Red Vessel Teapills Huo Luo Xiao Ling Wan [Discontinued] by Plum Flower Brand

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Osteoarthritis. Oral Boswellia serrata extracts, taken alone or in combination with other ingredients, appear to reduce pain and improve function in knee osteoarthritis. However, most clinical studies have been small and methodologically flawed. Details: A meta-analysis of small, randomized, controlled trials in patients with knee osteoarthritis shows that taking Boswellia serrata extract 100-250 mg daily for 1-3 months moderately reduces pain and improves function when compared with placebo (103785). However, the validity of the included studies is limited by incomplete reporting, inadequate blinding, and other methodological issues. Studies included in the meta-analysis tested a specific Boswellia serrata extract (5-Loxin), as well as a specific Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (ApresFLEX, also known as Aflapin). Pain reduction was first noted within 7 days of treatment (17948,17949,21145). More recent evidence on the use of a Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (Aflapin) 100 mg daily for 30 days is consistent with the findings in this meta-analysis (109564). Lower quality studies, not included in the meta-analysis, tested another specific Boswellia serrata gum resin extract (Wokvel, Pharmanza). When taken in a dose of 333 mg three times daily for 2-6 months, this product improves pain and knee function when compared with control. Wokvel seems to have comparable benefit to a solid lipid Boswellia serrata particle product (Wokvida) (12432,21146,103784). Finally, another clinical trial not included in the meta-analysis shows that taking a different Boswellia serrata extract (Boswellin, Sabinsa Corp.) 169 mg twice daily for 4 months also moderately improves pain, stiffness, functional ability, and quality of life when compared with placebo (100699). Several studies also show that taking specific combination products containing Boswellia serrata and other ingredients can improve pain and functionality in patients with osteoarthritis. These products have combined Boswellia serrata 100 mg with ashwagandha 450 mg, turmeric 50 mg, and zinc complex 50 mg (Articulin-F) three times daily for 3 months (19276); Boswellia serrata 100 mg with ginger 33.33 mg, Tinospora cordifolia 73.33 mg, and Indian gooseberry 166.66 mg three times daily for 6 months (89557); a specific Boswellia serrata extract (BosPure, Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd) 300 mg with turmeric extract (BCM 95, Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd) 700 mg daily for 12 weeks (89719); boswellic acid 7.2 mg (from Boswellia serrata) with methylsulfonylmethane 5 grams and vitamin C daily for 2 months (96446); and a specific combination product (Tregocel, Max Biocare) providing Boswellia serrata extract 1 gram, curcumin 100 mg, devil's claw tuber 1 gram, celery seed 1 gram, and ginger rhizome 330 mg daily for 36 weeks (106078). However, research in patients with osteoarthritis of the hand suggests that taking a combination of Boswellia serrata extract 250 mg, pine bark extract 100 mg, methylsulfonylmethane 1500 mg, and curcumin 168 mg daily for 12 weeks does not improve pain or functionality (109563).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Although there is interest in using oral Boswellia serrata for hay fever, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Boswellia serrata for this condition.
• Aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia. Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer and aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia shows that taking a specific combination product (Opera, Gamfarma Srl) containing Boswellia serrata 40 mg, alpha-lipoic acid 240 mg, methylsulfonylmethane 200 mg, and bromelain 20 mg once daily for 6 months reduces arthralgia intensity when compared to baseline, with around 22% of patients having complete symptom resolution at the end of the study (109570). The validity of these findings is limited by a lack of control group.
• Asthma. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata can improve symptoms of asthma. Details: One small preliminary clinical study in patients with asthma suggests that taking a specific Boswellia serrata gum resin (S-compound, Rahul Pharma) 300 mg three times daily for 6 weeks may improve symptoms of asthma, such as forced expiratory volume (FEV), the number of asthma attacks, and dyspnea and rhonchi, in 70% of patients, compared to only 27% of patients in a control group (1708).
• Brain tumor. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata improves outcomes in patients with brain tumors. Details: One small clinical study in adults with brain tumors undergoing radiation therapy shows that taking an H15 Boswellia serrata extract 4200 mg in three divided doses daily throughout radiotherapy reduces cerebral edema and tumor volume, but not dexamethasone dosage, when compared with placebo (21149).
• Chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS). Rectal Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Two small, open-label clinical studies in males with prostatitis-like symptoms or CP/CPPS types IIIa or IIIb shows that rectal administration of a specific suppository containing Boswellia serrata resin extract and propolis polyphenols (MICTALASE) once daily for 20 days or once daily for 15 days per month for 3 months improves pain, urinary symptoms, quality of life, and total symptom scores, as measured by the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI), when compared to baseline. However, there were no improvements in scores on the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIED), and studies showed mixed findings regarding improvements on the International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) (102091,109566). The validity of these results is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Cluster headache. Although there is interest in using oral Boswellia serrata for cluster headache, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Boswellia serrata for this condition.
• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults hospitalized with moderate COVID-19 infection in Egypt shows that taking Boswellia serrata extract 300 mg and licorice extract 300 mg twice daily for 14 days, along with conventional therapy, reduces the risk of death, shortens the time to hospital discharge by around 5.5 days, and reduces the rate of mechanical ventilation when compared with placebo. For every five patients treated with this combination product, one additional patient survived. The standard treatments administered in this study included azithromycin, vitamin C, and zinc (108579). Another large clinical study in adults hospitalized with moderate COVID-19 infection in India shows that taking a specific product containing Boswellia serrata, ashwagandha, ginger, and turmeric (Artovid-20, Bioved Pharmaceuticals, Inc) 1,776 mg twice daily after meals for 14 days, starting within 48-96 hours of symptom onset along with conventional therapy, decreases the duration of illness by about 1 day and reduces patient-assessed severity scores of various symptoms (e.g. nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, taste and smell disorders) when compared with placebo. Almost all patients in this study also received steroids, and over 50% received remdesivir. Study results were similar in the subgroup of patients who received remdesivir (109899). However, the validity of this study is limited by use of data only from patients who fully adhered to the study protocol per protocol analysis and exclusion of patients with risks for progression to severe COVID-19, including uncontrolled hypertension, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, obesity, or immunocompromise.
• Crohn disease. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata reduces relapse rates in patients with Crohn disease. Details: One small clinical study in patients with Crohn disease who are in remission shows that taking Boswellia serrata (Boswelan, Pharmasan) 800 mg orally three times daily for one year does not decrease relapse rates or improve quality of life when compared with placebo (17241).
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata improves glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Details: A small clinical study in patients with diabetes who are taking metformin shows that taking powdered Boswellia serrata gum resin 400 mg twice daily after meals for 12 weeks modestly decreases fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and lipid levels when compared with a toasted powder placebo (91378). In contrast, another small clinical study in patients with diabetes shows that taking capsules containing powdered Boswellia serrata gum 250 mg (standardized for 60% boswellic acids) twice daily after meals for 8 weeks does not improve fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, other glycemic parameters, or lipid levels when compared with placebo (105010). However, the interpretation of these findings, specifically the lack of improvement in HbA1c, may be limited by the short duration of the study. A meta-analysis pooling the results of the two trials described above shows that Boswellia serrata reduces HbA1c by about 0.5% and fasting blood glucose by about 24 mg/dL, with no improvement in lipid levels, when compared with placebo (111503).
• Diarrhea. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata is beneficial in patients with acute diarrhea. Details: A small clinical study in adults with acute diarrhea shows that taking a specific lecithin-based delivery form of Boswellia serrata extract (Casperome, Indena S.p.A.) 250 mg twice daily for 5 days decreases the time to diarrhea resolution by nearly 1.4 days, reduces stool frequency, and improves symptoms of abdominal pain and nausea when compared with placebo (109568).
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there is interest in using oral Boswellia serrata for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Boswellia serrata for this condition.
• Exercise-induced muscle soreness. Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in healthy active adults with moderate to severe exercise-induced muscle pain shows that taking a single, 1000-mg dose of Boswellia serrata and turmeric extracts in black sesame oil (Rhuleave-K; Arjuna Natural Private Ltd.) improves pain relief when compared with placebo, with maximal benefits within about 3 hours. The number of people needed to treat to obtain pain relief of at least 50% over a 6-hour period was 1.1 (109277).
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Small clinical studies suggest that an oral Boswellia serrata extract may improve symptoms of IBS. Details: A small clinical study in patients with mild IBS shows that taking a specific lecithin-based delivery form of Boswellia serrata extract (Casperome, Indena S.p.A.) 250 mg daily for 6 months reduces abdominal pain, cramps, and gas when compared with standard management with hyoscine butylbromide or papaverine hydrochloride plus belladonna extract 10 mg. Patients receiving Casperome required fewer rescue medications and had a 46% lower risk of needing additional medical care, including hospitalization (100713). In a short-term clinical trial of the same Boswellia serrata extract 250 mg daily for 4 weeks, the risk for requiring additional medical care was reduced by 67% when compared with the same standard treatment options above. While IBS symptoms improved over baseline, significant differences between Casperome and standard treatment options were lacking (102089). These studies were funded by the supplement manufacturer, which may limit the reliability of these findings.
• Menorrhagia. It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata is beneficial for menorrhagia. Details: A small clinical study in otherwise healthy adults with menorrhagia shows that taking Boswellia serrata oleoresin powder 300 mg three times daily for 7 days, repeated over 2 menstrual cycles, improves quality of life and modestly reduces the average duration of menstrual bleeding after the second cycle when compared with placebo. All patients were permitted to use ibuprofen 200 mg as needed (105401).
• Microscopic colitis. There is limited evidence on the oral use of Boswellia serrata in patients with collagenous colitis. Details: One small clinical trial shows that taking Boswellia serrata extract 400 mg three times daily for 6 weeks increases the clinical remission rate by 64% when compared with placebo in patients diagnosed with a type of microscopic colitis called collagenous colitis. Clinical remission was defined as having an average of three or fewer soft or solid stools daily during the last week of the study (21152).
• Pain (acute). Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with acute musculoskeletal pain shows that taking a specific combination product containing Boswellia serrata and turmeric extracts in black sesame oil (Rhuleave-K; Arjuna Natural Private Ltd.) 1000 mg daily for 7 days is as effective as acetaminophen 1000 mg daily for pain relief, onset of pain relief, and onset of maximal pain relief (109287). This study is limited by its lack of blinding and placebo control. Additionally, the dose of acetaminophen used in this study is below the standard recommended daily dose.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: One clinical trial in patients with RA shows that taking two capsules of a specific product containing Boswellia serrata 100 mg, ashwagandha 450 mg, turmeric 50 mg, and zinc complex 50 mg (Articulin-F) three times daily for 3 months improves pain, morning stiffness, grip strength, and disability scores when compared with placebo (21154). However, another clinical trial in patients with RA shows that taking two tablets of a standardized extract formulation (RA-1) containing Boswellia serrata, ashwagandha, ginger, and turmeric three times daily for 16 weeks does not improve most symptoms when compared with placebo (21155).It is unclear if these findings are due to Boswellia serrata, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Rhinosinusitis. Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients over 12 years of age with chronic sinusitis shows that taking a combination product containing Boswellia serrata, black currant, bromelain, and vitamin D (Flogostop Forte, Humana Italia) with inhaled corticosteroids daily for 30 days reduces rhinorrhea, hyperemia of mucosa, and local inflammation when compared with inhaled corticosteroids alone (111501). It is unclear if these findings are due to Boswellia serrata, other ingredients, or the combination. Pharyngitis. Although there is interest in using oral Boswellia serrata for pharyngitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Boswellia serrata for this condition.
• Stroke. It is unclear if oral boswellic acids improve neurological function after stroke. Details: One small clinical study in adults with recent ischemic stroke who are taking aspirin and clopidogrel shows that taking boswellic acids 800 mg three times daily for 30 days improves neurological function, as measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, when compared with placebo (102092).
• Traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is unclear if oral Boswellia serrata is effective for reducing disability, or improving cognitive function or memory in adults recovering from TBIs. Details: A small clinical crossover study in adults admitted to the hospital for diffuse axonal injury shows that taking powdered Boswellia serrata oleogum resin 360 mg three times daily for 6 weeks does not improve disability when compared with placebo (91379). However, another small clinical study in patients suffering from a TBI 3 months to 3 years earlier shows that taking a specific Boswellia serrata extract (K-Vie, Kondor Pharma) 400 mg three times daily for 3 months improves performance on cognitive function tests, including those assessing processing speed, memory, and overall cognitive function, when compared with placebo (109567). A moderate-size clinical study in adults with memory dysfunction due to a recent mild traumatic brain injury in Iran shows that taking a specific product containing Boswellia serrata 360 mg and ginger 36 mg (Memoral, Goldarou) three times daily for 1 month modestly improves practitioner-assessed memory function scores when compared with placebo (110132). However, it is unclear if this effect is due to Boswellia serrata, ginger, or the combination.
• Ulcerative colitis. Small clinical studies suggest that oral Boswellia serrata extracts may improve symptoms of ulcerative colitis. Details: Two very small clinical trials in patients with active ulcerative colitis suggest that taking Boswellia serrata gum resin 300-350 mg three times daily for 6 weeks improves symptoms and disease markers comparably to taking sulfasalazine 1 gram three times daily (1709,12438). These findings are limited because the sample size may have been inadequate to assess differences between groups. In patients with ulcerative colitis in remission, one observational study has found that taking a specific lecithin-based delivery form of Boswellia serrata extract (Casperome, Indena S.p.A.) 250 mg daily for 4 weeks is associated with a reduction in abdominal pain, cramps, and malaise, a decrease in the need for additional medications, and a 58% lower risk for requiring additional medical care when compared with no treatment. Additionally, weekly episodes of bloody diarrhea, bowel movements, and watery stools were reduced when compared with baseline (102090).
• Urinary incontinence. Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in postmenopausal adults with urinary incontinence shows that taking a 3 tablets of a multi-ingredient herbal product containing Boswellia serrata 100 mg and five other herbs twice daily for 4 weeks reduces urinary incontinence frequency and leakage amount when compared with placebo, with improvements similar to those reported with solifenacin as standard therapy (111502). It is unclear if these effects are due to Boswellia serrata, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Oral Boswellia serrata has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small observational study in patients with an uncomplicated UTI has found that taking two tablets of a specific combination product (Acidif plus) containing Boswellia serrata gummy dry extract 100 mg, L-methionine 400 mg, and hibiscus 100 mg daily for 7 days is associated with reduced UTI symptoms and reduced bacteriuria when compared with taking an unreported dose of fosfomycin for 2 days (103783). The validity of this study is limited by its observational nature and a lack of information on the severity of UTI at baseline. Also, it is unclear if these effects are due to Boswellia serrata, other ingredients, or the combination. More evidence is needed to rate Boswellia serrata for these uses.

(Read more about BOSWELLIA SERRATA)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Acne. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for acne, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Angina. Preliminary clinical research suggests that compound danshen dripping pill, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, reduces symptoms and improves electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters in adults with angina. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: Analyses of preliminary clinical research, as well as individual lower-quality clinical studies, have shown that danshen dripping pill is effective in reducing symptoms of angina, although the extent of this effect and place in therapy is unclear (47021,47025,96442,96443,96445). Analyses of the available clinical research, involving up to 109 studies with 11,973 patients, show that compound danshen dripping pill, 216-270 mg, taken as 8-10 pills, three times daily for 1-6 months, is more effective than isosorbide dinitrate taken as 5-20 mg three times daily in improving the symptoms and ECG parameters associated with angina (96442,96445). Another analysis involving 17 studies with 1,433 patients found that danshen injection as an adjunct to standard treatment options was more effective in improving symptoms of angina and ECG parameters when compared with standard treatment alone. However, details on the dose of danshen injection and the standard treatments used in the reviewed studies were not provided (96443). The low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings. Also, the optimal dose and optimal form of danshen for treating angina has not been identified. Additionally, the effects of danshen alone are unclear. Salvianolate, a component of danshen, has been evaluated for the treatment of angina. A review of the available research shows that giving salvianolate as an intravenous infusion 250 mg in 250 mL dextrose daily for 10-14 days reduces angina severity and nitroglycerin tablet use in about 28% of people with stable angina. The patients most likely to respond are overweight, hypertensive, or experience at least 3 angina episodes per week (99069).
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using oral danshen for eczema, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Cancer. It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for cancer treatment. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 small, heterogenous clinical trials shows that taking various formulas containing danshen in combination with chemotherapy increases the odds of response and survival over 1-5 years when compared with chemotherapy alone. In patients with various types of cancer, including leukemia, and lung, liver, breast, colon, and gastric cancer, the odds of survival were increased by at least 1.7-fold (101976). It is unclear what other treatments these patients were receiving.
• Cirrhosis. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for cirrhosis. Details: A meta-analysis of results from low-quality clinical research, including 11 studies involving 1,086 patients, suggests that compound danshen injection or danshen injection 16-30 mL in conjunction with astragalus injection 10-30 mL daily for up to 90 days is superior to control in reducing liver function enzyme levels, increasing albumin levels, and reducing markers of fibrosis in adults with cirrhosis. However, the variability of treatments used as control, the wide range of outcomes assessed, and the significant heterogeneity between trials limits the validity of these findings (90622). Additionally, the effect of danshen injection alone is unclear.
• Coronary heart disease (CHD). Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking compound danshen dripping pills containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol may improve some cardiac symptoms, surrogate markers of cardiac function, and metabolic indices in patients with CHD. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of the results of low-quality clinical research, including 10 studies involving 1,367 patients, shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills 240-270 mg as 10 tablets three times daily in combination with aspirin 25-100 mg daily for 4 weeks to 2 years reduces symptoms of CHD and pain when compared with aspirin alone in adults with CHD (96439). Also, meta-analyses of low-quality clinical research, including up to 19 studies, show that taking compound danshen dripping pills in combination with aspirin reduces total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, as well as plasma viscosity and platelet aggregation, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, when compared with aspirin alone in adults with CHD (96439,109369). The low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in adults with CHD that require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills three times daily for 1-6 months reduces the risk of recurrent angina by 80%, coronary restenosis by 71%, heart failure by 55%, and malignant arrhythmia by 47% when compared with usual treatment, although there was no reduction in the risk for acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Taking compound danshen dripping pills also improved LDL cholesterol levels, but not HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels (105516). The validity of this study is limited by an unreported dose of compound danshen dripping pills, unclear use of antiplatelet and other adjunctive therapies in the control group, and possible publication bias. A more recent large clinical trial in adults with CHD complicated with anxiety and depression who recently underwent PCI shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills 400 mg three times daily for three months improves quality of life, anxiety, angina symptoms, and surrogate biomarkers such as endothelin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with placebo (112398).
• Diabetes. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Diabetic foot ulcers. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for diabetic foot ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Diabetic nephropathy. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for diabetic nephropathy. Details: A meta-analysis of up to 13 preliminary clinical trials in patients with early diabetic kidney disease shows that intravenous administration of danshen and Ligusticum striatum extract for 2-4 weeks, in combination with conventional medications such as angiotensin receptor blockers, alprostadil, benazepril, and others, modestly reduces urinary albumin and serum creatinine levels when compared with conventional medications alone (109380). The effects of oral danshen or intravenous danshen alone in patients with diabetic nephropathy are unclear.
• Diabetic retinopathy. Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking compound danshen dripping pills, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, may improve visual acuity and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: Meta-analyses of available preliminary clinical research in adults with diabetic retinopathy, including up to 13 studies, show that taking compound danshen dripping pill at doses of 270-540 mg or ten pills three times daily improves retinal and choroid circulation, visual field, and visual acuity, and reduces the occurrence of microaneurysm and retinal hemorrhage when compared with placebo, control, or conventional treatment alone. However, the low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings (96437,109376). Some clinical research shows that taking compound danshen dripping pill 5 mg three times daily for 6 months may be more effective than taking captopril 12.5 mg two or three times daily for reducing macular edema and the severity of retinopathy and improving vision (109372). Additional clinical research shows that higher doses of compound danshen dripping pill of 540-810 mg three times daily may be most effective in improving symptoms of diabetic retinopathy when compared with placebo (96444).
• Endometriosis. Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking danshen-containing herbal products with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) may improve postoperative management of endometriosis. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of eight preliminary clinical trials shows that taking danshen-containing herbal products along with GnRH-a following surgery for endometriosis reduces the recurrence of endometriosis by 74% when compared with GnRH-a alone. Some research also suggests that danshen-containing products reduce symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and hot flashes and increase the pregnancy rate (109381).
• Heart failure. Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of small clinical trials in adults with heart failure shows taking a danshen decoction 400 to 1600 mL daily for 2 to 8 weeks in combination with conventional therapy improves some markers of cardiac function such as left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and serological indicators such as brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein when compared with conventional therapy alone (112397). Danshen comprised 75% of the herbs in the decoction and Tanxiang and Sha ren equally comprised the other 25%. It is unclear if these findings are due to danshen, other ingredients, or the combination. The moderate to low quality of the evidence limits the validity of these findings. All studies in this analysis were conducted in China which may limit generalizability to other geographic regions.
• Hepatitis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for chronic hepatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for hyperlipidemia. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with hyperlipidemia shows that taking lipid-lowering medication and injecting 1 mL of danshen into two of four possible acupuncture points daily for 30 days decreases total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Improvements appear to occur in 90% of patients using danshen plus lipid-lowering medication, compared with only 44% of patients using lipid-lowering medication alone (47072). However, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen extract 3 grams three times daily for 28 days leads to increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, with no change in HDL cholesterol levels, when compared with placebo in adults with hyperlipidemia and hypertension (96441).
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for hypertension. Details: Clinical research in adults with uncontrolled hypertension shows that taking a mixture of extracts of danshen 450 mg, rhodiola 40 mg, chrysanthemum 200 mg, and kudzu 200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks along with antihypertensive drugs does not increase response to treatment, defined as a sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 140 mmHg and/or sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 90 mmHg OR achieving a reduction of more than 10 mmHg in SBP or more than 5 mmHg in DBP. However, taking this combination along with antihypertensive drugs increases the percentage of patients with a sitting SBP less than 140 mmHg and/or sitting DBP less than 90 mmHg by about 3.5-fold when compared with antihypertensive drugs alone (94396). However, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen extract 3 grams three times daily for 28 days does not lower SBP or DBP when compared with placebo in adults with hyperlipidemia and hypertension (96441).
• Hypoparathyroidism. Intravenous danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. The effect of oral danshen is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism after a total thyroidectomy shows that intravenous danshen and the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong 10 mL daily for one week reduces the time to recovery of parathyroid function by about 2 weeks, and results in increased serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels over 6 months, when compared with conventional treatment including calcitriol and calcium gluconate. Also, there was a reduction in the number of patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism (109379).
• Intrauterine Adhesions. Intrauterine danshen has only been evaluated in combination with various oral ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. The effect of oral danshen is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with moderate to severe intrauterine adhesions shows that use of intrauterine danshen (Harbin Pharm Group Sanjing Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd.) 5 mL, along with oral Chinese medications for 6 months after adhesion resection and balloon uterine stent placement, may improve clinical efficacy when compared with a control group receiving hyaluronic acid and an intrauterine device (IUD). Clinical efficacy, defined as normal menstruation with at least a near normal intrauterine lining and normal or slightly reduced blood volume, was 89% after treatment with danshen, compared with 69% in the control group. Uterine re-adhesion after 3 months was also reduced. However, there was no difference in the 6-month follow-up pregnancy rate (109374).
• Kidney transplant. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial following kidney transplantation. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that injection with danshen 60 mL daily for 10 days in addition to conventional treatment improves urinary volume and creatinine clearance and reduces the incidence of renal function recovery after kidney transplantation when compared with conventional treatment alone. However, the risk of acute rejection does not seem to be affected (47019).
• Obesity. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for obesity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Oral submucous fibrosis. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for oral submucous fibroids. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 generally low-quality randomized controlled trials shows that danshen injection with corticosteroids, usually triamcinolone acetonide, improves symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis better than conventional corticosteroid treatment alone. Danshen modestly improved maximal mouth opening and moderately improved the oral mucosal lesion area and sensation of burning (101975). The effect of oral danshen is unclear.
• Pancreatitis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for pancreatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for PCOS. Details: A meta-analysis of two preliminary clinical trials in patients with PCOS shows that taking danshen along with medication does not increase the pregnancy rate when compared with medication alone. However, these studies differed in their findings, with a 2.6-fold increase in pregnancy rate when compared with letrozole alone in one study and no increase when compared with cyproterone acetate in the other. Taking danshen may decrease fasting levels of glucose and insulin and improve levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and reproductive hormones when compared with placebo or medications alone (109378). However, the number of clinical trials in each meta-analysis was small.
• Pre-eclampsia. It is unclear if intravenous or oral danshen is beneficial for pre-eclampsia. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with severe pre-eclampsia on bed rest shows that intravenous danshen 16 mL in combination with magnesium sulfate up to 30 grams daily for 7 days results in clinical improvements when compared with magnesium sulfate alone. Blood pressure reductions to below 150/100 mmHg and improvement in clinical symptoms occurred in 93% of patients, compared with 77% of those in the control group. There were also modest improvements in liver and kidney function indices (109382). The effect of oral danshen is unclear.
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension. It is unclear if intravenous or oral danshen is beneficial for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension shows that intravenous danshen 10-20 mL in combination with magnesium sulfate 4-10 mL once daily for 10 days modestly reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as 24-hour urinary protein levels, when compared with magnesium sulfate alone. Also, the number of patients with a reduction or elimination of clinical symptoms was increased (109373).
• Psoriasis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Stroke. Preliminary clinical research suggests that oral or intravenous danshen may be beneficial for reducing symptoms following a stroke. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen orally or intravenously, usually as composite products, or administering the constituent salvianolic acid intravenously, might produce some improvement in neurological deficits, sleep quality, and blood flow indices after acute ischemic stroke (15538,47002,47017,101978,109371,109377). In one study, compound danshen dripping pills prepared with Panax notoginseng, borneol, and extracts of danshen, 270 mg (10 pills) three times daily for 28 days was used (15538). Compound danshen 16 mL or 20 mL and danshen 30 mL injection have been used for up to 28 days, occasionally in combination with snake venom (15538,96436). Other research shows that danshen injection is not as effective as danhong injection, an extract of danshen and safflower, in improving neurological deficits after acute ischemic stroke; however, the clinical relevance of this finding in the context of standard treatments is unclear (96436).
• Unstable angina. Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with unstable angina shows that taking danshen dripping pill 0.4 grams three times daily, alone or in combination with andrographis 0.2 grams three times daily, for 4 weeks modestly improves symptoms, although the combination of andrographis with danshen dripping pill was more effective than danshen dripping pill alone (109370).
• Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with multiple myeloma receiving treatment with thalidomide shows that taking compound danshen dripping pill, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, 108 mg (4 tablets) three times daily for 8 months is as effective as warfarin for preventing VTE. Compound danshen dripping pills and warfarin demonstrate equal efficacy in preventing thalidomide-induced elevations in D-dimer and fibrinogen levels after 3 months of prophylaxis (96440). The effects of danshen alone are unclear.
• Wound healing. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate danshen for these uses.

(Read more about DANSHEN)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for atopic dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is limited evidence on the use of dong quai in patients with CKD. Details: A large propensity score-matched observational study over 15 years in Taiwanese adults with CKD suggests that taking dong quai is associated with a 5.1% risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and 38% risk of overall mortality when compared with 7% and 56%, respectively, in controls. Higher cumulative doses (i.e., 15 grams or more) and longer duration of exposure (i.e., > 60 days) are also associated with fewer ESRD events (112362). However, the interpretation of these findings is limited by the lack of exact dosage information and retrospective study design.
• Coronary heart disease (CHD). Intravenous dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with CHD shows that injecting 20 mL of an intravenous solution containing dong quai, ginseng, and astragalus (Yi-qi Huo-xue Injection) daily for 2 weeks reduces the frequency and severity of angina episodes when compared with placebo. It also seems to increase exercise tolerance and improve left ventricular function when compared with placebo (33046). It is unclear if these benefits are due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Hypertension. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this purpose.
• Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Oral dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of 17 studies conducted in China in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia concludes that adding traditional Chinese medicine combinations containing dong quai root and astragalus root to treatment with conventional medicines improves pulmonary function index, six-minute walking distance, and the Borg scale of perceived exertion when compared with conventional treatment alone (103618). The included studies are of low quality, include a range of treatment durations from 1-12 months, and vary in the conventional medicines and Chinese herb combinations used. The doses of dong quai used were not stated.
• Infertility. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for infertility, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Iron deficiency anemia. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for iron deficiency anemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Menopausal symptoms. There is inconsistent and contradictory evidence about the effect of dong quai on menopausal symptoms. Benefits have only been seen when it is used in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Some clinical research shows that taking dong quai, 1.5 grams three times daily for 24 weeks, does not affect menopausal symptoms (738). Other clinical research shows that dong quai improves menopausal symptoms when used in combination with other constituents. In one clinical trial, taking five chewable tablets of a specific combination of dong quai and chamomile (Climex) daily for 12 weeks reduced the frequency and severity of hot flushes when compared with placebo (48445). In another trial, taking a combination providing dong quai 75 mg, along with American ginseng, black cohosh, milk thistle, red clover, and vitex agnus-castus (Phyto-Female Complex) twice daily for 3 months reduces menopausal symptoms, including the number and intensity of hot flushes, the number of night sweats, and sleep quality (19552). Taking another combination product containing dong quai, burdock root, licorice root, motherwort, and Mexican wild yam root, 500 mg three times daily for 3 months, also reduces menopausal symptoms when compared with placebo (48522). It is unclear if the beneficial effects in these studies were due to dong quai, other ingredients, or a combination of ingredients.
• Migraine headache. Oral dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with menstrual migraine shows that taking a combination of soy isoflavones 60 mg, dong quai 100 mg, and black cohosh 50 mg daily for 24 weeks reduces the frequency of attacks when compared with placebo (35797). It is unclear if this effect is due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Osteoporosis. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for osteoporosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Peptic ulcers. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Premature ejaculation. Topical dong quai has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In one preliminary clinical trial in patients with premature ejaculation, a multi-ingredient cream preparation (SS Cream) containing dong quai, Panax ginseng root, Cistanches deserticola, Zanthoxyl species, Torlidis seed, clove flower, Asiasari root, cinnamon bark, and toad venom was applied to the glans penis 1 hour prior to intercourse and washed off immediately before intercourse. Patients using the cream had significantly improved ejaculatory latency when compared with placebo cream (2537). It is unclear if this effect is due to dong quai, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Psoriasis. Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Pulmonary hypertension. Preliminary clinical research shows that intravenous dong quai may be effective in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Details: Some preliminary clinical research in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary hypertension shows that intravenous administration of 250 mL of a solution containing dong quai 25%, once daily for 5-10 days, reduces pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance when compared to baseline (48438,48442,48443). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of comparator groups.
• Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although there is interest in using oral dong quai for RA, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of dong quai for this condition.
• Stroke. Preliminary evidence does not support the use of intravenous dong quai for acute ischemic stroke. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with acute ischemic stroke shows that administering 200 mL of a solution containing dong quai 25% intravenously daily for 20 days does not improve neurological symptoms when compared with dextran-40 (48483). More evidence is needed to rate dong quai for these uses.

(Read more about DONG QUAI)

LIKELY INEFFECTIVE

• Schistosomiasis. Most research suggests that oral myrrh extract is not effective for treating schistosomiasis. Details: Although one manufacturer-sponsored study shows that taking a specific myrrh extract (Mirazid, Pharco Pharmaceuticals) 600 mg once daily for 6 days cures schistosomiasis in about 90% of patients, multiple clinical studies show that taking this myrrh extract does not treat schistosomiasis in children or adults. In one study, only about 9% of adults and children treated with this myrrh extract at a dose of 600 mg every 3 weeks for 2 doses were cured compared to about 76% of patients treated with praziquantel (95541). A similar lack of benefit was shown in another clinical trial in which children were given a higher dose of 300 mg daily for 3 days or 600 mg daily for 6 days (95542,95545). A systematic review of the available literature concludes that praziquantel continues to be the treatment of choice for schistosomiasis, and that myrrh appears ineffective for parasitological cure (95544).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Back pain. It is unclear if oral myrrh is beneficial in patients with back pain, and topical myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in adults with chronic low back pain shows that two 15-minute sessions of lumbar massage weekly with 5 mL of myrrh 2% and frankincense 2% essential oils for 3 weeks reduces measures of pain and disability when compared with placebo (111504). An observational study in adults with chronic lower back pain and sciatica suggests that taking a combination of myrrh 200 mg, palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg, and alpha-lipoic acid 800 mg daily for 30 days, along with periradicular infiltrations of oxygen-ozone, is associated with resolution of pain in 17% more patients when compared with periradicular steroid infiltrations at 60 days (111308). However, it is unclear if the effects in these studies are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combinations. Additionally, observational research in adults with chronic low back pain of varying intensity has found that taking a specific myrrh extract (MyrliMax, Sundyota Numandis Pharmaceuticals) 100 mg twice daily for 20 days is associated with reductions in pain and the need for rescue analgesics when compared to baseline (111112). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of a control group.
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral myrrh for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Canker sores. Although there has been interest in using topical myrrh for canker sores, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Common cold. Although there has been interest in using oral myrrh for the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Cough. Although there has been interest in using oral myrrh for cough, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Crohn disease. Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Observational research over a period of 24-28 days in a small group of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (50% ulcerative colitis and 50% Crohn disease) has found that taking a specific combination product containing myrrh 100 mg, coffee charcoal 50 mg, and chamomile extract 70 mg per tablet (MYRRHINIL-INTEST, Repha GmbH) results in symptom resolution in 16-26 days. The probability of being free of symptoms did not differ between patients using other treatments, the myrrh combination product alone, or a combination of the myrrh product with other treatments. Overall efficacy was rated as good to very good by patients and physicians (104593). The validity of these findings is limited by the observational nature of the study. Also, it is unclear if these findings are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Dental peri-implantitis. It is unclear if rinsing with myrrh mouthwash solution is effective for the prevention of dental peri-implantitis. Details: A small clinical study in adults undergoing dental implant placement shows that rinsing with myrrh 1% mouthwash solution twice daily for 2 weeks leads to similar rates of postoperative bleeding, pain, redness, and swelling when compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthwash (111114).
• Diarrhea. Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Observational research over a period of 7-14 days in a group of patients with active diarrhea related to an acute inflammatory disorder has found that taking a specific combination product containing myrrh 100 mg, coffee charcoal 50 mg, and chamomile extract 70 mg per tablet (MYRRHINIL-INTEST, Repha GmbH), alone or in combination with other therapies, improves overall symptoms of diarrhea. The median time to symptom resolution was 4 days. The probability of symptom resolution with use of the myrrh combination product was similar to that observed when other treatments were used. Overall efficacy was rated as good to very good by patients and physicians (104593). The validity of these findings is limited by the observational nature of the study. Also, it is unclear if these findings are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Fasciolosis. It is unclear if oral myrrh extract is beneficial in patients with fasciolosis. Details: A small clinical study in adults and children with fasciolosis shows that taking a specific myrrh extract (Mirazid, Pharco Pharmaceuticals) 600 mg daily for 6 days leads to a cure rate of about 94% at 3 months. However, the lack of standardized stool sample evaluation and absence of a control group limit the validity of this finding (95543). Furthermore, another small study in adults and children with fasciolosis shows that taking this same product, 600 mg daily for 6 days, leads to a 0% cure rate at both 1 and 2 months (95545).
• Gingivitis. Although there has been interest in using topical myrrh for gingivitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Herniated disc. Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small observational study in adults with acute lumbosacral radiculopathy secondary to lumbar disc herniation suggests that taking a combination supplement containing myrrh 100 mg, alpha-lipoic acid 404 mg, and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) 306 mg (Tiobec Dol, Uriach Italy Srl) twice daily for 4 weeks, along with steroids and as needed opioids, is associated with reduced pain and disability and improved physical but not mental health as it pertains to quality of life when compared with steroids and as needed opioids alone (111711). However, it is unclear if these effects are due to alpha-lipoic acid, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Intestinal parasite infection. It is unclear if oral myrrh extract is beneficial in children with intestinal parasite infections. Details: A small clinical study in immunocompetent children shows that taking a specific myrrh extract (Mirazid, Pharco Pharmaceuticals) 10 mg/kg daily in combination with paromomycin 500 mg four times daily for 2 weeks improves symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting when compared with paromomycin or myrrh extract alone. However, no differences in oocyst elimination were observed across groups (95546).
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Observational research over a period of 24-28 days in a group of patients with IBS has found that taking a specific combination product containing myrrh 100 mg, coffee charcoal 50 mg, and chamomile extract 70 mg per tablet (MYRRHINIL-INTEST, Repha GmbH), alone or in combination with other therapies, improves overall symptoms of diarrhea. The probability of being free of symptoms did not differ between patients using other treatments or when the myrrh combination product was used in combination with other treatments. Overall efficacy was rated as good to very good by patients and physicians (104593). The validity of these findings is limited by the observational nature of the study. Also, it is unclear if these findings are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Miscarriage. It is unclear if oral myrrh is beneficial in patients with incomplete miscarriage. Details: A small clinical study in adults with incomplete miscarriage (incomplete abortion) shows that taking myrrh 500 mg three times a day for 2 weeks increases the proportion of patients with successful complete abortion, defined as no retained products of conception, to 83%, compared to only 54% of those taking placebo (104840).
• Muscle cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral myrrh for muscle cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Oral mucositis. Although there has been interest in using topical myrrh for oral mucositis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Pain (acute). It is unclear if oral myrrh extract is beneficial in patients with acute pain. Details: A small clinical study shows that taking a specific, standardized myrrh extract (MyrLiq, Biosfered S.r.l.) 200-400 mg daily for 20 days can improve various types of acute pain, including headache, fever-associated pain, joint or muscle pain, lower back pain, and menstrual cramps, when compared with placebo (98224).
• Pain (chronic). It is unclear if oral myrrh extract is beneficial in patients with chronic pain. Details: A small clinical study shows that taking a specific, standardized myrrh extract (MyrLiq, Biosfered S.r.l.) 200-400 mg daily for 20 days can improve various types of chronic pain, including joint or muscle pain and lower back pain, when compared with placebo (98224).
• Peptic ulcers. Although there has been interest in using oral myrrh for peptic ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of myrrh for this purpose.
• Sciatica. Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Observational research in patients with sciatic pain due to herniated discs has found that taking a combination of myrrh extract 200 mg, alpha-lipoic acid 800 mg, and palmitoylethanolamide 600 mg daily for 20 days along with 3 sessions of oxygen-ozone therapy over 30 days is associated with slight improvements in pain when compared with oxygen-ozone therapy alone (111113). The validity of these findings is limited by the observational nature of the study. Additionally, it is unclear if these findings are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Tooth extraction. It is unclear if rinsing with myrrh extract solution is beneficial in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Details: A small clinical study in healthy, non-smoking adults shows that using a mouthwash containing myrrh extract 0.5% twice daily for 7 days following simple tooth extraction decreases the socket size in 90% of patients compared with 40% in the control group. Swelling and tenderness also decreased when compared with control (105846).
• Trichomoniasis. It is unclear if oral myrrh extract is beneficial in patients with trichomoniasis. Details: A small clinical study in patients with resistant Trichomonas vaginalis shows that taking a specific myrrh extract (Mirazid, Pharco Pharmaceuticals) 600 mg daily for 6-8 days cures infections in most patients. In this small study, 85% (11/13) of patients who did not respond to combination therapy with metronidazole and tinidazole were cured after receiving this myrrh extract (93652). A lack of control group limits the validity of these findings.
• Ulcerative colitis. Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients with ulcerative colitis shows that taking a specific combination product containing myrrh 100 mg, chamomile extract 70 mg, and coffee charcoal 50 mg per tablet (MYRRHINIL-INTEST, Repha GmbH), four tablets three times daily for 12 months, is non-inferior to mesalamine therapy for maintaining remission (93653). In addition, observational research over a period of 24-28 days in a small group of patients with active inflammatory bowel disease (50% ulcerative colitis and 50% Crohn disease) has found that taking this same product results in symptom resolution in 16-26 days. The probability of being free of symptoms did not differ between patients using other treatments, the myrrh combination product alone, or the myrrh combination product with other treatments. Overall efficacy was rated as good to very good by physicians (104593). It is unclear if these findings are due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Oral myrrh has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients, its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in patients with at least 2 recurrent UTIs in the past 6 months or more than 3 UTIs in the past year shows that taking a combination of myrrh, hibiscus, and vegetable proteases (Aviur Retard ) for 6 months might reduce the risk of UTI recurrence. A UTI episode was not reported by 49% of females over the 6-month period, with an additional 35% reporting fewer than 2 UTIs (101115). The validity of these findings is limited by the lack of comparator group. Additionally, it unclear if this benefit is due to myrrh, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Wound healing. It is unclear if topical myrrh extract is beneficial for wound healing. Details: Two small clinical studies in patients requiring episiotomy during childbirth shows that using myrrh 1:5 tincture 10 mL or myrrh extract 20 mL, diluted in 5 L of water as a sitz bath, twice daily for 7 days, modestly improves ecchymosis, discharge, and wound healing scores when compared with either placebo, frankincense extract 20 mL, or betadine 10% solution 20 mL (104838,104839). It is unclear if these modest effects are clinically relevant. More evidence is needed to rate myrrh for these uses.

(Read more about MYRRH)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Boswellia serrata extract in doses up to 1000 mg daily has been safely used in several clinical trials lasting up to 6 months (1708,1709,12432,12434,12438,17948,17949,17950,91379)(100699,100713,102089,109568). Boswellia serrata extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 2400 mg for up to 1 month (102092).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (4912). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using Boswellia serrata in medicinal amounts; avoid using.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately (12,94396,96441,96444). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of danshen when used by intravenous injection.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Dong quai has been used with apparent safety in a dose of 4.5 grams daily for 24 weeks, or in combination with other ingredients in doses of up to 150 mg daily for up to 6 months (19552,35797). ...when used intravenously as a 25% solution, in a dose of 200-250 mL daily for up to 20 days (48438,48442,48443,48483).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in large amounts, long-term. Theoretically, long-term use of large amounts of dong quai could be harmful. Dong quai contains several constituents such as bergapten, safrole, and isosafrole that are considered carcinogenic (7162). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of dong quai when used topically.

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally. Dong quai has uterine stimulant and relaxant effects (8142); theoretically, it could adversely affect pregnancy. Observational research has found that intake of An-Tai-Yin, an herbal combination product containing dong quai and parsley, during the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations of the musculoskeletal system, connective tissue, and eyes (15129).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid use.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when consumed in amounts commonly found in food. Myrrh is approved for use in foods as a flavoring agent in the US (11).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts, short-term. Myrrh 400 mg three times daily has been safely used for up to 12 months (93653,104593). Myrrh 500 mg three times daily has been used with apparent safety for 2 weeks (104840). ...when used topically and appropriately (2,4,5,11,18). As a diluted bath, myrrh has been used with apparent safety for up to 7 days (104838,104839).

POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in excessive doses. Myrrh may cause kidney irritation and diarrhea when used in doses of 2-4 grams (12).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally. Myrrh stimulates uterine tone and blood flow and may have an abortifacient effect (4,12,19,93645). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of the topical use of myrrh during pregnancy.

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about MYRRH)

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP1A2 enzymes (21178).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C19 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C19 enzymes (21178).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes (21178).

CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes (21178).

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might increase the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Boswellia serrata gum resin inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes (21178).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Boswellia serrata might alter the effects of immunosuppressive drugs.  Details Some in vitro research suggests that Boswellia serrata extracts might inhibit mediators of autoimmune disorders such as leukotrienes and reduce production of antibodies and cell-mediated immunity (12432,12435,12437,12438). However, other in vitro research suggests that, when coupled with calcium ions, boswellic acids containing the keto group have immunostimulant properties within specific cell signaling pathways (21180).

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AMLODIPINE (Norvasc) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking danshen in combination with amlodipine may decrease the clinical effects of amlodipine.  Details In animal research, taking danshen orally in combination with amlodipine reduced blood levels of amlodipine by about 52%. This may have been due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by danshen, which has been demonstrated in vitro (101977). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.  Details Danshen has been reported to have antithrombotic effects (6048,96440). Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone (112399).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking danshen with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Animal research suggests that danshen can produce dose-dependent hypotensive effects. Furthermore, concomitant use with captopril appears to potentiate this effect (47071).

ASPIRIN Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels of aspirin and the risk of bleeding.  Details Research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with aspirin increases plasma aspirin area under the curve by approximately 3.4-fold (105517). Animal research also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu (danshen-gegen formula) with aspirin increases maximal blood levels of aspirin and salicylic acid by approximately 4-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively, without impacting blood loss (94399). Taking danshen increases the antiplatelet activity of aspirin and might increase the side effects of aspirin (105517).

CLOPIDOGREL (Plavix) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if taken with clopidogrel.  Details Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet prodrug that is metabolized by carboxyl esterase 1 (CES1) to an inactive metabolite. Animal research shows that a danshen combination formula decreases the activity of CES1, decreasing levels of the inactive metabolite in the blood and possibly increasing levels of the active metabolite (94389). Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone (112399).

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.  Details In vitro research shows that danshen tincture and various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP1A2 (94393,94394). However, this activity has not been shown in humans when theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate, was used as a target drug (94398).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.  Details In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 (94393). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.  Details In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 (94393). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.  Details Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases the clearance of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate. The maximum concentration of midazolam was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80% (17404,94390). However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87% (94390).

DIGOXIN (Lanoxin) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, using danshen with digoxin might increase the risk of adverse effects.  Details Danshen has structural and pharmacological similarities to cardiac glycosides (5884,6048,7311).

FEXOFENADINE (Allegra) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of fexofenadine.  Details Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers shows that taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2% (94391).

GLUCURONIDATED DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen might affect the levels and clinical effects of drugs requiring glucuronidation.  Details In vitro research shows that danshen induces the expression of glucuronosyltransferases. However, it also inhibits the activity of glucuronosyltransferases, including various members of the 1A and 2B families. The extent of inhibition of a specific glucuronosyltransferase seems to be dependent on whether or not the danshen is processed via 'sweating'. This type of processing may affect the levels of constituents in danshen that alter glucuronosyltransferase activity (109375). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

MIDAZOLAM (Versed) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of midazolam.  Details Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases midazolam clearance. The maximum concentration was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80% (17404,94390). However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87% (94390).

P-GLYCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels of drugs cleared by p-glycoprotein.  Details Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers suggests that danshen might affect p-glycoprotein activity. Taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2% (94391).

ROSUVASTATIN (Crestor) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of rosuvastatin.  Details Animal research shows that a single dose of danshen increases levels of rosuvastatin at least 2-fold, possibly by increasing absorption and/or decreasing elimination (94395). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.  Details There have been several case reports of increased international normalized ratio (INR) after concomitant use of danshen and warfarin. Elevations in INR have occurred as early as 3-5 days after start of danshen (611,612,2237,5883,5884). However, a clinical trial in adults taking warfarin with stable INR found that the addition of compound danshen dripping pills, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, 270 mg three times daily for 4 weeks did not alter INR levels or the average required warfarin dose when compared to baseline (96438). These findings are consistent with animal research, which found no change in warfarin pharmacokinetics with the use of danshen (94388,94397,94399). Other research in healthy adult males also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin does not increases plasma warfarin area under the curve, but may reduce plasma soluble thrombomodulin levels (105517). However, other research shows that danshen might increase the rate of absorption and decrease the elimination rate of warfarin (5884,6048,94398). Also, research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin increases plasma area under the curve of danshensu, a constituent of danshen, by approximately 29.5-fold (105517). Danshen should be used cautiously in patients taking warfarin.

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ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs; however, research is conflicting.  Details Animal studies suggest that dong quai has antithrombin activity and inhibits platelet aggregation due to its coumarin components (6048,10057,96137). Additionally, some case reports in humans suggest that dong quai can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin (3526,6048,23310,48439). However, clinical research in healthy adults shows that taking 1 gram of dong quai root daily for 3 weeks does not significantly inhibit platelet aggregation or cause bleeding (96137). Until more is known, use dong quai with caution in patients taking antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.

ESTROGENS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, dong quai may reduce the effects of estrogens.  Details Dong quai has estrogenic effects (6180,7860,15108,15535,48459). Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of dong quai might interfere with hormone replacement therapy due to competition for estrogen receptors.

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Dong quai may increase the risk of bleeding when used with warfarin.  Details Case reports suggest that concomitant use of dong quai with warfarin can increase the anticoagulant effects of warfarin and increase the risk of bleeding (3526,6048,23310,48439). In one case, after 4 weeks of taking dong quai 565 mg once or twice daily, the international normalized ratio (INR) increased to 4.9. The INR normalized 4 weeks after discontinuation of dong quai (3526).

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ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, myrrh might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details In vitro and animal research suggests that myrrh has hypoglycemic effects (4,104841).

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, myrrh might decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.  Details In one case, a patient who was previously stable on warfarin had a significant decline in international normalized ratio (INR) following consumption of an aqueous extract of myrrh (14425).

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General ...Orally, Boswellia serrata extract is generally well-tolerated. For information on the safety of Boswellia serrata when applied topically or used as aromatherapy, see the Frankincense monograph.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache, heartburn, itching, nausea.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Large amounts of Boswellia serrata gum resin can cause bezoar formation.

Dermatologic ...Orally, Boswellia serrata extract (5-Loxin) has been associated with itching at doses of 100-250 mg daily (17948).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, Boswellia serrata extract may cause diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, and heartburn (1708,12432,12438,17948,17949,17950,21149,109567). A case of a large gastrointestinal bezoar has been reported in a 17-year-old female who chewed and swallowed large quantities of boswellia gum resin (Boswellia species not specified) for celiac disease (36914).

Musculoskeletal ...Orally, Boswellia serrata extract (5-Loxin) has been associated with one case of foot edema and four cases of generalized weakness in one clinical study (17948).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, Boswellia serrata extract may cause dizziness, headache, and vertigo. In one clinical study, nearly 11% of patients taking a specific Boswellia serrata extract (K-Vie) reported headache. Dizziness and vertigo were also reported, but at lower rates (109567). In another study, headache was reported in one patient taking a specific Boswellia serrata extract (5-Loxin) (17948).

Psychiatric ...Orally, one case of mania is reported in a 73-year-old male who took Boswellia powder mixed with honey for 3 days. The patient recovered after hospitalization and treatment with olanzapine (110526).

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General ...Orally, danshen seems to be well tolerated. There is limited reliable information available about the adverse effects of danshen when used intravenously.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally or intravenously: Upset stomach, pruritus, and reduced appetite.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, in clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include palpitations; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (109370).

Dermatologic ...Orally or intravenously, danshen can cause pruritus (12,96440).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally or intravenously, danshen can cause upset stomach and reduced appetite (12). In clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include loose stools; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (109370).

Hematologic ...Orally or intravenously, side effects of danshen preparations reported in clinical trials include thrombocytopenia; however, it is not known if this effect was due to danshen or other drugs (15538).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally or intravenously, in clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include drowsiness, dizziness, or headache; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (15538,109370).

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General ...Orally, dong quai is generally well-tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Burping and flatulence.
Intravenously: Headache.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, dong quai might cause hypertension; according to one case report, a parent and breastfed infant experienced hypertension (195/85 mmHg and 115/69 mmHg, respectively) after the parent consumed a soup containing dong quai root (48428).

Dermatologic ...Dong quai contains psoralens that may cause photosensitivity and photodermatitis (10054,10057,48461).

Endocrine ...In a case report, a male developed gynecomastia after ingesting dong quai tablets (48504).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, burping and gas may occur with dong quai (738).

Hematologic ...In one case report, a 55-year-old female with protein S deficiency and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) had temporary vision loss in the left eye from hemiretinal vein thrombosis three days after taking a phytoestrogen preparation containing dong quai 100 mg, black cohosh 250 mg, wild Mexican yam 276 mg, and red clover 250 mg (13155). It is unclear if dong quai contributed to this event.

Neurologic/CNS ...Dong quai given orally or by injection may be associated with headache (738,48438).

Oncologic ...Dong quai contains constituents that are carcinogenic; however, whether these constituents are present in concentrations large enough to cause cancer with long-term or high-dose use is unknown (7162).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A pharmacist experienced allergic asthma and rhinitis after occupational exposure to dong quai and other herbs (48435).

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General ...Orally, myrrh seems to be well tolerated.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Kidney impairment and heart rate changes at high doses.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, myrrh taken at doses of 2-4 grams may cause heart rate changes in some patients (12,19).

Dermatologic ...Topically, myrrh has been reported to cause dermatitis (6).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, myrrh may cause diarrhea in some patients when taken at doses of 2-4 grams (12,19).

Genitourinary ...Severe lower abdominal pain has been reported in a pregnant woman drinking myrrh resin dissolved in 500 mL of water twice daily as prescribed by a traditional practitioner. This adverse effect resolved one day after discontinuing myrrh. The investigators suggest that this acute abdominal pain was related to myrrh's activity as a uterine stimulant (93645).

Immunologic ...Orally, myrrh has been reported to cause severe allergic skin reactions, with redness, swelling, and itching, in two case reports of individuals using oral traditional Chinese medicines containing myrrh (101114).

Renal ...Orally, myrrh may cause kidney impairment in some patients when taken at doses of 2-4 grams (12,19).

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