| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
|---|---|
|
(root)
(Plumbago zeylanica Extract, Dry)
(Extraction rate: about 1/3-4 (up to 333 mg of dry raw material per 1 ml of extract).)
|
983 mg |
Alcohol, Water, Glycerin
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Chitrak. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Chitrak. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Ceylon leadwort.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or topically.
Ceylon leadwort is traditionally used orally and intravaginally as an abortifacient or for permanent sterilization; avoid using.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Chitrak. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
There is some concern that Ceylon leadwort might potentiate the effects of anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs and possibly increase the risk of bleeding. Ceylon leadwort root extract has been shown to decrease platelet adhesion and prolong bleeding in animals (92330). However, this effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans. Until more is known, use cautiously in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. Some of these drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
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Ceylon leadwort root extract has been shown to both increase and decrease blood glucose levels in animal research (92331,92348). This effect has not yet been demonstrated in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might reduce or potentiate the effects of antidiabetes drugs. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Medication dose adjustments may be necessary. Some antidiabetes drugs include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (Diabeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and others.
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. Some substrates of CYP1A2 include clozapine (Clozaril), cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), fluvoxamine (Luvox), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), mexiletine (Mexitil), olanzapine (Zyprexa), pentazocine (Talwin), propranolol (Inderal), tacrine (Cognex), zileuton (Zyflo), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and others.
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6. Drugs that are metabolized by CYP2B6 include ketamine (Ketalar), phenobarbital, orphenadrine (Norflex), secobarbital (Seconal), and dexamethasone (Decadron).
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9. Drugs that are metabolized by CYP2C9 include celecoxib (Celebrex), diclofenac (Voltaren), fluvastatin (Lescol), glipizide (Glucotrol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), irbesartan (Avapro), losartan (Cozaar), phenytoin (Dilantin), piroxicam (Feldene), tamoxifen (Nolvadex), tolbutamide (Tolinase), torsemide (Demadex), and S-warfarin (Coumadin).
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6. Some drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 include amitriptyline (Elavil), codeine, desipramine (Norpramin), flecainide (Tambocor), fluoxetine (Prozac), ondansetron (Zofran), tramadol (Ultram), and others.
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1. Some drugs metabolized by CYP2E1 include acetaminophen, chlorzoxazone (Parafon Forte), ethanol, theophylline, and anesthetics such as enflurane (Ethrane), halothane (Fluothane), isoflurane (Forane), methoxyflurane (Penthrane).
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has been shown to inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in vitro (92332). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might increase the levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Some drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 include lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), indinavir (Crixivan), sildenafil (Viagra), triazolam (Halcion), and numerous others.
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Laboratory research suggests that Ceylon leadwort root extract has anti-estrogenic activity (92328). Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort may interfere with hormone therapy.
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Plumbagin, a constituent of Ceylon leadwort, has demonstrated immunosuppressant activity in animal research (92323,92352,92357,92358). Theoretically, Ceylon leadwort might interfere with immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressant drugs include azathioprine (Imuran), basiliximab (Simulect), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), daclizumab (Zenapax), muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, Orthoclone OKT3), mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf), sirolimus (Rapamune), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids), and others.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Chitrak. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General ...No adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
