmeric, and Boswellia, 1,776 mg orally twice daily for 14 days shortens the duration of symptoms by 0.9 days when compared with placebo. Taking the combination product also modestly reduced the severity ratings of some symptoms, such as sore throat and cough, however, these improvements are unlikely to be clinically relevant (109899). Another small clinical study in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 shows that taking ashwagandha 500 mg and ginger 1000 mg twice daily for 15 days reduces time to recovery by around 6 days and increases the rate of clinical cure 14-fold and 2.6-fold at days 5 and 7, respectively, when compared with a control. However, taking this combination does not appear to improve the proportion of patients with a negative COVID-19 test, viral clearance, serum antibodies, chest findings, or disease progression when compared with control (112094). The validity of these findings is limited by a lack of blinding, and the study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups. Additionally, it is unclear if these effects are due to ashwagandha, ginger, or the combination.
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for type 2 diabetes. Details: In patients with type 2 diabetes, preliminary clinical research shows that ashwagandha 3 grams daily for 30 days decreases blood glucose to a degree similar to oral hypoglycemic drugs (19274). However, this study did not compare ashwagandha directly to a group taking oral hypoglycemic drugs.
• Fibromyalgia. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for fibromyalgia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Hiccups. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for hiccups, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Hypercholesterolemia. It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for hypercholesterolemia. Details: A very small clinical study in subjects with hypercholesterolemia shows that ashwagandha 3 grams daily for 30 days decreases serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels when compared with baseline (19274). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Hypothyroidism. It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for hypothyroidism. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism shows that taking a specific ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) 300 mg twice daily for 8 weeks increases triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 42% and 20%, respectively, and reduces serum TSH levels by 17% from baseline. These changes are significant when compared with placebo (97292). However, the effects of ashwagandha on thyroid hormone levels in patients with overt hypothyroidism, or in patients taking prescription thyroid hormones, is unknown.
• Infertility. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for infertility in females, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Male infertility. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for male infertility. Details: Preliminary clinical research in males with infertility shows that taking ashwagandha root powder for approximately 3 months modestly improves hormone levels, as well as sperm count and motility, when compared with baseline (19275,90650). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group. One study used a specific ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66 Ashwagandha, Ixoreal Biomed) 225 mg three times daily; another study provided doses of 5 grams daily (19275,90650).
• Menopausal symptoms. Oral ashwagandha may be beneficial for menopausal symptoms. Details: A small clinical study in healthy adults in perimenopause shows that taking a specific ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) 300 mg twice daily for 8 weeks improves menopausal symptom severity by 24%, compared with 11% in those receiving placebo. Quality of life and hot flashes also were improved in those taking ashwagandha (106785).
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for OCD. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking ashwagandha root extract 120 mg after meals for 6 weeks, in conjunction with prescribed selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), might reduce OCD symptom severity when compared with prescribed SSRIs alone. The dose was initiated at 30 mg daily and increased by 30 mg every 4 days. Although OCD scores were significantly reduced when compared with placebo, it should be noted that scores were already significantly lower in the placebo group at baseline (95618).
• Osteoarthritis. Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In patients with osteoarthritis, taking a specific combination supplement, containing ashwagandha 450 mg, Ayurvedic zinc complex 50 mg, guggul 100 mg, and turmeric 50 mg (Articulin-F) two capsules three times daily for 3 months reduces symptoms of pain and swelling when compared with placebo. However, there were no radiological improvements (19276). It is unclear if this effect is due to ashwagandha, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Parkinson disease. Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In patients with Parkinson disease, a small clinical study shows that taking a product containing ashwagandha 14.5 grams, cowhage 4.5 grams, Hyoscyamus reticulantus 0.75 grams, and Sida cordifolia 14.5 grams in lukewarm milk twice daily for 56 days improves symptoms like tremor, stiffness, and cramps when compared with baseline. The therapy followed 28 days of cleansing or eliminative therapy using Ayurvedic remedies (6899). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group. Also, it is unclear if these effects are due to ashwagandha, other ingredients, or the combination. Cowhage contains levodopa, which may contribute to any benefit seen with this combination product.
• Psychological well-being. It is unclear if oral ashwagandha is beneficial for improving psychological well-being in college students. Details: A small clinical study in healthy college students shows that taking ashwagandha root extract 350 mg twice daily for 30 days improves perceptions of well-being, including improvements in energy, mental clarity, food cravings, and sleep quality, when compared with placebo. Qualitative analysis also suggests these students had improvements in stress management, but stress scores were not reduced when compared with placebo (109589,109590).
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is unclear if ashwagandha is beneficial for improving symptoms of RA. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking ashwagandha powder 5 grams twice daily for 3 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of sidh makardhwaj (a mixture of gold, mercury, and sulfur) 100 mg with honey daily, modestly improves symptoms in about 50% of males and 60% of females with RA when compared with baseline (95620). The lack of a control group limits the validity of this finding. Additionally, the effect of ashwagandha powder alone is unclear.
• Sexual dysfunction. Small clinical studies suggest that oral ashwagandha root extract may help improve sexual arousal and sexual desire in some females and males with sexual dysfunction. Details: Two, small clinical studies in adult females with sexual dysfunction show that taking ashwagandha root extract (KSM-66, Ixoreal Biomed) 300 mg twice daily with food for 8 weeks in conjunction with or without counseling increases the number of successful sexual encounters and improves orgasms, satisfaction, lubrication, and arousal when compared with placebo or counseling alone (95619,110492). Also, a small clinical study in adult males with low sexual desire shows that taking the same ashwagandha root extract 300 mg twice daily after meals for 8 weeks improves subjective sexual functioning scores, including measures of sexual arousal, sexual desire, sexual behavior, and orgasm, when compared with placebo (109586).
• Smoking cessation. Oral ashwagandha has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A moderate-sized clinical study in adults with a history of smoking 5 or more cigarettes daily for at least 3 years shows that taking a specific combination product containing ashwagandha 100 mg, Indian gooseberry, tribulus, bacopa, Albizia lebbeck, licorice, clove, ginger, cowhage, holy basil, and turmeric (Smotect, Smotect India) daily for 3 months reduces the number of cigarettes smoked daily and levels of alveolar carbon monoxide and carboxyhemoglobin but does not improve lung capacity when compared with placebo (112115). It is unclear if these effects are due to ashwagandha, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Tuberculosis. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for tuberculosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Vitiligo. Although there has been interest in using oral ashwagandha for vitiligo, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition.
• Wrinkled skin. It is unclear if topical ashwagandha is beneficial in individuals with wrinkled skin. Details: A small clinical study in healthy adults with photoaged skin shows that applying ashwagandha root extract 8% lotion daily for 60 days improves physician-rated scores for skin wrinkles, hydration, brightness, tone, and pigmentation and improves other measures of skin elasticity and hydration when compared with placebo. However, changes in melanin content did not differ between treatment groups (111538).
• Wound healing. Although there has been interest in using topical ashwagandha for healing of skin ulcers and skin sores, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of ashwagandha for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate ashwagandha for these uses.

(Read more about ASHWAGANDHA)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Anxiety. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral Asparagus racemosus is beneficial for improving athletic performance. Details: In recreationally trained males, taking Asparagus racemosus 500 mg daily for 8 weeks during bench press training increases the number of repetitions before exhaustion, and allows a greater increase in training loads, when compared with placebo (106413).
• Bronchitis. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for bronchitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition.
• Cancer. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this purpose.
• Dementia. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for dementia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition.
• Diabetes. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition.
• HIV/AIDS. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition.
• Lactation. Oral Asparagus racemosus has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In mothers who have to supplement their breast milk or who have infants with below normal weight gain, taking an herbal mixture containing Asparagus racemosus as 2 teaspoons twice daily for 4 weeks does not increase breast milk production, infant weight gain velocity, or prolactin levels (32588). Per 100 grams, the herbal mixture contained Asparagus racemosus 15 grams, dill 1 gram, morning glory 1 gram, licorice 2.5 grams, cumin 0.5 grams, and panchatrinamol 1 gram. Another small clinical study in postpartum mothers in India shows that consuming Asparagus racemosus in the form of 1 daily granola bar that contains Asparagus racemosus and other ingredients (Shavari Bar, Act Life Sciences Ltd.) for 4 days starting the day after delivery increases breast milk volume by about 15 mL and shortens the time to breast fullness when compared with placebo (111721). However, it is unclear whether any improvement is clinically significant, especially in the longer term. Additionally, the dose of Asparagus racemosus was not specified which limits the interpretation of these results.
• Muscle strength. It is unclear if oral Asparagus racemosus is beneficial for improving muscle strength. Details: A very small clinical study in physically active postmenopausal patients shows that taking Asparagus racemosus 1000 mg daily for 6 weeks improves hand grip strength, but not knee extensor strength, when compared with placebo (110736).
• Sexual desire. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for sexual desire, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this purpose.
• Tuberculosis. Although there is interest in using oral Asparagus racemosus for tuberculosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Asparagus racemosus for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate Asparagus racemosus for these uses.

(Read more about ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Diabetes. Small clinical studies suggest that oral cardamom may slightly reduce glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes, but it does not appear to improve blood glucose, blood pressure, or cholesterol levels in these patients. Details: A small clinical study in overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes who are taking antidiabetes medication shows that taking cardamom 1 gram three times daily for 10 weeks reduces HbA1c by 0.4% and improves insulin and triglyceride levels when compared with a rusk powder placebo (101887). However, other small clinical studies show that taking cardamom 1 gram three times daily does not reduce fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, or total cholesterol levels, or improve anthropometric measures in patients with type 2 diabetes (95597,99436,101887).
• Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for this purpose.
• Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom essential oil for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for this purpose.
• Hyperlipidemia. Small clinical studies suggest that oral cardamom may modestly reduce triglyceride levels in patients with hyperlipidemia, but it does not seem to improve other lipid levels in these patients. Details: A meta-analysis of mostly small randomized controlled trials shows that taking cardamom 3 grams daily for 8-12 weeks does not improve total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, it might modestly reduce triglyceride levels when compared with placebo (101886).
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral cardamom powder is beneficial in patients with hypertension. Details: A small clinical study in adults with newly-diagnosed, untreated, stage 1 essential hypertension shows that taking cardamom powder 1.5 grams orally twice daily for 12 weeks reduces systolic blood pressure by about 19 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure by about 12 mmHg when compared to baseline (95308). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom for IBS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for this purpose.
• Nausea and vomiting. Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom for nausea and vomiting, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for this purpose.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral cardamom is beneficial in patients with NAFLD. Details: A small clinical study in overweight or obese patients with NAFLD shows that taking cardamom 1000 mg three times daily for 3 months improves some measures of cardiovascular and hepatic health when compared with placebo. Fatty liver grade, as measured by sonography, improved in 42% of patients taking cardamom, compared with 4.5% of those taking placebo. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and insulin resistance also improved by a moderate amount. However, taking cardamom did not affect fasting blood glucose, body mass index (BMI), or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels (101885).
• Obesity. It is unclear if oral cardamom is beneficial in patients with diabetes. Details: A small clinical study in overweight adults with diabetes shows that drinking black tea steeped with 3 grams of cardamom powder in three divided doses daily for 8 weeks does not affect weight, waist circumference, or blood pressure when compared with baseline or black tea only (95597).
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral cardamom powder is beneficial in patients with PCOS. Details:A small clinical study in patients with PCOS shows that taking cardamom powder 1 gram three times daily for 16 weeks while following a low-calorie diet improves cyst size and number, reduces levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone, increases levels of follicle stimulating hormone, and reduces levels of several inflammatory markers when compared with placebo plus a low-calorie diet (107920).
• Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Aromatherapy with cardamom essential oil has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One small clinical study shows that applying a mixture of essential oils from ginger, cardamom, and tarragon topically to the neck at the first sign of PONV can inhibit nausea and/or vomiting for 30 minutes in 50% to 88% of postoperative patients. The treatment effect appears to vary depending on the number of emetic drugs given during anesthesia or postoperatively, and whether the drugs were given during or after the operation (77054). Another small study shows that aromatherapy with a mixture of ginger, spearmint, peppermint, and cardamom, as 3 inhalations from a gauze pad, reduces nausea scores by 43% when compared with placebo. When compared with ginger aromatherapy alone, nausea scores were reduced by 15%. Using the combination aromatherapy also reduced the need for anti-nausea medications by 40% when compared with placebo and by 15% when compared with ginger aromatherapy (95307). It is unclear if these benefits are due to cardamom, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting. Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom for pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for this purpose.
• Respiratory tract infections. Although there has been interest in using oral cardamom for various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, influenza, and the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cardamom for these conditions. More evidence is needed to rate cardamom for these uses.

(Read more about CARDAMOM)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral cowhage for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose.
• Erythema. Although there has been interest in using topical cowhage for erythema, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose.
• Hyperprolactinemia. Although there has been interest in using oral cowhage for hyperprolactinemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose.
• Myalgia. Although there has been interest in using topical cowhage for myalgia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose.
• Parkinson disease. It is unclear if oral cowhage is beneficial in patients with Parkinson disease. Details: Very small clinical studies in patients with Parkinson disease suggest that taking a specific cowhage seed extract standardized to 3.3% levodopa (Zandopa, formerly HP-200; Zandu Pharmaceuticals), or other cowhage products that contain levodopa 75-400 mg orally once daily for up to 12 weeks modestly improves Parkinson disease scores when compared with baseline (7020,7203). Two very small clinical trials enrolling a total of 26 patients with Parkinson disease suggests that taking a single dose of cowhage powder, providing levodopa 1000-2000 mg or 12.5-17.5 mg/kg, is similarly effective after 90 minutes when compared with prescription levodopa 200 mg or 3.5 mg/kg as a single dose, with or without carbidopa and benserazide (12232,97266). It is unclear how these products would compare if they provided similar amounts of levodopa, or if they were taken for an extended duration.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there has been interest in using topical cowhage for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose.
• Sexual desire. Although there has been interest in using oral cowhage to increase sexual desire, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of cowhage for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate cowhage for these uses.

(Read more about COWHAGE)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Burns. Topical gotu kola seems to improve the rate of burn healing. Details: Clinical research shows that applying a cream containing gotu kola 3% once daily to second degree burns increases the rate of re-epithelialization and complete healing by about 7 days when compared with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) 1% cream. Gotu kola cream also seems to reduce dryness, itching, irritation, and scar severity when compared with SSD (97027). Other research in adults with second degree burns shows that applying a gauze dressing containing gotu kola 5% and aloe 2.5%, covered with absorbent cotton wool and changed every 3 days, reduces time to healing by 1.5 days and length of hospital stay by 1.7 days when compared with the use of a gauze dressing containing chlorhexidine acetate 0.5% (97028).
• Venous insufficiency. Oral gotu kola seems to improve symptoms of venous insufficiency. Details: Clinical research shows that taking gotu kola or a specific extract of gotu kola (Centellase) 60-180 mg daily orally for 4-8 weeks seems to improve measures of circulation and decrease symptoms such as edema in patients with venous insufficiency (6887,9786,11063,11064,11066,11070,52894,52909).

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

• Cognitive function. Oral gotu kola does not seem to be beneficial for cognitive function. Details: A meta-analysis of a small number of generally moderate quality clinical trials shows that taking a single dose of gotu kola, alone or in combination with other ingredients, does not improve cognitive function when compared with placebo (105334). In one study, gotu kola was taken in combination with ginkgo and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 4 months by healthy, cognitively intact older adults (52880).
• Radiation dermatitis. Topical gotu kola does not seem to reduce symptoms of radiation dermatitis. Details: Clinical research in females undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer shows that applying a cream containing gotu kola extract 7% once daily during and up to 4 weeks following radiotherapy does not reduce the severity of dermatitis when compared with no treatment or applying a moisturizing cream (102792).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging skin. Oral gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in healthy, middle-aged females shows that applying a topical emulsion containing extracts of gotu kola 3% and Indian gooseberry 3% twice daily for 60 days improves skin hydration, some measures of skin wrinkles, and elasticity of the cheek (but not the eye) when compared with placebo (111571). It is unclear if these effects are due to gotu kola, Indian gooseberry, or the combination.
• Alzheimer disease. Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for Alzheimer disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Anal fissures. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for anal fissures. Details: In patients with chronic anal fissures who are using standard dietary and hygiene treatments, preliminary clinical research shows that taking gotu kola extract 60 mg twice daily for 8 weeks and locally applying an ointment containing gotu kola does not reduce the mean time to bleeding cessation when compared with standard treatments alone. However, pain may be modestly improved. Also, gotu kola was less effective than an unspecified flavonoid mixture used both orally and topically (105332).
• Atherosclerosis. It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for slowing the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Details: Some preliminary clinical research shows that taking gotu kola extract 60 mg orally three times daily for 12 months helps stabilize low-density atherosclerotic plaques when compared with placebo (11062,11069). Gotu kola has also been evaluated in combination with a specific maritime pine bark product (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research). A non-randomized clinical trial shows that taking gotu kola 225 mg and Pycnogenol 150 mg in two divided doses daily for 3 months reduces plaque height and length and increases plaque echogenicity and stability when compared to control (97030). Another non-randomized clinical study in adults with atherosclerotic plaques and no other cardiovascular risk factors shows that taking gotu kola extract 100 mg and Pycnogenol 100 mg daily for up to 4 years reduces plaque progression and increases plaque echogenicity when compared with Pycnogenol alone or no treatment at all. Taking gotu kola and Pycnogenol is also associated with a reduced rate of clinical vascular events, including angina, myocardial infarction, minor transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and minor strokes when compared with taking Pycnogenol alone or receiving no treatment at all (97029). It is unclear how these outcomes would compare to the use of gotu kola alone.
• Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for ADHD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Topical gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that applying an ointment containing 5% each of the extracts of heart's ease, gotu kola, and Oregon grape twice daily for 4 weeks does not improve eczema when compared with a base cream. However, patients with eczema on skin exposed to cold weather might experience some improvement (67372).
• Depression. Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Diabetic foot ulcers. Topical gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In patients with deep diabetic foot ulcers, preliminary clinical research shows that applying a cream (WH-1 cream) containing 1.25% of gotu kola and Plectranthus amboinicus extracts in a 4:1 ratio twice daily for 2 weeks after surgical debridement is as effective as the use of a standard hydrocolloid fiber wound dressing for improving wound size. However, when compared with baseline, changes in wound size were not statistically significant (105335).
• Diabetic microangiopathy. It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for diabetic microangiopathy. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking gotu kola extract 60 mg orally twice daily for 6-12 months helps increase measures of circulation and decrease edema in patients with diabetic microangiopathy (11065,11068,52917).
• Dry skin. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for dry skin. Details: In patients with dry skin associated with type 2 diabetes, clinical research shows that topical application with 0.25 grams of a gotu kola 1% ointment twice daily, either alone or with oral gotu kola 1100 mg twice daily, for 28 days does not improve dry skin when compared with placebo. However, in a sub-group of patients with well-controlled diabetes, the combination of oral and topical gotu kola modestly improved dry skin (105329). Additionally, a small clinical study in individuals with dry skin due to working with synthetic and natural dyes shows that application of a gotu kola 2% ceramide-based cream to the hands and arms twice daily for 4 weeks improves skin barrier hydration, as measured by hydration of the stratum corneum and skin acidity, when compared to baseline. These improvements were similar to those seen with a ceramide 5% cream (109554). As the gotu kola cream was formulated with ceramide, it is unclear if these findings are due to gotu kola, ceramide, or the combination.
• Epilepsy. Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for GAD. Details: In patients with GAD, preliminary clinical research shows that taking gotu kola extract 500 mg twice daily for 60 days reduces symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress by 22% to 26% when compared with baseline (105333). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Hemorrhoids. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for hemorrhoids. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with chronic hemorrhoids, as well as patients with acute symptoms following a hemorrhoidectomy or surgical treatment for hemorrhoidal thrombosis, shows that taking gotu kola extract (Centella complex) 60 mg twice daily for 15 weeks and locally applying an ointment (Proctocella) containing gotu kola, arnica, and aloe, in conjunction with standard treatments, does not reduce the mean time to bleeding cessation when compared with standard treatments alone. Anal irritation was modestly improved in the patients with chronic hemorrhoids and in those undergoing treatment for hemorrhoidal thrombosis, but not in those that had undergone a hemorrhoidectomy (105336).
• Herpes zoster (shingles). Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for shingles, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with hypertension shows that drinking a tea made by boiling gotu kola 4 grams in 250 mL water three times daily for 3 days modestly reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with baseline. After consuming the tea, about 40% of patients had normal or high-normal systolic blood pressure and 77% had optimal or normal diastolic blood pressure, compared with 0% and 45%, respectively, prior to consumption (105330). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Hypertrophic scars. Topical gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research shows that topical use of a specific silicone gel (Bangkok Botanica) containing 15% extracts of gotu kola, onion, aloe, and paper mulberry, starting 2 weeks after surgery and continuing for 6 months, moderately improves the height and pliability of the post-surgical hypertrophic scar when compared with a silicone placebo gel. There was no effect on pigmentation or vascularity (102793). It is unknown whether any benefit is related to gotu kola, other ingredients, or their combination.
• Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Oral gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small observational registry study in males less than 65 years old with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia has found that taking a specific gotu kola extract (Centellicum; Horphag Research) 225 mg three times daily in combination with a standardized extract of maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol, Horphag Research) 50 mg three times daily for 8 months is associated with a modest improvement in Karnofsky Performance Scale scores and a reduction in fatigue when compared with pirfenidone (108862). However, the validity of these findings is limited by the unblinded, non-randomized nature of the study.
• Keloids. It is unclear if oral or topical gotu kola are beneficial for keloids. Details: There is some early evidence that applying a specific extract of gotu kola (Madecassol) topically might help reduce keloids and hypertrophic scarring (13558). Gotu kola has also been taken orally for keloids. Preliminary clinical research in patients at high risk for keloids shows that taking a specific extract of gotu kola (Centellicum, Horphag Research Ltd) 450 mg daily for 4 weeks starting on the second week after surgery seems to improve scar homogeneity and regularity (99756). However, the reliability of these results is limited because patients in this study were not randomized or blinded to different interventions.
• Laser skin resurfacing. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for recovery from laser skin resurfacing. Details: A small clinical trial shows that applying a gel containing gotu kola extract (ECa 233) 0.05% four times daily for 7 days, then twice daily for 3 months, improves wound healing following laser resurfacing for facial acne. Redness returned to baseline levels by day 7, in contrast to day 28 on the side treated with a placebo gel. The general wound appearance and crusting were also improved on the side on which the gotu kola extract gel was applied (102794).
• Osteoarthritis. Topical gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large, single-blind clinical study in adults with knee osteoarthritis causing moderate pain shows that applying a specific cream (TMP-4) containing extracts of gotu kola leaf, sesame seed, soybean, and mangosteen peel four times daily for 4 weeks provides similar improvement in pain scores when compared with diclofenac 1% gel. Topical TMP-4 cream also seems to improve knee stiffness, stair climbing, and mobility similarly to diclofenac gel. However, patient impression of overall improvement was higher with diclofenac (110128). The validity of this study is limited by inadequate blinding.
• Scarring. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for scarring or tenderness from scarring. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients without a history of keloid formation suggests that applying a specific cream (Alpha Centella, not available in the US) containing gotu kola and Bulbine frutescens extracts twice daily for 6-8 weeks following suture removal might help to reduce scarring (11072). Also, a large clinical study in adults who underwent carpal tunnel release surgery shows that applying gotu kola cream 1% three times daily for 6 months after suture removal marginally improves self-reported scar tenderness pain when compared with control, and modestly improves scarring scores when compared to baseline (112425). However, the interpretation of these findings is limited by patient-reported outcomes and insufficient validity of the scar scoring tool in this population.
• Skin grafts. Although there is interest in using topical gotu kola for skin graft recovery, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Stretch marks (striae gravidarum). It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for stretch marks; topical gotu kola has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients. Details: Preliminary clinical research in females with stretch marks shows that taking a specific extract of gotu kola (Centellicum, Horphag Research Ltd) 225 mg three times daily for 6 weeks increases skin thickness, elasticity, and perfusion when compared with a stretch mark minimizer cream (Clarins) and regular control cream (99757). The validity of these results is limited by the fact that patients were not randomized or blinded to the different interventions. Gotu kola has also been evaluated topically in combination with other ingredients. Preliminary clinical research shows that applying a specific mixture of gotu kola, vitamin E, and collagen-elastin hydrolysates in a cream (Trofolastin, not available in the US) daily during the second and third trimesters reduces stretch marks when compared with a placebo cream (13559). Another small clinical study shows that applying a specific mixture of gotu kola, vitamin E, essential fatty acids, hyaluronic acid, elastin, and menthol in an ointment (Verum, not available in the US) helps decrease the formation of stretch marks during pregnancy when compared with placebo (11073). Other preliminary clinical research in patients without previous striae shows that applying a specific formula containing hydroxyprolisilane C, rosehip oil, gotu kola triterpenes, and vitamin E (Velastisa Antiestrías, ISDIN) twice daily, beginning at week 10-14 and continuing throughout pregnancy, decreases the severity of both new and old stretch marks and the incidence of stretch marks when compared with placebo (92507). It is unclear if the effects seen in these studies are due to gotu kola, other ingredients, or the combinations.
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for SLE, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Tonsillitis. Although there is interest in using oral gotu kola for tonsillitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this condition.
• Venous thromboembolism (VTE). It is unclear if oral gotu kola is beneficial for VTE prevention. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that gotu kola decreases edema and improves measures of circulation in patients traveling on airplanes for more than 3 hours when compared to a control group receiving no treatment (11067). However, it is unknown if these changes reduce the incidence of clots.
• Wound healing. Although there is interest in using topical gotu kola for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of gotu kola for this purpose.
• Wrinkled skin. It is unclear if topical gotu kola is beneficial for wrinkled skin. Details: Small, low-quality studies in healthy adults suggest that topical formulations of gotu kola extract or the constituent asiaticoside 0.1% or 0.2% applied 1-3 times daily have shown modest benefit for wrinkled skin. Cream or gel formulations were used for 12 weeks for periorbital wrinkles and a lipstick was used for 8 weeks for lip wrinkles. However, the extent of benefit is not clear and meta-analyses are limited to a very small number of studies with varied comparator groups, including placebo, vehicle, tretinoin 0.02%, and Pueraria mirifica extract (106639). More evidence is needed to rate gotu kola for these uses.

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INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Bronchitis. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for bronchitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for CVD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Cognitive function. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for cognitive function, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Common cold. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Cough. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for cough, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Depression. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for depression, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for GERD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Hypothyroidism. It is unclear if oral Indian long pepper is beneficial in patients with hypothyroidism. Details: A small, uncontrolled clinical study in adults with subclinical or overt hypothyroidism shows that taking Indian long pepper powder 0.69 grams daily for 19 days or following a dose escalating and deescalating regimen for 19 days improves some symptoms of hypothyroidism, as measured by Zulewski scores, but has little to no effect on thyroid hormone levels when compared to baseline. The dose escalating and deescalating regimen included 0.69 grams of Indian long pepper powder on day 1 which was titrated up to 6.9 grams by day 10 and then deescalated down to 0.69 grams by day 19 (111111). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a placebo control group.
• Liver disease. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for liver disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Muscle soreness. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for muscle soreness, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Osteoarthritis. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for osteoarthritis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Psoriasis. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Stress. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for stress, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose.
• Tuberculosis. Although there has been interest in using oral Indian long pepper for tuberculosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Indian long pepper for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate Indian long pepper for these uses.

(Read more about INDIAN LONG PEPPER)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Diabetes. Oral Tinospora cordifolia seems to reduce glycated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes. Details: A meta-analysis of 2 moderate-sized clinical trials in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking Tinospora cordifolia extract 500 mg or 1500 mg daily for 9 or 26 weeks, respectively, reduces glycated hemoglobin by 0.5% when compared with no additional medicine. Additionally, meta-analysis of 2 small to moderate-sized clinical trials in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking Tinospora cordifolia extract 1500 mg daily for 26 weeks as tablets or as a decoction 5 mL daily for 9 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose by 4 mg/dL when compared with placebo or no additional medicine (111503). However, all studies were conducted in India; it is unclear if these findings can be extrapolated to other geographic locations.

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). It is unclear if oral Tinospora cordifolia extract is beneficial in patients with allergic rhinitis. Details: One small clinical trial in patients with allergic rhinitis shows that taking a specific Tinospora cordifolia aqueous stem extract (Tinofend, Verdure Sciences) 300 mg three times daily for 8 weeks decreases sneezing, as well as nasal itching, discharge, and obstruction, when compared with placebo (15085).
• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral Tinospora cordifolia extract is effective for improving athletic performance. Details: One small clinical study in healthy males shows that taking Tinospora cordifolia stem powdered extract 150-300 mg daily for 28 days improves speed during cycling and hand grip strength when compared to baseline; however, these improvements are not significant when compared with placebo (92230).
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for COVID-19, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Diabetic foot ulcers. It is unclear if oral Tinospora cordifolia is beneficial in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Details: One small clinical study in patients with diabetic foot ulcers shows that taking Tinospora cordifolia extract (dose unknown), in conjunction with standard treatment, for one month reduces the total number of debridements by 24% and the extent of phagocytosis in the wound when compared with placebo plus standard treatment. However, Tinospora cordifolia does not appear to improve the wound severity, size, or depth when compared with placebo (92227).
• Gout. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for gout, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Hepatitis. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for hepatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Hyperlipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Hypertriglyceridemia. It is unclear if oral Tinospora cordifolia extract is beneficial in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Details: One small clinical study in patients with hypertriglyceridemia shows that taking Tinospora cordifolia stem extract 3 grams daily for 14 days reduces levels of triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by around 170 mg/dL and 25 mg/dL, respectively, while increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by 12 mg/dL when compared to baseline. Patients in a control group taking metformin saw smaller improvements in these lipid levels, although a statistical comparison between Tinospora cordifolia and metformin was not reported (106846).
• Osteoarthritis. Oral Tinospora cordifolia has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large clinical study in adults with osteoarthritis shows that taking a specific Ayurvedic formulation (shunthi-guduchi) containing Tinospora cordifolia 440 mg, Indian gooseberry 1000 mg, and ginger 200 mg, with or without Boswellia serrata 600 mg, in divided doses daily for 24 weeks improves pain and functionality as effectively as celecoxib or glucosamine sulfate (89557). However, the clinical validity of these results is limited by the lack of a placebo control. Also, it is unclear if these findings are due to Tinospora cordifolia, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Peptic ulcers. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose.
• Scabies. It is unclear if topical Tinospora cordifolia lotion is beneficial in patients with scabies. Details: One small clinical study in children and young adults shows that topical application of Tinospora cordifolia lotion 3 days weekly for 2 weeks is as effective as permethrin 5% lotion for clearing the symptoms of scabies. At 28 days from the initiation of treatment, complete cure occurs in 70% of patients applying Tinospora cordifolia, compared with 50% of patients applying permethrin (92220).
• Sexual desire. Although there has been interest in using oral Tinospora cordifolia for increasing sexual desire, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Tinospora cordifolia for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate Tinospora cordifolia for these uses.

(Read more about TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Ashwagandha has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 1250 mg daily for up to 6 months (3710,11301,19271,90649,90652,90653,97292,101816,102682,102683) (102684,102685,102687,103476,105824,109586,109588,109589,109590). ...when used topically. Ashwagandha lotion has been used with apparent safety in concentrations up to 8% for up to 2 months (111538).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally. Ashwagandha has abortifacient effects (12).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about ASHWAGANDHA)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used appropriately in healthy individuals. Asparagus racemosus 500 mg daily has been used with apparent safety for 8 weeks in male recreational athletes (106413).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Cardamom has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally in medicinal amounts, short-term. Cardamom powder 3 grams daily in 2-3 divided doses has been used with apparent safety for up to 16 weeks (95308,95597,101885,107920). ...when the essential oil is used by inhalation for aromatherapy (77054,95307).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts. Cardamom is thought to have abortifacient and emmenagogue effects (19,39884). Avoid using amounts greater than those used in food.

LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of cardamom when used in medicinal amounts. Avoid using amounts greater than those used in food.

(Read more about CARDAMOM)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Powdered formulations of cowhage seed that are standardized to provide levodopa 75-400 mg daily have been used with apparent safety for up to 20 weeks (7020,7203,97266).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when the hair of the cowhage bean pod is used orally or topically. The bean pod hairs are strong irritants and can cause severe itching, burning, and inflammation (18).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about COWHAGE)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately. Gotu kola has been used safely in a cream or ointment for up to 10 weeks (11072,11073,67372,102792,105329,105335). An emulsion containing gotu kola extract 3% and other ingredients has been applied safely to the skin twice daily for up to 60 days (111571). ...when used orally and appropriately. Gotu kola extract has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 180 mg daily for up to 12 months or 1000 mg daily for 60 days. Dried gotu kola has been used with apparent safety in doses of up to 2200 mg daily for 4 weeks (6887,11062,11063,11064,11065,11066,11067,11068,11069,11070)(11071,99756,99757,99758,105329,105332,105333). A specific gotu kola extract (Centellicum, Horphag Research Ltd) 450-675 mg daily has been used with apparent safety for up to 6 weeks (99756,99757).

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used topically and appropriately (11073,13559). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety gotu kola when used orally during pregnancy; avoid using.

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about GOTU KOLA)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in food amounts. The fruit is commonly used in foods (101151). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Indian long pepper when used in medicinal amounts.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using in medicinal amounts.

(Read more about INDIAN LONG PEPPER)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the stem extract is used orally and appropriately, short-term. Tinospora cordifolia aqueous stem extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 900 mg daily for up to 8 weeks (15085). Powdered stem extract has also been used with apparent safety at a dose of up to 3 grams daily for up to 2 weeks or a dose of 1500 mg daily for up to 26 weeks (92230,106846,111503). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of other parts of Tinospora cordifolia when used orally or when any part of the plant is used topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.  Details There is preliminary clinical evidence suggesting that ashwagandha might lower blood glucose levels. Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia (19274,90649,102685).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking ashwagandha with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Animal research suggests that ashwagandha might lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (19279). Theoretically, ashwagandha might have additive effects when used with antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of hypotension.

BENZODIAZEPINES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of benzodiazepines.  Details There is preliminary evidence that ashwagandha might have an additive effect with diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin) (3710). This may also occur with other benzodiazepines.

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.  Details Ashwagandha seems to have sedative effects. Theoretically, this may potentiate the effects of barbiturates, other sedatives, and anxiolytics (3710).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking ashwagandha might decrease the effects of immunosuppressants.  Details Ashwagandha has demonstrated immunostimulant effects in humans (3710,3711,4114,11301,106786). Animal research has shown that ashwagandha can attenuate the immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide (3711,4114).

THYROID HORMONE Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Ashwagandha might increase the effects and adverse effects of thyroid hormone.  Details Concomitant use of ashwagandha with thyroid hormones may cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects. Preliminary clinical research and animal studies suggest that ashwagandha boosts thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion (19281,19282,97292). In one clinical study, ashwagandha increased triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels by 41.5% and 19.6%, respectively, and reduced serum TSH levels by 17.4% from baseline in adults with subclinical hypothyroidism (97292).

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DIURETIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, asparagus racemosus root might increase diuresis and electrolyte loss when used with diuretic drugs.  Details Animal studies show that asparagus racemosus root has diuretic effects when used in high doses (106417). This effect has not been reported in humans.

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Asparagus racemosus root could reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.  Details Animal research suggests that Asparagus racemosus root has diuretic properties when used in high doses (106417). Therefore, it might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

(Read more about ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS)

(Read more about CARDAMOM)

ANESTHESIA Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and anesthesia might increase the risk of arrhythmias.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of levodopa with cyclopropane or halogenated hydrocarbon anesthesia has led to arrhythmias. Other anesthetics have not been implicated (15). Use other anesthetics in patients taking cowhage or tell patients to stop taking cowhage at least 2 weeks before surgery.

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.  Details Animal research shows that cowhage might have hypoglycemic effects (7221).

ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of cowhage might decrease the clinical effects of antipsychotic drugs.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of levodopa might counteract the antidopaminergic effects of antipsychotic medications (15).

GUANETHIDINE (Ismelin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and guanethidine might increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of levodopa with guanethidine might cause additive hypotension (15); avoid using.

LEVODOPA Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Likely •  Level of Evidence = D Concomitant use can increase the risk of levodopa-related adverse effects.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa. Some cowhage products have been standardized to contain 75-400 mg of levodopa per dose (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724).

METHYLDOPA (Aldomet) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and methyldopa might increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of levodopa with methyldopa might cause additive hypotension. In addition, methyldopa may inhibit peripheral decarboxylation of levodopa and increase levodopa levels in the central nervous system (15); avoid using.

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIs) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of cowhage and non-selective MAOIs might increase the risk of hypertensive crisis.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of levodopa with non-selective MAOIs might cause hypertensive crisis. However, this interaction has not been reported with MAO-B selective inhibitors such as selegiline (15).

TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCAs) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of TCAs might reduce the levels and clinical effects of cowhage.  Details Cowhage contains levodopa (7020,7205,46334,46336,94723,94724). Use of TCAs might reduce the absorption of levodopa. Some case reports describe patients that developed hypertension and dyskinesia when taking both levodopa and TCAs (15).

(Read more about COWHAGE)

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking gotu kola might increase the sedative effects of CNS depressants.  Details In vitro research suggests that gotu kola may have sedative effects via binding of GABA receptors (6887,11071).

HEPATOTOXIC DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking gotu kola with hepatotoxic drugs might have additive adverse effects.  Details There are at least four case reports of hepatotoxicity associated with the use of gotu kola. However, more information is needed to determine if gotu kola was the causative factor in these cases (13182,92506).

(Read more about GOTU KOLA)

AMOXICILLIN (Amoxil, Trimox) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of amoxicillin.  Details Evidence from animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of amoxicillin when taken concomitantly (29269).

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.  Details In vitro research shows that Indian long pepper extract inhibits platelet aggregation (101151).

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels (29225). Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.

CARBAMAZEPINE (Tegretol) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, which is a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects (16833).

CEFOTAXIME (Claforan) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cefotaxime.  Details Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of cefotaxime when taken concomitantly (29269).

CYCLOSPORINE (Neoral, Sandimmune) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cyclosporine.  Details In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine (29282).

CYTOCHROME P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP1A1 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP1A1 (29213).

CYTOCHROME P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP2B1 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP2B1 (29332).

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP3A4 (14375).

NEVIRAPINE (Viramune) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma concentration and systemic exposure of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were associated with the elevated plasma levels of nevirapine (29209).

P-GLYCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can inhibit P-glycoprotein (14375,29281).

PENTOBARBITAL (Nembutal) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.  Details Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can increase pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time (29214).

PHENYTOIN (Dilantin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases phenytoin serum levels and slows its elimination (537).

PROPRANOLOL (Inderal) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, accelerates absorption and increases serum concentrations of propranolol (538).

RIFAMPIN (Rifadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.  Details Piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin (14375,29284).

THEOPHYLLINE Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases serum concentrations and slows elimination of theophylline (538).

(Read more about INDIAN LONG PEPPER)

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = A Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Clinical research in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that Tinospora cordifolia can reduce fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (111503). Additionally, animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia has hypoglycemic effects (15079,15080,15082,15083,106847).

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.  Details In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP1A2 at high concentrations (98225). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19.  Details In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2C19 at high concentrations (98225). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.  Details In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2C9. Animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract 400 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days reduces the clearance and increases plasma levels of glyburide, a CYP2C9 substrate (98225). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.  Details In vitro research shows that Tinospora cordifolia extract inhibits CYP2D6 at high concentrations (98225). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Tinospora cordifolia might reduce the effectiveness of immunosuppressants.  Details In vitro and animal research shows that Tinospora cordifolia has immunostimulant effects (15081,15086,15089).

(Read more about TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA)

General ...Orally, ashwagandha seems to be well-tolerated. Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and vomiting. However, these adverse effects do not commonly occur with typical doses.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Some case reports raise concerns about acute liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, and the need for liver transplantation with ashwagandha treatment.

Dermatologic ...Orally, dermatitis has been reported in three of 42 patients in a clinical trial (19276).

Endocrine ...A case report describes a 73-year-old female who had taken an ashwagandha root extract (unspecified dose) for 2 years to treat hypothyroidism which had been previously managed with levothyroxine. The patient was diagnosed with hyperthyroidism after presenting with supraventricular tachycardia, chest pain, tremor, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, hair thinning, and low thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Hyperthyroidism resolved after discontinuing ashwagandha (108745).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, large doses may cause gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, and vomiting secondary to irritation of the mucous and serous membranes (3710). When taken orally, nausea and abdominal pain (19276,110490) and gastritis and flatulence (90651) have been reported.

Genitourinary ...In one case report, a 28-year-old male with a decrease in libido who was taking ashwagandha 5 grams daily over 10 days subsequently experienced burning, itching, and skin and mucous membrane discoloration of the penis, as well as an oval, dusky, eroded plaque (3 cm) with erythema on the glans penis and prepuce (32537).

Hepatic ...Orally, ashwagandha in doses of 154-1350 mg daily has played a role in several case reports of liver injury. In most of these cases, other causes of liver injury were excluded, and liver failure did not occur. Symptoms included jaundice, pruritus, malaise, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, stool discoloration, and dark urine. Symptom onset was typically 5-180 days from first intake, although in some cases onset occurred after more than 12 months of use (102686,107372,110490,110491,111533,111535,112111). Laboratory findings include elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, and serum bilirubin (112111). In most cases, liver enzymes normalized within 1-5 months after discontinuation of ashwagandha (102686,107372,110491,111535,112111). However, treatment with corticosteroids, lactulose, ornithine, ursodeoxycholic acid, and plasmapheresis, among other interventions, was required in one case (111533). Rarely, use of oral ashwagandha has been reported to cause hepatic encephalopathy and liver failure requiring liver transplantation (110490).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, ashwagandha has been reported to cause drowsiness (110492). Headache, neck pain, and blurry vision have been reported in a 47-year-old female taking ashwagandha, cannabis, and venlafaxine. Imaging over the course of multiple years and hospital admissions indicated numerous instances of intracranial hemorrhage and multifocal stenosis of intracranial arteries, likely secondary to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) (112113). It is unclear whether the RCVS and subsequent intracranial hemorrhages were precipitated by ashwagandha, cannabis, or venlafaxine.

(Read more about ASHWAGANDHA)

General ...No adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

(Read more about ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS)

General ...Orally, cardamom seems to be well tolerated.

Dermatologic ...Orally, mild skin inflammation due to cardamom has been reported in one participant of a clinical trial (101887). Topically, a case report describes chronic hand dermatitis in a confectioner frequently exposed to cardamom. Skin patch tests were positive for cardamom, and for terpenoids present in the seeds (39875).

Genitourinary ...Orally, dysuria due to cardamom has been reported in one participant of a clinical trial (101887). Also, a case report describes a 5-year-old female who developed hematuria after eating ice cream flavored with cardamom. It resolved spontaneously and there was no re-challenge (95306). It is not clear if cardamom is the direct cause of hematuria in this case.

(Read more about CARDAMOM)

General ...Orally, adverse effects to cowhage seem to be rare; however, a thorough safety evaluation has not been conducted. Topically, cowhage bean pod or seed may be unsafe.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, flatulence, mucosal irritation.
Topically: Erythema, pruritus, rash.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, cowhage has been reported to cause palpitations (7021,7203)

Dermatologic ...Orally, ingestion of hairs from the bean pod or seed can result in significant mucosal irritation and should be avoided.
Topically, hairs on cowhage bean pod or seed can cause severe pruritus (6898). Symptoms include severe itching, burning, inflammation, and erythematous macular rashes (18,6898). Symptoms resolve spontaneously within several hours, but may also be relieved with antihistamines (6898). The hairs can be removed from the skin by washing, but the hairs can also be retained, and transferred to other people, in fabrics and carpets. Clothing and other materials that come in contact with cowhage hairs should also be thoroughly washed (6898).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, cowhage has been reported to cause flatulence, diarrhea, and dry mouth (7021,7203). Orally, a specific powdered cowhage seed extract (Zandopa, formerly HP-200; Zandu Pharmaceuticals) has been reported to cause nausea, abdominal distention, and vomiting in clinical research when taken in amounts of 22.5-67.5 grams divided into 2-5 doses per day (7020).

Musculoskeletal ...Orally, dyskinesia has been reported in clinical research in about 3% of patients taking a specific powdered cowhage seed extract (Zandopa, formerly HP-200; Zandu Pharmaceuticals) 22. 5-67.5 grams divided into 2-5 doses daily (7020).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, cowhage has been reported to cause headaches (7021,7203). Orally, insomnia has been reported in clinical research in about 3% of patients taking a specific powdered cowhage seed extract (Zandopa, formerly HP-200; Zandu Pharmaceuticals) 22.5 grams to 67.5 grams divided into 2-5 doses daily (7020).

Psychiatric ...In a case report, cowhage caused an outbreak of acute toxic psychosis. Symptoms of psychosis included confusion, giddiness, agitation, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. The cowhage-induced psychosis was successfully treated with intravenous chlorpromazine (7021).

Other ...Orally, cowhage has been reported to cause sweating and changes in urine color, (7021,7203). Theoretically, due to the levodopa constituent, cowhage is likely to cause the same adverse effects that have been attributed to purified, prescription levodopa. Some of these side effects include elevated liver enzymes, respiratory disturbances, urinary retention, muscle cramps, and priapism (15). However, these effects have not yet been reported for cowhage.

(Read more about COWHAGE)

General ...Orally and topically, gotu kola seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastric irritation and nausea.
Topically: Eczema.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Hepatotoxicity.

Dermatologic ...Topically, gotu kola may cause eczema (10277,10278). Also, gotu kola can cause allergic contact dermatitis, characterized by erythema, itching, papules, and a burning sensation (4,6887,9789,52875,52887,52896,52902). One specific gotu kola product (Blasteostimulina,Almirall, S. A.) has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis. However, not all patients with reactions to this product are sensitive to gotu kola; some patients are sensitive to neomycin, another ingredient in the product (52875). Madecassol ointment (Rona Laboratories Limited) is another gotu kola product that has resulted in allergic contact dermatitis. Controlled testing suggests that this product can cause this adverse effect in about 8% of patients (9789). Centellase cream has also caused allergic contact dermatitis in at least two cases (52887,52888).

Gastrointestinal ...In some patients, gotu kola can extract cause gastrointestinal upset and nausea (780,6887,52894).

Hepatic ...There is concern that gotu kola may cause liver toxicity in some patients. There are at least four case reports of hepatotoxicity associated with gotu kola; however, hepatotoxic contaminants cannot be ruled out, as laboratory analysis was not conducted on the products used. Additionally, the doses of gotu kola used in these cases were not reported (13182,92506). In a clinical trial where liver function was monitored, taking gotu kola 120 mg daily for 6 months was not associated with changes in liver function (11065).
In one case of hepatotoxicity, a 61-year-old female developed elevated liver transaminase and total bilirubin levels after taking gotu kola tablets for 30 days. Liver biopsy showed granulomatous acute hepatitis. Months later, the patient took gotu kola again and developed elevated liver transaminases after 2 weeks. In another case, a 52-year-old female developed symptoms of hepatitis and increased liver transaminases after taking gotu kola for 3 weeks. Biopsy indicated chronic hepatitis and granulomas, areas of necrosis, and cirrhotic transformation. Liver function normalized after discontinuation of gotu kola. In a third case, a 49-year-old female developed symptoms of hepatitis after taking gotu kola for 2 months. Biopsy revealed granulomatous hepatitis. Liver function normalized after discontinuation of gotu kola (13182). In a fourth case, a 15-year-old female taking an unknown dose of gotu kola and lymecycline for 6 weeks for acne experienced acute liver failure with abdominal pain and vomiting, as well as elevated liver transaminases, bilirubin, international normalized ratio (INR), and prothrombin. Liver function returned to normal after both products were discontinued (92506).

Immunologic ...Topically, gotu kola can cause allergic contact dermatitis, characterized by erythema, itching, papules, and a burning sensation (4,6887,9789,52875,52887,52896,52902). One specific gotu kola product (Blasteostimulina, Almirall, S. A.) has been reported to cause allergic contact dermatitis in some patients. However, not all patients who react to this product are sensitive to gotu kola; some are sensitive to neomycin, another ingredient in the product (52875). Madecassol ointment (Rona Laboratories Limited) is another gotu kola product that has resulted in allergic contact dermatitis. Controlled testing suggests that this product can cause this adverse effect in about 8% of patients (9789). Centellase cream has also caused allergic contact dermatitis in at least two cases (52887,52888).

Psychiatric ...A case of night eating syndrome has been reported for a 41-year-old female who had been taking a gotu kola tincture (dose not specified) for 2 years. Symptoms resolved after gotu kola use was discontinued (52878).

(Read more about GOTU KOLA)

General ...Orally, Indian long pepper is well tolerated when used in food (101151). No adverse effects have been reported when Indian long pepper is used as medicine. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

(Read more about INDIAN LONG PEPPER)

General ...Orally, Tinospora cordifolia seems to be well tolerated. Topically, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Headache and nasal pain.
Topically: Burning, erythema, and pruritus.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Liver injury has been reported.

Dermatologic ...Topically, Tinospora cordifolia has been reported to cause pruritus, erythema, and burning (92220).

Hepatic ...Orally, liver injury is reported after consumption of Tinospora cordifolia. In 2 case series, autoimmune hepatitis, acute hepatitis, worsening of chronic liver disease, or acute liver failure is reported in 49 patients after consuming various forms and doses of Tinospora cordifolia alone or in combination with other ingredients for a median of 42-90 days. Of these patients, 2 required a liver transplant and 4 died (110533,110534).
Liver injury is also reported in patients taking combination supplements containing Tinospora cordifolia. One case reports a 50-year-old female who presented with a 2-week history of constant right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and fatigue, along with severely elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), after taking a specific combination product containing Tinospora cordifolia 900 mg, stinging nettle 600 mg, and quercetin 600 mg (HistaEze) daily for 4 to 5 weeks (112404). Another case reports a 54-year-old female who developed acute hepatitis with elevated ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin after consuming a multi-ingredient product containing approximately 1900 mg of Tinospora cordifolia and 11 other Ayurvedic herbals daily for 2.5 months (112405). In both cases, liver function returned to normal within 3 months of discontinuing the supplement (112404,112405). It is unclear whether the liver injury in these cases is due to Tinospora cordifolia, other ingredients, or the combination.

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, Tinospora cordifolia has been reported to cause headache in a clinical trial (15085).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, Tinospora cordifolia extract has been reported to cause nasal pain in a clinical trial (15085).

(Read more about TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA)