Cramp Bark-Catnip Virtue [Discontinued] by Blessed Herbs

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for allergic rhinitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Atherosclerosis. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for atherosclerosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for ADHD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Bronchiolitis. Intravenous Baikal skullcap has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that a combination of Baikal skullcap, forsythia, and honeysuckle, known as Shuang Huang Lian in traditional Chinese medicine, given intravenously, with or without antibiotics, decreases the duration of cough by about 1.5-2 days, the duration of wheezing by about 2 days, and the duration of hospitalization by about 2-3 days when compared with antibiotics alone in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Baikal skullcap injection was administered as a 20 mL dose for patients under 6 months, a 40 mL dose for patients 7-36 months, or a 60 mL dose for patients older than 36 months (12613).
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Diabetes. It is unclear if oral Baikal skullcap is beneficial in patients with diabetes. Details: A very small clinical trial in patients with uncontrolled diabetes taking metformin 500 mg daily shows that taking Baikal skullcap extract 3.52 grams in three divided doses daily for 8 weeks does not decrease levels of fasting glucose or insulin or improve levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) when compared with placebo. However, taking Baikal skullcap reduces blood glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 60 minutes, but not 120 minutes, when compared with placebo (101738). This study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups.
• Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Hand, foot, and mouth disease. It is unclear if intravenous Baikal skullcap is beneficial in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease. Details: Low-quality observational research in children hospitalized with severe hand, foot, and mouth disease has found that children who are given Baikal skullcap intravenously as a Tanreqing injection 0.3-0.5 mL/kg once daily have a shorter duration of fever, oral ulcers, and rash, as well as reduced viral load, when compared with those given ribavirin 10 mg/kg once daily (96281). The validity of these findings is limited by the retrospective nature of the study.
• Headache. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for headache, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Hemorrhoids. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for hemorrhoids, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Hepatitis. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for hepatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• HIV/AIDS. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Osteoarthritis. Oral Baikal skullcap has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a specific product (Limbrel, Primus Pharmaceuticals) that contains flavocoxid, a blend of Baikal skullcap extract and catechu flavonoid extract, 500 mg once or twice daily for up to 12 weeks reduces symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee when compared with baseline. These studies found no significant difference between this combination product and naproxen 440 mg once daily to 500 mg twice daily for reducing symptoms (17030,18012,92776). However, in 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally requested the recall of all non-expired lots of this product due to the risk for liver and lung injury (106042). See the Adverse Effects section for more information.
• Peyronie disease. It is unclear if oral Baikal skullcap is beneficial in patients with Peyronie disease. Details: Observational research has found that taking oral Baikal skullcap root extract 150 mL twice daily for 6 months is associated with reduced time to disease stabilization, with an average reduction of 5 months, when compared with no treatment. In addition, 17% of patients taking Baikal skullcap had pain resolution and only 33% required surgical correction, compared with 0% and 58%, respectively, of control patients. In patients requiring surgery, taking Baikal skullcap did not appear to affect resolution; however, the study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups (105867).
• Prostate cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for prostate cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Psoriasis. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Seizures. Although there has been interest in using oral Baikal skullcap for seizures, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose.
• Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Although there has been interest in using oral and intravenous Baikal skullcap for upper respiratory tract infections, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Baikal skullcap for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate Baikal skullcap for these uses.

(Read more about BAIKAL SKULLCAP)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Amenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for amenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Anxiety. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Colic. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for colic, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Common cold. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Dyspepsia. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for dyspepsia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Flatulence. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for flatulence, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Hemorrhoids. Although there has been interest in using topical catnip for hemorrhoids, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Influenza. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for influenza, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Migraine headache. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for migraine headache, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Mosquito repellent. It is unclear if oral catnip is beneficial as mosquito repellent. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that applying a small amount of catnip oil or certain catnip constituents to the skin is more effective at repelling yellow fever mosquitoes when compared with ethanol. However, catnip oil and catnip constituents appear to be less effective than the commercial insect repellents SS220 and DEET (40200).
• Osteoarthritis. Although there has been interest in using topical catnip for osteoarthritis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Tension headache. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for tension headache, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for URTI, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose.
• Urticaria. Although there has been interest in using oral catnip for urticaria, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of catnip for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate catnip for these uses.

(Read more about CATNIP)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Bleeding. Intramuscular motherwort injections, alone or in combination with standard treatment such as oxytocin, might reduce volume of blood loss and duration of bleeding after vaginal delivery, caesarian section, or induced abortion. Details: In females with postpartum bleeding after vaginal birth, most research shows that adding motherwort injection to oxytocin or carboprost treatment is more effective than those treatments alone. A meta-analysis of 29 low quality trials shows that injection with motherwort 40-140 mg, in addition to varying doses of oxytocin, is more effective than oxytocin alone for reducing blood loss after vaginal delivery (101890). This combination reduces the mean blood loss within 2 and 24 hours of delivery by 55 mL and 85 mL, respectively. Also, the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, defined as an estimated blood loss of at least 400 mL within 2 hours or at least 500 mL within 24 hours, is reduced by 71%, based on meta-analysis of 18 trials. Meta-analysis of 8 trials also shows motherwort alone to be more effective than oxytocin for reducing blood loss within 24 hours of delivery, but not within 2 hours of delivery. Meta-analysis of 4 trials shows that motherwort 40-200 mg is as effective as oxytocin for reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (101890). Studies were all very low to low quality, with moderate to high risk of bias, and conducted in China, the latter of which limits generalizability to other geographic regions. In females with post-caesarian bleeding, adding motherwort injection to oxytocin reduces blood loss and the rate of post-partum hemorrhage when compared with using oxytocin alone. In a large clinical trial, motherwort 40 mg was injected into the uterus during the caesarian section, followed by 20 mg intramuscular injections every 12 hours over the next 36 hours. However, motherwort injection into the uterus does not seem to be more effective than oxytocin for reducing bleeding during the caesarian section (94203). However, a meta-analysis of 8 trials shows that prophylactic injection with motherwort 60-200 mg, in addition to carboprost 250 mcg, reduces the mean blood loss within 2 and 24 hours of delivery by 127 mL and 147 mL, respectively, with a 72% decrease in the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage over carboprost alone (101891). In 7 of the 8 trials the mode of delivery was caesarian section and 1 was a vaginal delivery. A large observational study suggests that intramuscular injection of motherwort into the uterus combined with intravenous oxytocin is associated with a lower risk of post-partum hemorrhage after caesarian section when compared with intravenous oxytocin plus intramuscular injection of oxytocin into the uterus (112291). A meta-analysis of 9 clinical trials among patients undergoing induced abortion shows that motherwort injection combined with oxytocin lowers the volume of blood loss both 2 hours and 24 hours after the procedure when compared with oxytocin alone (112292). However, motherwort alone is not more effective than oxytocin for blood loss post-abortion. Meta-analysis indicates that motherwort injected alone or with oxytocin reduces the duration of blood loss compared with oxytocin or no treatment. Studies were primarily of very low quality, and all studies were conducted in China, limiting generalizability to other populations and geographic locations.

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Alcohol use disorder. Oral motherwort has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small clinical study in males experiencing alcohol withdrawal syndrome with disordered sleep, anxiety, and irritability shows that a single dose of a combination product containing motherwort 50 mg, valerian 170 mg, hops 50 mg, and lemon balm 50 mg, taken 1 hour before bedtime, improves sleep quality and decreases awakenings when compared with placebo (63884).
• Amenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for amenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Anxiety. It is unclear if oral motherwort is beneficial in patients with anxiety. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with anxiety and hypertension shows that taking a specific preparation of motherwort extracted in soybean oil (Farmagen Ltd.) 600 mg orally twice daily for 28 days reduces anxiety and depression scores when compared with baseline. A significant improvement occurred in 32% of subjects, and a moderate improvement occurred in 48% of subjects (94209). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Arrhythmia. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for arrhythmia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Flatulence. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for flatulence, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Heart failure. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for heart failure, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Herpes zoster (shingles). Although there has been interest in using topical motherwort for herpes zoster, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral motherwort is beneficial in patients with hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with hypertension and anxiety shows that taking a specific preparation of motherwort extracted in soybean oil (Farmagen Ltd.) 600 mg orally twice daily for 28 days reduces blood pressure when compared with baseline. In subjects with mild hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 10% and 11%, respectively. In subjects with more severe hypertension, systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 7% and 11%, respectively (94209). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a comparator group.
• Hyperthyroidism. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for hyperthyroidism, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using oral motherwort for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Menopausal symptoms. Oral motherwort has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with menopause shows that taking a combination of motherwort, burdock, dong quai, licorice root, and wild yam three times daily for 12 weeks reduces the number and severity of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes, sleep problems, mood changes, and vaginal dryness, in 71% of patients, compared with 17% of patients taking a placebo (48522).
• Pruritus. Although there has been interest in using topical motherwort for pruritus, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose.
• Wound healing. Although there has been interest in using topical motherwort for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of motherwort for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate motherwort for these uses.

(Read more about MOTHERWORT)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for allergic rhinitis (hay fever), there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Anxiety. It is unclear if oral skullcap is beneficial for reducing symptoms of anxiety. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that healthy people who take a single dose of freeze-dried skullcap extract 100-350 mg feel more relaxed when compared to baseline. This effect appears to last for about 2 hours (12216). However, other preliminary clinical research in healthy patients shows that taking freeze-dried skullcap (Skullcap, Eclectic Institute) 350 mg three times daily for 2 weeks does not reduce anxiety scores when compared with placebo (91690). Because these were short-term studies in healthy patients, it's unclear if skullcap is beneficial in anxiety disorders or if extended use is beneficial.
• Atherosclerosis. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for atherosclerosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Contact dermatitis. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for contact dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Hyperlipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Insomnia. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for insomnia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for PMDD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Spasticity. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for spasticity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Stress. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for stress, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose.
• Stroke. Although there has been interest in using oral skullcap for stroke, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of skullcap for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate skullcap for this use.

(Read more about SKULLCAP)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral Viburnum opulus for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Viburnum opulus for this purpose.
• Dysmenorrhea. Although there has been interest in using oral Viburnum opulus for dysmenorrhea, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Viburnum opulus for this purpose.
• Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). It is unclear if oral Viburnum opulus extract is beneficial in patients with kidney stones. Details: One small observational study in patients with distal ureteral stones has found that taking Viburnum opulus extract 3000 mg twice daily for 4 weeks increases the relative rate of stone expulsion by 24%, reduces the time to stone expulsion by 5 days, and decreases the need for analgesics when compared with no treatment (103879). Clinical research has compared Viburnum opulus with tamsulosin. In patients with distal ureteral stones taking diclofenac as needed, taking Viburnum opulus 3000 mg twice daily for 4 weeks is at least as effective as taking tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily for the rate of stone expulsion and time to complete expulsion. Taking Viburnum opulus reduced the number of patients requiring diclofenac by 43% and emergency admission by 67% (110883).
• Muscle cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral Viburnum opulus for muscle cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Viburnum opulus for this purpose.
• Pregnancy-related leg cramps. Although there has been interest in using oral Viburnum opulus for pregnancy-related leg cramps, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Viburnum opulus for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate Viburnum opulus for these uses.

(Read more about VIBURNUM OPULUS)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using topical yarrow for atopic dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of yarrow for this condition.
• Dysmenorrhea. It is unclear of oral yarrow tea is beneficial for improving symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea shows that drinking a tea made with yarrow 4 grams three times daily for the first three days of two menstrual cycles modestly reduces dysmenorrhea pain when compared with a placebo tea (105361).
• Gingivitis. A mouthwash containing yarrow has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that using a mouthwash containing a combination of yarrow, juniper, and stinging nettle for 3 months does not improve dental plaque or gingivitis in patients with gingival inflammation when compared with a control group (76443).
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Oral yarrow has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in patients with mild to moderate IBS shows that taking a capsule containing yarrow, ginger, and Boswellia serrata three times daily for 30 days improves pain by 46% and gastrointestinal symptoms by 60% when compared with placebo. Patients also experienced an improvement in overall mood when compared with placebo (96673). It is not clear if these effects are due to yarrow, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Multiple sclerosis (MS). It is unclear if oral yarrow is beneficial for patients with MS. Details: A small clinical study in adults with relapsing-remitting MS shows that taking yarrow whole plant extract 250 mg or 500 mg daily in conjunction with conventional treatments for 12 months reduces the annual relapse rate and increases time to first relapse when compared with placebo. Taking yarrow 500 mg daily also reduced disability scores and improved functional scores when compared with either yarrow 250 mg daily or placebo (100346). However, most of the patients enrolled in the study were under 40 years of age, with undefined disease severity.
• Nipple fissures. It is unclear if topical yarrow is beneficial for patients with nipple fissures. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with inflamed nipples and/or nipple fissures shows that topical application with yarrow twice daily after breastfeeding for 7 days reduces redness and pain when compared with baseline. Yarrow 30 grams was boiled in 1 liter of water for 10 minutes. The benefits seen with yarrow were not significantly different from topical mountain honey or breast milk, both of which were also beneficial when compared with baseline (105359).
• Oral mucositis. It is unclear if gargling with yarrow is beneficial for oral mucositis. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis shows that gargling with 15 mL of a routine solution containing yarrow distillate 50%, 4 times daily for 14 days, reduces symptom severity by 87%, compared with a worsening in severity in those using the routine solution alone. Of those using yarrow, all patients were able to eat solid foods at 14 days compared with about 40% of those using routine treatment alone. About 3.75 grams of yarrow flower was needed for each 7.5 mL of distillate and the solution was held for 3 minutes in the mouth before gargling (106664). It is unclear if the patients were adequately blinded, as the taste of the two solutions may have differed.
• Tonsillitis. Oral yarrow has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in children 6-18 years of age with acute non-bacterial tonsillitis shows that taking a specific combination product (Imupret, Bionorica AG) containing yarrow and six other herbal ingredients along with standard care reduces the severity of tonsillitis symptoms when compared with standard care alone. Additionally, taking this combination product improved physician- and patient-rated assessments of general condition when compared with standard care alone (100347). It is not clear if these effects are due to yarrow, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Vaginal candidiasis. It is unclear if intravaginal yarrow is beneficial for vaginal candidiasis. Details: Clinical research in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis shows that intravaginal application of 5 grams of a cream containing yarrow extract 2% for 7 days modestly reduces Candida growth and improves vulvar erythema and other general symptoms when compared with baseline. However, the cream was less effective overall than vaginal clotrimazole 1% cream (105360).
• Wound healing. It is unclear if topical yarrow is beneficial for wound healing. Details: Clinical research in postpartum adults who have had an episiotomy shows that applying approximately 1 cm of an ointment containing yarrow 5% over the clean and dried suture area twice daily for ten days reduces perineal pain, redness, and edema 1-2 weeks after the procedure when compared with placebo ointment or no treatment. However, using the yarrow ointment did not affect discharge time or reduce the occurrence of dehiscence (96910). More evidence is needed to rate yarrow for these uses.

(Read more about YARROW)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Oral Baikal skullcap 0.5-3.52 grams daily has been used with apparent safety for up to 8 weeks (92776,101738,101739,110023). However, a high quality assessment of safety has not been conducted. A specific product (Limbrel, Primus Pharmaceuticals) containing flavocoxid, a mixture of Baikal skullcap flavonoid extract and catechu extract, has been associated with an increased risk for liver and lung injury. In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally requested the recall of all non-expired lots of this product (106042). It is unclear if these effects were due to Baikal skullcap, catechu, or the combination. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Baikal skullcap when used intravenously or topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about BAIKAL SKULLCAP)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. A motherwort extract in soybean oil has been used with apparent safety at doses of 1200 mg daily for up to 28 days (94209) ...when administered intramuscularly, short-term. One or more intramuscular injections have been used with apparent safety in total combined doses of 40-200 mg over 48 hours or less to prevent and/or stop postpartum bleeding (94203,101890,101891,101892). Post-marketing surveillance of over 8000 females found that a specific motherwort product (Chengdu No 1 Pharma Company Ltd) has been used without significant adverse effects for a duration of 48 hours or less (104855) ...when administered by intrauterine injection, short-term. Post-marketing surveillance of over 1800 patients found that a specific motherwort product (Chengdu No 1 Pharma Company Ltd) has been used without significant adverse effects for a duration of 48 hours or less (104855).

PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally or by injection. Alkaloids present in motherwort have uterine stimulant effects (4,12,19).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about MOTHERWORT)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of skullcap.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about SKULLCAP)

There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Viburnum opulus.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about VIBURNUM OPULUS)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Yarrow products that are thujone-free have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912); however, products containing thujone might not be safe. Thujone is a chemical that stimulates the central nervous system and is poisonous in large doses.

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (2,12,100346). Yarrow whole plant extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 250-500 mg daily for 12 months (100346). ...when used intravaginally as a cream containing yarrow extract 2% daily for 7 days (105360). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of yarrow when applied topically.

PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally; yarrow is believed to be an abortifacient and affect the menstrual cycle (12).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid use.

(Read more about YARROW)

ALCOHOL (Ethanol) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Unlikely •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might potentiate the sedative effects of alcohol.  Details In vitro and animal research suggests that Baikal skullcap binds to GABA-A receptors and causes sedation. Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might potentiate the sedative effects of alcohol (6290,6291,33477). Preliminary clinical research has not identified clinically relevant sedation after use of Baikal skullcap; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs.  Details Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking capsules containing a combination of astragalus, goldthread, and Baikal skullcap daily for 4 weeks inhibits platelet aggregation; the effect seems to be similar to that of aspirin 50 mg daily (33075). It is unclear if this effect is due to Baikal skullcap, other ingredients, or the combination.

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, concomitant use of Baikal skullcap with antidiabetes drugs might enhance blood glucose lowering effects.  Details Baicalein, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, has alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro (6292). Animal research also suggests that Baikal skullcap enhances the antidiabetic effects of metformin (33408). However, in a small human study, taking Baikal skullcap extract did not enhance the antidiabetic effects of metformin, although it did modestly lower glucose levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (101738). Until more is known, use cautiously.

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of Baikal skullcap with antihypertensive drugs might have additive effects and increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Animal research suggests that baicalein, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, might lower blood pressure (33374).

ANTITHYROID DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of Baikal skullcap and antithyroid drugs may result in additive activity and increase the risk of hypothyroidism.  Details In an animal hyperthyroid model, Baikal skullcap improved levels of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (101736). The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Unlikely •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects when used concomitantly with drugs with sedative properties.  Details In vitro and animal research suggests that Baikal skullcap binds to GABA-A receptors and causes sedation. Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might cause additive therapeutic and adverse effects when used concomitantly with drugs with sedative properties (6290,6291,33477). Preliminary clinical research has not identified clinically relevant sedation after use of Baikal skullcap; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap may increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2 enzymes.  Details In vitro evidence suggests that constituents of Baikal skullcap inhibit the activity of CYP1A2 (33346,33484). This effect has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 enzymes.  Details In vitro evidence suggest that wogonin, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, modestly inhibits the activity of CYP2C19 enzymes (33484). This effect has not been reported in humans.

ESTROGENS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of large amounts of Baikal skullcap might interfere with hormone replacement therapy, due to competition for estrogen receptors.  Details In vitro evidence suggests that Baikal skullcap has estrogenic activity (16061).

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might reduce lithium excretion and increase serum levels of lithium.  Details Baikal skullcap is thought to have diuretic properties, which may reduce lithium excretion (5541). The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

ORGANIC ANION-TRANSPORTING POLYPEPTIDE SUBSTRATES (OATP) Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might alter the levels and clinical effects of OATP substrates.  Details Some pharmacokinetic research shows that baicalin, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, can decrease plasma levels of rosuvastatin. The mechanism is thought to involve stimulation of the activity of the organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1), which transports rosuvastatin into the liver. This decreases plasma levels of the drug, but increases levels at the site of action in the liver. The degree to which rosuvastatin levels are affected depends on the OATP1B1 haplotype of the individual (16395). Baikal skullcap might also affect other OATP1B1 substrates (16396,16397,16398).

P-GLYCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Mild •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, Baikal skullcap might increase levels of drugs transported by P-glycoprotein.  Details In vitro and animal research suggests that baicalein, oroxylin A, and wogonin, constituents of Baikal skullcap, can inhibit P-glycoprotein (33372,33395,33440,33462). This effect has not been reported in humans.

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CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use with drugs with sedative properties may cause additive effects and side effects.  Details Clinical and animal research shows that catnip has sedative properties (19,2596,40202,40204,40205).

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, catnip might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.  Details Catnip is thought to have diuretic properties which might reduce lithium excretion. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

(Read more about CATNIP)

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking motherwort concomitantly with other CNS depressants may increase the risk of sedation.  Details Motherwort has been reported to cause CNS depression and sedation (19,94205).

(Read more about MOTHERWORT)

CNS DEPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, skullcap can have additive effects when used with other CNS depressants.  Details Animal and clinical research suggests that skullcap can cause sedation and cognitive impairment (12216,74008).

(Read more about SKULLCAP)

(Read more about VIBURNUM OPULUS)

LITHIUM Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking yarrow with lithium might increase the levels and adverse effects of lithium.  Details Animal research shows that yarrow has diuretic activity (106018). Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, yarrow might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.

(Read more about YARROW)

General ...Orally, Baikal skullcap seems to be well-tolerated. There is currently a limited amount of information on the adverse effects of intravenous and topical Baikal skullcap.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, erythema, nausea, pruritus, and vomiting.
Intravenously: Skin reactions.
Topically: Dermatitis.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Hepatotoxicity and hypersensitivity pneumonitis have been reported with a specific combination product (Limbrel, Primus Pharmaceuticals) containing extracts of Baikal skullcap and catechu.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, in a small clinical study evaluating the safety of baicalein, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, in healthy adults, elevated triglyceride levels occurred in 1 of 10 patients who received 400 mg every 8 hours and 2 of 10 patients treated with 600 mg every 8 hours, compared with 0 of 10 patients who received 200 mg every 8 hours and 0 of 6 patients who received placebo. Triglyceride elevations were considered mild and resolved after discontinuation (110023).

Dermatologic ...Orally, taking Baikal skullcap may cause erythema and pruritus (105867). Intravenously, Baikal skullcap as part of a Tanreqing injection has been associated with reports of skin reactions in some pediatric patients (96281).
Topically, several cases of allergic contact dermatitis have been reported after applying sunscreen containing Baikal skullcap extract (105869,105870). Allergic contact dermatitis has also been reported after applying a facial cream (Resveratrol BE, Skinceuticals) containing Baikal skullcap root extract 0.5% and resveratrol 1%. Patch testing identified a positive reaction to both ingredients (110024). Baikal skullcap-induced dermatitis appears to respond to treatment with a topical corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor (105870).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, use of Baikal skullcap has been associated with epigastric pain, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting (101738,105867).

Hepatic ...A specific combination product (Limbrel, Primus Pharmaceuticals) containing flavocoxid, a mixture of Baikal skullcap flavonoid extract and catechu extract, has been linked to several reports of acute liver damage. There have been at least five published reports of liver damage associated with this product. In all cases, the patients were females aged 54-68 years taking doses of 250-500 mg twice daily for 1-3 months. Signs and symptoms included jaundice, pruritus, abdominal pain, fever, rash, and elevated serum bilirubin and liver transaminase levels. All patients fully recovered and levels normalized within 3 months after discontinuation (18009,96282). In addition to these published case reports, approximately 30 liver-related adverse events have been reported to the manufacturer of this product (18009). The mechanism of hepatotoxicity is unclear (18009,18010); it is estimated that the incidence of hepatotoxicity with this product is around 1 in 10,000, although the actual incidence is unknown (18010). In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally requested the recall of all non-expired lots of this product due to the risk for liver and lung injury (106042). It is unclear if these effects were due to Baikal skullcap, catechu, or the combination.
Hepatotoxicity has also been reported in two patients taking a specific dietary supplement (Move Free Advanced, Reckitt Benckiser) containing Baikal skullcap, black catechu, glucosamine, chondroitin, and hyaluronic acid (33460) and in a patient taking Baikal skullcap, elderflower, horseradish, and white willow (101737). The investigators determined that the hepatotoxicity was likely caused by Baikal skullcap in these cases (33460,101737). Additionally, cases of liver injury are reported in 4 of 37 patients taking various Kampo formulations containing Baikal skullcap and other herbs daily. Patients presented with elevated liver function tests 7 to 38 days after consumption (112179). It is unclear if this adverse effect is from Baikal skullcap, other ingredients, or the combination.
In a small study evaluating the safety of baicalein, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, in healthy adults, liver transaminase elevations occurred in 2 of 10 patients who received 400 mg every 8 hours for 6 days, compared with 0 of 6 patients who received placebo. No patients receiving either 200 mg or 600 mg every 8 hours experienced liver transaminase elevations. The elevations were considered mild and resolved after discontinuation (110023).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...A specific combination product (Limbrel, Primus Pharmaceuticals) containing flavocoxid, a mixture of Baikal skullcap flavonoid extract and catechu extract, has been linked to several reports of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Symptoms include fever, chills, headache, cough, chronic bronchitis, shortness of breath, weight loss, and fatigue. In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) formally requested the recall of all non-expired lots of this product due to the risk for liver and lung injury (106042). It is unclear if these effects were due to Baikal skullcap, catechu, or the combination.

Renal ...Orally, in a small clinical study evaluating the safety of baicalein, a constituent of Baikal skullcap, in healthy adults, proteinuria of undefined severity occurred in 1 of 10 patients who received 200 mg every 8 hours for 6 days, 3 of 10 patients who received 400 mg every 8 hours for 6 days, and 5 of 10 patients who received 600 mg every 8 hours for 6 days, compared with 1 of 6 patients who received placebo. The proteinuria was considered mild and resolved after discontinuation (110023).

(Read more about BAIKAL SKULLCAP)

General ...Orally, catnip is generally well-tolerated when used in appropriate amounts.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Headache, malaise, vomiting.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, large amounts of catnip might cause stomachache and vomiting (6,2596).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, taking too much catnip may result in headache and malaise (6). In one case, a toddler developed a stomachache and irritability, followed by lethargy and a hypnotic state, after ingesting raisins soaked in catnip tea and chewing on the tea bag (5,2596).

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General ...Orally or via intramuscular or intrauterine injection, motherwort appears to be generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, stomach irritation.
Topically: Contact dermatitis, photosensitivity.
Intramuscular / Intrauterine: Abdominal pain, erythema, eyelid edema, fever, nausea, pruritus, rash.

Dermatologic ...Motherwort leaves can cause contact dermatitis, and the oil may cause photosensitivity reactions (4). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, mild erythema, rash, and pruritus have been reported (101892,104855).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, use of motherwort in amounts greater than 3 grams can cause diarrhea and stomach irritation (12). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, abdominal pain and nausea have been reported (104855).

Genitourinary ...Orally, use of motherwort in amounts greater than 3 grams can cause uterine bleeding (12).

Immunologic ...Motherwort can also cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals (4). Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, transient fever and chills lasting less than 24 hours have been reported (104855).

Ocular/Otic ...Intramuscularly and via intrauterine injection, transient eyelid edema lasting less than 24 hours has been reported (104855).

(Read more about MOTHERWORT)

General ...There is currently a limited amount of information available on the adverse effects of skullcap.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Cognitive impairment, digestive disturbances, sedation.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, mild digestive disturbances were reported in around 9% of patients taking skullcap 350 mg three times daily for 2 weeks (91690).

Hepatic ...There are four reports of hepatotoxicity associated with products thought to contain skullcap. However, it is uncertain whether the products actually contained skullcap. It is thought that the products might have been contaminated with an adulterant such as germander (515), which is known to cause liver damage.

Neurologic/CNS ...A single skullcap extract dose of 100 mg does not seem to have adverse CNS effects. However, a higher dose of 200 mg might cause sedation and cognitive impairment (12216). One patient taking skullcap 350 mg three times daily for 2 weeks reported vivid dreams (91690). It is unclear if this event was associated with skullcap.

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General ...No adverse effects have been reported; however, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

(Read more about VIBURNUM OPULUS)

General ...Orally and intravaginally, yarrow seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Topically: Dermatitis.

Dermatologic ...Topically, yarrow can cause atopic or allergic dermatitis or urticaria due to its sesquiterpene lactone content (52558,68385,77007). Yarrow has also been reported to cause phototoxic and photo-allergic dermatitis and airborne contact dermatitis (68385).
Intravaginally, aggravated facial acne was reported by 1 of 40 patients in a clinical trial (105360).

Endocrine ...Intravaginally, an early menses was reported by 1 of 40 patients in a clinical trial (105360).

Genitourinary ...Intravaginally, aggravated vaginal pruritus and dryness were reported by 1 of 40 patients in a clinical trial (105360).

Immunologic ...Topically, yarrow can cause atopic or allergic dermatitis or urticaria due to its sesquiterpene lactone content (52558,68385,77007,96911). It has also been reported to cause phototoxic and photo-allergic dermatitis and airborne contact dermatitis (68385). In one 44-year-old female, handling yarrow flowers resulted in rhinitis and asthma (96911).

(Read more about YARROW)