Each capsule contains: TRAACS brand Vanadium (from vanadium nicotinate glycinate chelate) 5 mg • Optimum Abzorption brand Complex Proprietary Blend 45 mg: Ginger root, Piper longum fruit, Piper nigrum fruit. Other Ingredients: Magnesium Stearate, Gelatin.
Brand name products often contain multiple ingredients. To read detailed information about each ingredient, click on the link for the individual ingredient shown above.
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Albion Chelated Vanadium. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Albion Chelated Vanadium. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Black pepper has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when black pepper oil is applied topically. Black pepper oil is nonirritating to the skin and is generally well tolerated (11). ...when black pepper oil is inhaled through the nose or as a vapor through the mouth, short-term. Black pepper oil as a vapor or as an olfactory stimulant has been used with apparent safety in clinical studies for up to 3 days and 30 days, respectively (29159,29160,29161,90502). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of black pepper when used orally in medicinal amounts.
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in large amounts.
Fatal cases of pepper aspiration have been reported in some patients (5619,5620). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of topical pepper oil when used in children.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally in large amounts.
Black pepper might have abortifacient effects (11,19); contraindicated. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of topical pepper when used during pregnancy.
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of black pepper when used in medicinal amounts during breast-feeding.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Ginger has been safely used in multiple clinical trials (721,722,723,5343,7048,7084,7085,7400,7623,11346)(12472,13080,13237,13244,17369,17928,17929,89889,89890,89894)(89895,89898,89899,90102,96252,96253,96259,96260,96669) (101760,101761,101762,103359,107903).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used topically and appropriately, short-term (89893,89897).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately, short-term.
Ginger powder has been used with apparent safety at a dose of up to 750 mg daily for 4 days in girls aged 14-18 years (96255).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.
Ginger is considered a first-line nonpharmacological treatment option for nausea in pregnancy by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) (111601). However, it should not be used long-term or without medical supervision and close monitoring.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used for medicinal purposes.
Despite some early reports of adverse effects (721,7083) and one observational study suggesting that taking dried ginger and other herbal supplements during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy marginally increased the chance of stillbirth (96254), most research shows that ginger is unlikely to cause harm to the baby. The risk for major malformations in infants of parents who took ginger when pregnant does not appear to be higher than the baseline rate of 1% to 3% (721,1922,5343,11346,13071,13080,96254). Also, other research suggests that ginger intake during various trimesters does not significantly affect the risk of spontaneous abortion, congenital malformations, stillbirth, perinatal death, preterm birth, low birth weight, or low Apgar scores (18211,90103). Ginger use has been associated with an increase in non-severe vaginal bleeding, including spotting, after week 17 of pregnancy (18211).
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in the amounts typically found in foods.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of ginger when used for medicinal purposes; avoid amounts greater than those found in foods.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in food amounts. The fruit is commonly used in foods (101151). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of Indian long pepper when used in medicinal amounts.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using in medicinal amounts.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Vanadium is safe when taken in amounts below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1.8 mg daily (7135).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in high doses. Taking more than the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1.8 mg daily can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects and theoretically, kidney toxicity (7135). In some cases, patients with diabetes have used very high doses (100 mg daily) safely for up to 4 weeks (3055,3056,3057). However, there is concern that prolonged use of high doses might cause serious side effects including kidney damage (7135). Doses of 22.5 mg daily for five months can cause cramps and diarrhea (3012).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods (7135).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of vanadium when used in amounts greater than those typically found in foods.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods (7135).
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts.
Epidemiological research has found that increased urinary levels of vanadium are associated with an increased risk of both term and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM). When comparing tertiles of urinary vanadium levels, patients in the middle tertile had 1.66 times the risk of term PROM when compared with the lowest tertile, and those in the highest tertile had 3.75 times the risk. For preterm PROM (rupture prior to 37 weeks' gestation), those in the highest tertile had an 8.14 times increased risk when compared with those in the lowest tertile (99052). Epidemiological research has also found that higher prenatal serum levels of vanadium are associated with impaired fetal growth, particularly in male newborns. The risk appears greatest with vanadium exposure in the second trimester (102096).
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods (7135).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of vanadium when used in amounts greater than those typically found in foods; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. White pepper has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (4912).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts (12).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally in large amounts.
Fatal cases of pepper aspiration have been reported in some patients (5619,5620).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of topical white pepper or white pepper oil when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy.
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (11).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of white pepper when used in medicinal amounts during breast-feeding.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Albion Chelated Vanadium. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of amoxicillin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, with amoxicillin increases plasma levels of amoxicillin (29269). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to inhibit platelet aggregation (29206). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels (29225). Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of atorvastatin.
Animal research shows that taking piperine, a constituent of black pepper, 35 mg/kg can increase the maximum serum concentration of atorvastatin three-fold (104188). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine, potentially increasing the effects and side effects of carbamazepine.
One clinical study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that taking a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase carbamazepine absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects (16833). In vitro research also shows that piperine can increase carbamazepine levels by 11% in a time-dependent manner (103819).
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase the effects and side effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine (29282). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A1.
In vitro research suggests that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, inhibits CYP1A1 (29213). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2B1.
In vitro research suggests that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, inhibits CYP2B1 (29332). This has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase blood levels of lithium due to its diuretic effects. The dose of lithium might need to be reduced.
Black pepper is thought to have diuretic properties (11).
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Black pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases the plasma concentration of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were observed in this study (29209).
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
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Theoretically, black pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, increases pentobarbital-induced sleeping time (29214).
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Black pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption, slow elimination, and increase levels of phenytoin (537,14442). Taking a single dose of black pepper 1 gram along with phenytoin seems to double the serum concentration of phenytoin (14375). Consuming a soup with black pepper providing piperine 44 mg/200 mL of soup along with phenytoin also seems to increase phenytoin levels when compared with consuming the same soup without black pepper (14442).
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Black pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of propranolol (538).
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Black pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
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Black pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
Clinical research shows that piperine, a constituent of black pepper, seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of theophylline (538).
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Ginger may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, research is conflicting.
Laboratory research suggests that ginger inhibits thromboxane synthetase and decreases platelet aggregation (7622,12634,20321,20322,20323,96257). However, this has not been demonstrated unequivocally in humans, with mixed results from clinical trials (96257). Theoretically, excessive amounts of ginger might increase the risk of bleeding when used with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
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Theoretically, taking ginger with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
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Theoretically, taking ginger with calcium channel blockers might increase the risk of hypotension.
Some animal and in vitro research suggests that ginger has hypotensive and calcium channel-blocking effects (12633). Another animal study shows that concomitant administration of ginger and the calcium channel blocker amlodipine leads to greater reductions in blood pressure when compared with amlodipine alone (107901).
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Theoretically, when taken prior to cyclosporine, ginger might decrease cyclosporine levels.
In an animal model, ginger juice taken 2 hours prior to cyclosporine administration reduced the maximum concentration and area under the curve of cyclosporine by 51% and 40%, respectively. This effect was not observed when ginger juice and cyclosporine were administered at the same time (20401).
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Theoretically, ginger might increase the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ginger inhibits CYP1A2 activity (111544). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, ginger might increase the levels of CYP2B6 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ginger inhibits CYP2B6 activity (111544). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, ginger might increase the levels of CYP2C9 substrates.
In vitro research shows that ginger inhibits CYP2C9 activity (111544). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Ginger might increase or decrease the levels of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research and some case reports suggest that ginger inhibits CYP3A4 activity (111544,111644). Three case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking ginger and cancer medications that are CYP3A4 substrates (imatinib, dabrafenib, and crizotinib). However, the causality of this interaction is unclear due to the presence of multiple interacting drugs and routes of administration (111644).
Conversely, other in vitro research suggests that ginger induces CYP3A4 activity, leading to reduced levels of CYP3A4 substrates (111404). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans. |
Theoretically, ginger might increase levels of losartan and the risk of hypotension.
In animal research, ginger increased the levels and hypotensive effects of a single dose of losartan (102459). It is not clear if ginger alters the concentration or effects of losartan when taken continuously. Additionally, this interaction has not been shown in humans.
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Theoretically, ginger might increase levels of metronidazole.
In an animal model, ginger increased the absorption and plasma half-life of metronidazole. In addition, the elimination rate and clearance of metronidazole was significantly reduced (20350).
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Ginger may have antiplatelet effects and increase the risk of bleeding if used with nifedipine.
Clinical research shows that combined treatment with ginger 1 gram plus nifedipine 10 mg significantly inhibits platelet aggregation when compared to nifedipine or ginger alone (20324).
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Ginger might increase the absorption and blood levels of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates.
In vitro research and case reports suggest that ginger inhibits drug efflux by P-gp, potentially increasing absorption and serum levels of P-gp substrates (111544,111644). Two case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking ginger and cancer medications that are P-gp substrates (trametinib, crizotinib). However, the causality of this interaction is unclear due to the presence of multiple interacting drugs and routes of administration (111644).
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Ginger might increase the risk of bleeding with phenprocoumon.
Phenprocoumon, a warfarin-related anticoagulant, might increase the international normalized ratio (INR) when taken with ginger. There is one case report of a 76-year-old woman with a stable INR on phenprocoumon that increased to greater than 10 when she began consuming dried ginger and ginger tea (12880).
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Ginger might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Laboratory research suggests that ginger might inhibit thromboxane synthetase and decrease platelet aggregation (7622,12634,20321,20322,20323). In one case report, ginger increased the INR when taken with phenprocoumon, which has similar pharmacological effects as warfarin (12880). In another case report, ginger increased the INR when taken with a combination of warfarin, hydrochlorothiazide, and acetaminophen (20349). A longitudinal analysis suggests that taking ginger increases the risk of bleeding in patients taking warfarin for at least 4 months (20348). However, research in healthy people suggests that ginger has no effect on INR, or the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of warfarin (12881,15176). Until more is known, monitor INRs closely in patients taking large amounts of ginger.
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of amoxicillin.
Evidence from animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of amoxicillin when taken concomitantly (29269).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that Indian long pepper extract inhibits platelet aggregation (101151).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can reduce blood glucose levels (29225). Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of carbamazepine.
A small pharmacokinetic study in patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily shows that a single 20 mg dose of purified piperine, which is a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases carbamazepine levels. Piperine may increase absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects (16833).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cefotaxime.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma levels of cefotaxime when taken concomitantly (29269).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine (29282).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP1A1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP1A1 (29213).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP2B1 substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP2B1 (29332).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the effects and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
In vitro research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, inhibits CYP3A4 (14375).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of nevirapine.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases the plasma concentration and systemic exposure of nevirapine. However, no adverse effects were associated with the elevated plasma levels of nevirapine (29209).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase levels of P-glycoprotein substrates.
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
Animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, can increase pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time (29214).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of phenytoin.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases phenytoin serum levels and slows its elimination (537).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of propranolol.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, accelerates absorption and increases serum concentrations of propranolol (538).
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Theoretically, Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of rifampin.
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Indian long pepper might increase blood levels of theophylline.
A small pharmacokinetic study shows that piperine, a constituent of Indian long pepper, increases serum concentrations and slows elimination of theophylline (538).
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Theoretically, vanadium might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs.
In vitro research shows that the sodium orthovanadate form of vanadium prolongs clotting time, likely through inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa (3054).
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Theoretically, vanadium might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.
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Evidence from animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, increases the plasma levels of amoxicillin when taken concomitantly (29269). Theoretically, piperine from white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of amoxicillin in humans. Be watchful with this combination.
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In vitro evidence suggests that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, inhibits platelet aggregation (29206). Theoretically, white pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when used with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs.
Some anticoagulant/antiplatelet drugs include aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, ticlopidine (Ticlid), warfarin (Coumadin), and others.
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Evidence from animal research suggests that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, reduces blood glucose levels (29225). Theoretically, white pepper might have additive effects with antidiabetes drugs and increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Monitor blood glucose levels closely. Dose adjustments might be necessary.
Some antidiabetes drugs include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and others.
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White pepper might increase levels of carbamazepine. Patients taking carbamazepine 300 mg or 500 mg twice daily had increased levels after taking a single dose of 20 mg purified piperine, which is a constituent of white pepper. Piperine may increase absorption by increasing blood flow to the GI tract, increasing the surface area of the small intestine, or by cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition in the gut wall. Absorption was significantly increased by 7-10 mcg/mL/hour. The time to eliminate carbamazepine was also increased by 4-8 hours. Although carbamazepine levels were increased, this did not appear to increase side effects (16833). In vitro research also shows that piperine can increase carbamazepine levels by 11% in a time-dependent manner (103819).
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Evidence from animal research shows that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, increases the plasma levels of cefotaxime when taken concomitantly (29269). Theoretically, piperine from white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of cefotaxime in humans. Be watchful with this combination.
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In vitro evidence shows that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, increases the bioavailability of cyclosporine (29282). Theoretically, white pepper might increase levels of cyclosporine.
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In vitro evidence suggests that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, inhibits cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) (29213). Theoretically, concomitant use with white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A1.
Some of these drugs include chlorzoxazone, theophylline, and bufuralol.
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In vitro evidence suggests that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, inhibits cytochrome P450 2B1 (CYP2B1) (29332). Theoretically, concomitant use with white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2B1.
Some drugs metabolized by CYP2B1 include cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, barbiturates, bromobenzene, and others.
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In vitro evidence suggests that some constituents of white pepper inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) (29207). Theoretically, concomitant use may affect drugs metabolized by CYP2D6.
Some drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 include amitriptyline (Elavil), codeine, desipramine (Norpramin), flecainide (Tambocor), haloperidol (Haldol), imipramine (Tofranil), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), ondansetron (Zofran), paroxetine (Paxil), risperidone (Risperdal), tramadol (Ultram), venlafaxine (Effexor), and others.
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In vitro evidence suggests that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Theoretically, concomitant use with white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Some drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 include some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, nicardipine, verapamil), chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine), antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole), glucocorticoids, cisapride (Propulsid), alfentanil (Alfenta), fentanyl (Sublimaze), losartan (Cozaar), fluoxetine (Prozac), midazolam (Versed), omeprazole (Prilosec), ondansetron (Zofran), propranolol (Inderal), fexofenadine (Allegra), and numerous others.
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White pepper is thought to have diuretic properties. Theoretically, due to these potential diuretic effects, white pepper might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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Evidence from human research shows that piperine, a constituent of white pepper, increases the plasma concentration of nevirapine (29209). While no adverse effects were observed in the study, theoretically, white pepper might increase the effects and side effects of nevirapine. Use with caution.
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Theoretically, white pepper might increase levels of p-glycoprotein substrates. The piperine constituent of white pepper seems to inhibit p-glycoprotein in vitro (14375,29281,29283).
Some drugs metabolized by p-glycoprotein include some chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine), antifungals (ketoconazole, itraconazole), protease inhibitors (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir), H2 antagonists (cimetidine, ranitidine), some calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, verapamil), digoxin, corticosteroids, erythromycin, cisapride (Propulsid), fexofenadine (Allegra), cyclosporine, loperamide (Imodium), quinidine, and others.
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In an animal model, the piperine constituent of white pepper increased pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time (29214). It is not known if this occurs in humans or if this applies to other barbiturates or sedatives. Theoretically, combining white pepper and pentobarbital might increase the sedative effects of pentobarbital.
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White pepper might increase levels of phenytoin. In humans, the piperine constituent of white pepper seems to increase absorption, slow elimination, and increase levels of phenytoin (537,14442).
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Theoretically, white pepper might increase levels of propranolol. In humans, the piperine constituent of white pepper seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of propranolol (538).
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Theoretically, white pepper might increase levels of rifampin. The piperine constituent of white pepper seems to increase absorption and serum levels of rifampin (14375,29284).
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Theoretically, white pepper might increase levels of theophylline. In humans, the piperine constituent of white pepper seems to increase absorption and slow elimination of theophylline (538).
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Albion Chelated Vanadium. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, black pepper seems to be well tolerated when used in the amounts found in food or when taken as a medicine as a single dose.
Topically and as aromatherapy, black pepper oil seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Burning aftertaste, dyspepsia, and reduced taste perception.
Inhalation: Cough.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, black pepper can cause a burning aftertaste (5619) and dyspepsia (38061). Single and repeated application of piperine, the active constituent in black pepper, to the tongue and oral cavity can decrease taste perception (29267). By intragastric route, black pepper 1.5 grams has been reported to cause gastrointestinal microbleeds (29164). It is not clear if such an effect would occur with oral administration.
Immunologic ...In one case report, a 17-month-old male developed hives, red eyes, facial swelling, and a severe cough following consumption of a sauce containing multiple ingredients. Allergen skin tests were positive to both black pepper and cayenne, which were found in the sauce (93947).
Ocular/Otic ...Topically, ground black pepper can cause redness of the eyes and swelling of the eyelids (5619).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...When inhaled through the nose as an olfactory stimulant, black pepper oil has been reported to cause cough in one clinical trial (29162).
General
...Orally, ginger is generally well tolerated.
However, higher doses of 5 grams per day increase the risk of side effects and reduce tolerability. Topically, ginger seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal discomfort, burping, diarrhea, heartburn, and a pepper-like irritant effect in the mouth and throat. However, some of these mild symptoms may be reduced by ingesting encapsulated ginger in place of powdered ginger.
Topically: Dermatitis in sensitive individuals.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, use of ginger resulted in mild arrhythmia in one patient in a clinical trial (16306).
Dermatologic
...Orally, ginger can cause hives (17933), as well as bruising and flushing (20316) or rash (20316).
Topically, ginger can cause dermatitis in sensitive individuals (12635,46902).
Gastrointestinal
...Orally, common side effects of ginger include nausea (17933,22602,89898,101761), belching (10380,103359), dry mouth (103359), dry retching (10380), vomiting (10380), burning sensation (10380), oral numbness (22602), abdominal discomfort (5343,89898,96253), heartburn (5343,7624,12472,16306,20316,51845,89894,89895,89898,89899)(101760,101761,101762,111543), diarrhea (5343,101760), constipation (89898,101760,101761), or a transient burning or "chilly hot" sensation of the tongue and throat (52076).
Orally, Number Ten, a specific product composed of rhubarb, ginger, astragalus, red sage, and turmeric, can increase the incidence of loose stools (20346).
Four cases of small bowel obstruction due to ginger bolus have been reported following the ingestion of raw ginger without sufficient mastication (chewing). In each case, the bolus was removed by enterotomy. Ginger is composed of cellulose and therefore is resistant to digestion. It can absorb water, which may cause it to swell and become lodged in narrow areas of the digestive tract (52115).
Genitourinary ...In one clinical trial, some patients reported increased menstrual bleeding while taking a specific ginger extract (Zintoma, Goldaru) 250 mg four times daily orally for 3 days (17931). An "intense" urge to urinate after 30 minutes was reported in two of eight patients given 0.5-1 gram of ginger (7624). However, this effect has not been corroborated elsewhere. Dysuria, flank pain, perineal pain, and urinary stream interruption have been reported in a 43-year-old male who drank ginger tea, containing 2-3 teaspoons of dry ginger, daily over 15 years. The adverse effects persisted for 4 years and were not associated with increases in urinary frequency or urgency. Upon discontinuing ginger, the patient's symptoms began to improve within one week and completely resolved after eight weeks, with no relapses six months later (107902).
Immunologic ...In one case report, a 59-year-old Japanese female with multiple allergic sensitivities developed pruritus and then anaphylactic shock after taking an oral ginger-containing herbal supplement for motion sickness (Keimei Gashinsan, Keimeido). The patient had used this supplement previously for over 20 years with no allergic reaction. The authors theorized the development of a cross-reactivity to ginger after the use of an oral supplement containing zedoary and turmeric, which are also in the Zingiberaceae family (102463).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, ginger may cause sedation, drowsiness, or dizziness (16306,17933,51845).
General ...Orally, Indian long pepper is well tolerated when used in food (101151). No adverse effects have been reported when Indian long pepper is used as medicine. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
General
...Orally, vanadium is well tolerated when taken in amounts below the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1.
8 mg daily. Higher doses may cause adverse effects.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Gastrointestinal adverse effects, including abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, flatulence, and nausea, when taken at doses above the UL.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Kidney damage, when taken long-term at high doses.
Topically: Contact dermatitis and other allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Cardiovascular ...Higher levels of vanadium in the body have been associated with a greater risk for hypertension (107923). However, it is unclear if oral supplementation with vanadium causes elevated blood pressure.
Dermatologic ...Allergic reactions to vanadium metal have been reported (99051,102095). A 68-year-old female developed an itchy, erythematous rash, ocular pruritus, and a positive skin test to vanadium after implantation of a vanadium-containing knee prosthesis (99051). Contact dermatitis, presenting as pruritic eczema of the hand, and a positive skin patch test to vanadium was reported in a 39-year-old male who worked with vanadium-containing tools (102095).
Endocrine ...In some cases, patients with diabetes have used very high doses (100 mg daily) safely for up to 4 weeks (3055,3056,3057). However, high body levels of vanadium have been associated with an increased incidence malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (3020).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, vanadium most commonly causes mild gastrointestinal upset (7135). There is concern that taking doses exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 1.8 mg per day can increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects and possibly lead to more severe toxicity. At higher doses, vanadium frequently causes gastrointestinal effects including abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and flatulence (3012,3055,3056,3057,12557,12558). Doses of 22.5 mg daily can also cause cramps (3012). Vanadium has also been associated with green discoloration of the tongue, which is unrelated to dose (7135).
Immunologic
...Allergic reactions to vanadium metal have been reported (99051,102095).
A 68-year-old female developed an itchy, erythematous rash, ocular pruritus, and a positive skin test to vanadium after implantation of a vanadium-containing knee prosthesis (99051). Contact dermatitis, presenting as pruritic eczema of the hand, and a positive skin patch test to vanadium was reported in a 39-year-old male who worked with vanadium-containing tools (102095).
Higher levels of vanadium in the body have been associated with a weakened immune system in children, as measured by reductions in CD3+ and CD4+ cell counts (107924). However, it is unclear if oral supplementation with vanadium causes a weakened immune system or increases the risk of infection.
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, vanadium has been rarely associated with fatigue, lethargy, and focal neurological lesions, which are unrelated to dose (7135).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Severe and chronic respiratory tract disorders have been reported from occupational exposure to vanadium dusts (17).
Renal ...In some cases, patients with diabetes have used very high doses (100 mg daily) of vanadium safely for up to 4 weeks (3055,3056,3057). However, there is concern based on animal research that prolonged use of high doses might cause serious side effects including kidney damage (7135). High body levels of vanadium have also been associated with an increased incidence of kidney stones, distal renal tubular acidosis, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, and sudden unexplained nocturnal death (3020).
General ...Orally, white pepper can cause dyspepsia and other gastrointestinal discomfort (29263,29265,29266,29267). When given in a nasal spray, white pepper has been reported to cause cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurologic, and respiratory effects (29263). Rarely, white pepper has been reported to cause allergic reaction (25599,46241,88204,88206,88207).
Cardiovascular ...When given in a nasal spray, piperine, a constituent of white pepper, induced palpitations in 8 out of 127 study participants (29263).
Dermatologic ...Occupational exposure to white pepper has been reported to cause allergic sensitization. Irritant patch test reactions to white pepper have been documented in factory and office employees in a spice factory, however, positive skin test reactions from scratch tests with powdered white pepper are generally rare (25599,46241,88204,88206,88207).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, white pepper can cause a burning aftertaste and irritation to the throat and anterior tongue (29268). Single and repeated application of piperine, a constituent of white pepper, increased irritation of the tongue and oral cavity, resulting in decreased taste (29265,29266,29267). When given in a nasal spray, piperine induced nausea in 9 out of 127 study participants and irritation of the nose and throat in up to 82 out of 127 study participants (29263).
Neurologic/CNS ...When given in a nasal spray, piperine, a constituent of white pepper, induced headache, lightheadedness, dizziness, and feeling calm, alert, or "high" in up to 82 out of 127 study participants (29263).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, white pepper can cause constriction of the larynx, resulting in an increase in airway resistance (2391). Following occupational exposure to white pepper, rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms have been reported (88209). When given in a nasal spray, piperine, a constituent of white pepper, induced irritation of the nose and throat, coughing, sneezing, and runny eyes and nose in up to 98 out of 127 study participants (29263).
Other ...When given in a nasal spray, piperine, a constituent of black pepper, induced sweating in 17 out of 127 study participants and cold hands and feet in 18 out of 127 participants (29263).