References
Cascara Sagrada
1
Monographs on the medicinal uses of plant drugs. Exeter, UK: European Scientific Co-op Phytother, 1997.
2
Blumenthal M, ed. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Trans. S. Klein. Boston, MA: American Botanical Council, 1998.
3
Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994.
4
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
6
The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.
8
Wichtl MW. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Ed. N.M. Bisset. Stuttgart: Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers, 1994.
18
Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 1st ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc., 1998.
19
Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.
272
Covington TR, et al. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs. 11th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Association, 1996.
275
Young DS. Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests 4th ed. Washington: AACC Press, 1995.
6138
Nusko G, Schneider B, Schneider I, et al. Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: results of a prospective case control study. Gut 2000;46:651-5. View abstract.
6895
Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH. Cascara-sagrada induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3634-7. View abstract.
8229
Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Status of certain additional over-the counter drug category II and III active ingredients. Final rule. Fed Regist 2002;67:31125-7. View abstract.
8442
Choice of laxatives for constipation. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2002;18(6):180614.
8443
Cascara sagrada, aloe laxatives, O-9 contraceptives are category II-FDA. The Tan Sheet May 13, 2002.
25023
Fork FT, Ekberg O, Nilsson G, et al. Colon cleansing regimens. A clinical study in 1200 patients. Gastrointest Radiol 1982;7:383-9. View abstract.
30746
Muller, S. O., Eckert, I., Lutz, W. K., and Stopper, H. Genotoxicity of the laxative drug components emodin, aloe-emodin and danthron in mammalian cells: topoisomerase II mediated? Mutat.Res 12-20-1996;371(3-4):165-173. View abstract.
40071
Lee, H. Z. Effects and mechanisms of emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(1):11-20. View abstract.
40072
Lee, H. Z. Protein kinase C involvement in aloe-emodin- and emodin-induced apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(5):1093-1103. View abstract.
40074
Lee, H. Z., Hsu, S. L., Liu, M. C., and Wu, C. H. Effects and mechanisms of aloe-emodin on cell death in human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Pharmacol 11-23-2001;431(3):287-295. View abstract.
40075
Koyama, J., Morita, I., Tagahara, K., Nobukuni, Y., Mukainaka, T., Kuchide, M., Tokuda, H., and Nishino, H. Chemopreventive effects of emodin and cassiamin B in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 8-28-2002;182(2):135-139. View abstract.
40076
Rosengren, J. E. and Aberg, T. Cleansing of the colon without enemas. Radiologe 1975;15(11):421-426. View abstract.
40077
Kuo, P. L., Lin, T. C., and Lin, C. C. The antiproliferative activity of aloe-emodin is through p53-dependent and p21-dependent apoptotic pathway in human hepatoma cell lines. Life Sci 9-6-2002;71(16):1879-1892. View abstract.
40078
Chen, Y. C., Shen, S. C., Lee, W. R., Hsu, F. L., Lin, H. Y., Ko, C. H., and Tseng, S. W. Emodin induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic HL-60 cells accompanied by activation of caspase 3 cascade but independent of reactive oxygen species production. Biochem Pharmacol 12-15-2002;64(12):1713-1724. View abstract.
40079
Lai, G. H., Zhang, Z., and Sirica, A. E. Celecoxib acts in a cyclooxygenase-2-independent manner and in synergy with emodin to suppress rat cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro through a mechanism involving enhanced Akt inactivation and increased activation of caspases-9 and -3. Mol.Cancer Ther 2003;2(3):265-271. View abstract.
40080
Liu, J. B., Gao, X. G., Lian, T., Zhao, A. Z., and Li, K. Z. [Apoptosis of human hepatoma HepG2 cells induced by emodin in vitro]. Ai.Zheng. 2003;22(12):1280-1283. View abstract.
40081
Huang, Q., Shen, H. M., and Ong, C. N. Inhibitory effect of emodin on tumor invasion through suppression of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB. Biochem Pharmacol 7-15-2004;68(2):361-371. View abstract.
40086
Borkje, B., Pedersen, R., Lund, G. M., Enehaug, J. S., and Berstad, A. Effectiveness and acceptability of three bowel cleansing regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26(2):162-166. View abstract.
40087
Phillip, J., Schubert, G. E., Thiel, A., and Wolters, U. [Preparation for colonoscopy using Golytely--a sure method? Comparative histological and clinical study between lavage and saline laxatives]. Med Klin (Munich) 7-15-1990;85(7):415-420. View abstract.
40088
Hangartner, P. J., Munch, R., Meier, J., Ammann, R., and Buhler, H. Comparison of three colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical trial with 300 ambulatory patients. Endoscopy 1989;21(6):272-275. View abstract.
40089
Stern, F. H. Constipation--an omnipresent symptom: effect of a preparation containing prune concentrate and cascarin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1966;14(11):1153-1155. View abstract.
40090
Novetsky, G. J., Turner, D. A., Ali, A., Raynor, W. J., Jr., and Fordham, E. W. Cleansing the colon in gallium-67 scintigraphy: a prospective comparison of regimens. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;137(5):979-981. View abstract.
40091
Fork, F. T., Ekberg, O., Nilsson, G., Rerup, C., and Skinhoj, A. Colon cleansing regimens. A clinical study in 1200 patients. Gastrointest.Radiol. 1982;7(4):383-389. View abstract.
40092
Marchesi, M., Marcato, M., and Silvestrini, C. [Clinical experience with a preparation containing cascara sagrada and boldo in the therapy of simple constipation in the elderly]. G.Clin.Med. 1982;63(11-12):850-863. View abstract.
40093
Silberstein, E. B., Fernandez-Ulloa, M., and Hall, J. Are oral cathartics of value in optimizing the gallium scan? Concise communication. J Nucl.Med 1981;22(5):424-427. View abstract.
40097
Mereto, E., Ghia, M., and Brambilla, G. Evaluation of the potential carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the rat colon. Cancer Lett 3-19-1996;101(1):79-83. View abstract.
40098
Tramonte, S. M., Brand, M. B., Mulrow, C. D., Amato, M. G., O'Keefe, M. E., and Ramirez, G. The treatment of chronic constipation in adults. A systematic review. J Gen.Intern.Med 1997;12(1):15-24. View abstract.
40100
Petticrew, M., Watt, I., and Sheldon, T. Systematic review of the effectiveness of laxatives in the elderly. Health Technol Assess. 1997;1(13):i-52. View abstract.
40103
Chen, H. C., Hsieh, W. T., Chang, W. C., and Chung, J. G. Aloe-emodin induced in vitro G2/M arrest of cell cycle in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2004;42(8):1251-1257.
40104
Chang, C. J., Ashendel, C. L., Geahlen, R. L., McLaughlin, J. L., and Waters, D. J. Oncogene signal transduction inhibitors from medicinal plants. In Vivo 1996;10(2):185-190.
40105
Chang, L. C., Sheu, H. M., Huang, Y. S., Tsai, T. R., and Kuo, K. W. A novel function of emodin: enhancement of the nucleotide excision repair of UV- and cisplatin-induced DNA damage in human cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;58(1):49-57.
92306
Nakasone ES, Tokeshi J. A serendipitous find: a case of cholangiocarcinoma identified incidentally after acute liver injury due to cascara sagrada ingestion. Hawaii J Med Public Health 2015;74(6):200-2. View abstract.
92307
Cirillo C, Capasso R. Constipation and botanical medicines: an overview. Phytother Res 2015;29(10):1488-93. View abstract.
110704
Mazzari ALDA, Lacerda MG, Milton FA, et al. In vitro effects of European and Latin-American medicinal plants in CYP3A4 gene expression, glutathione levels, and P-glycoprotein activity. Front Pharmacol 2022;13:826395. View abstract.