Organic Virgin Coconut Oil [Discontinued] by Barlean's

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Epilepsy. Although there has been interest in using oral caprylic acid for epilepsy, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of caprylic acid for this purpose.
• Essential tremor. Small clinical studies suggest that oral caprylic acid may slightly improve symptoms of central and peripheral essential tremor, as well as essential voice tremor. Details: Two very small crossover studies in patients with essential tremor show that taking caprylic acid 4 mg/kg as a single dose may slightly reduce the power of both central and peripheral essential tremor. However, the impact of caprylic acid on tremor power was not consistently demonstrated across all time points after administration (97663,100175). One study only found a significant improvement over placebo at 300 minutes after administration, with no statistically significant benefit of caprylic acid at any other time point prior to 300 minutes (97663). These studies may have been underpowered to detect differences between caprylic acid and placebo. One very small clinical trial in patients with essential tremor of the voice shows that taking caprylic acid 16 mg/kg daily for 20 days improves tremor amplitude and frequency by 31% and 23%, respectively, compared with 4% in those taking placebo. However, there were no benefits on audio-perceptual ratings or voice handicap (100176). A secondary analysis of results from this study suggests that patients with more severe acoustic tremors respond better to caprylic acid treatment than those with weaker acoustic tremors (106519). More evidence is needed to rate caprylic acid for these uses.

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INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Bronchitis. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for bronchitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• Common cold. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• Genital herpes. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for genital herpes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• HIV/AIDS. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for HIV/AIDS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• Influenza. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for influenza, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• Intestinal parasite infection. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for intestinal parasite infection, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition.
• Vaginal candidiasis. Although there is interest in using oral lauric acid for vaginal candidiasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lauric acid for this condition. More evidence is needed to rate lauric acid for these uses.

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POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Cachexia. Intravenous MCTs can provide calories in critically ill patients and patients with refractory cachexia, but do not seem to offer any advantages over long chain triglycerides. Details: Several small clinical studies in critically ill patients and patients with refractory cachexia secondary to cancer show that receiving parenteral nutrition with a 1:1 mixture of MCTs and long chain triglycerides is similarly effective to long chain triglycerides alone for improving metabolic parameters or nutritional status (2275,2276,93739).

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

• HIV/AIDS-related wasting. Oral MCTs do not seem to promote weight gain or prevent weight loss in patients with HIV infection. Details: A large clinical study in patients with HIV infection shows that taking a peptide-based supplement containing MCTs (Peptamen Oral Complete Elemental Diet, Nestlé Clinical Nutrition) with multivitamins and minerals is no more effective than taking multivitamins and minerals alone for promoting weight gain or preventing weight loss (11730).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Age-related cognitive decline. It is unclear if oral MCTs are beneficial in patients with age-related cognitive decline. Details: A small, single-blind clinical study in older adults residing in a nursing home shows that taking MCTs 6 grams (a 3:1 mixture of caprylic acid:capric acid), with or without L-leucine 1.2 grams and vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 20 mcg, daily for up to 3 months increases mini-mental state exam (MMSE) scores by an average of 3.5 points, compared with a 0.7-point decline in those receiving a long chain triglyceride control. MMSE scores returned to baseline 1.5 months after discontinuation of MCT supplementation (105710).
• Alzheimer disease. Small clinical studies suggest that oral MCTs do not improve cognition in patients with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment. Details: A meta-analysis of small clinical studies in patients with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment shows that taking MCTs (as combinations of caprylic acid and capric acid) in doses of 20-56 grams or 22.5-165 mL daily for up to 6 months does not improve cognition when compared with placebo or baseline (103012).
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral MCTs are beneficial for endurance athletic performance. Details: A very small clinical study in 10 male recreational endurance runners shows that taking a ketone supplement containing MCTs and a salt form of beta-hydroxybutyrate 60 minutes prior to a run does not improve 5-kilometer run time when compared with placebo (107738). This study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups.
• Celiac disease. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for celiac disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose.
• Chylothorax. It is unclear if oral MCTs improve time to resolution of spontaneous congenital chylothorax in neonates. Details: A small retrospective study in neonates with spontaneous congenital chylothorax shows that administering MCTs does not improve the time to resolution of chylothorax when compared with total parenteral nutrition (11729).
• Chyluria. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for chyluria, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose.
• Cystic fibrosis. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for cystic fibrosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose.
• Diabetes. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose.
• Epilepsy. It is unclear if oral MCTs are beneficial in adults and adolescents aged 12 years or older with drug-resistant epilepsy. Details: A small clinical study in adults and adolescents aged 12 years or older with drug-resistant epilepsy shows that adjunctive treatment with MCTs (Stepan Lipid Nutrition) as part of a non-ketogenic diet, 47-65 mL daily (about 35% of energy intake), or a maximally tolerated dose not exceeding 100 mL, for 12 weeks reduces median seizure frequency by 46% when compared with baseline (101967). The validity of this study is limited by its small sample size and the lack of a comparator group.
• Gallbladder disease. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for gallbladder disease, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose.
• Hypertriglyceridemia. Oral MCTs might improve triglyceride levels and body weight in some patients with overweight and hypertriglyceridemia, but its effect in other populations is unclear. Details: Clinical research in patients with overweight and hypertriglyceridemia shows that taking 25-30 grams of an oil containing MCTs 13% daily for 8 weeks decreases triglyceride levels by 78 mg/dL when compared with consuming oil containing only long chain fats. Body weight, body fat, and waist circumference also decreased (93740). However, this benefit may be restricted to this specific population only. Some research in patients with obesity or patients with a normal body weight shows that taking 25-30 grams of an oil containing MCTs daily for 8 weeks does not lower triglyceride levels (93741).
• Obesity. Small clinical studies suggest that oral MCTs modestly improves weight loss; however, any effects may not be clinically relevant. Details: A meta-analysis of clinical research shows that taking MCTs decreases body weight by 0.5 kg, waist circumference by 1.5 cm, and hip circumference by 0.8 cm when compared with a control group not taking MCTs. Doses used in available research have ranged from 1-54 grams daily, or 1% to 24% of energy for 4-16 weeks (93735). Most research shows that at least 4 weeks is needed before effects are seen. The greatest benefit seems to occur in patients of Asian descent, males, and patients with higher body mass indices at baseline (93730,93731,93735,93736). While MCTs may improve weight loss in some patients, the effects are generally modest and may not be clinically relevant.
• Prematurity. It is unclear if oral or topical MCTs are beneficial in preterm infants. Details: A meta-analysis of small studies involving 136 otherwise healthy preterm infants receiving full enteral diets with formula as the predominant source of nutrition shows that administration of formulas containing at least 30% of fat by weight as MCTs (ranging in concentration from 6% to 80%) for at least 7 days does not affect short-term growth, including weight, length, and head circumference, when compared with formulas containing less than 30% of fat by weight as MCTs. Due to small study sizes, it is unclear whether either type of formula was better tolerated. The validity of this analysis is limited by the presence of unclear risk of potential bias in the included studies (105711). MCT oil has also been evaluated for the prevention of gastrointestinal Candida infections. A very small clinical study in preterm infants shows that adding MCT oil (Nestlé Health Science) 0.5 mL per ounce of formula or breast milk for 1 week reduces Candida colonization when compared with no MCT oil (101968). Topical use of MCT oil has also been evaluated for growth in preterm infants. A small clinical study in preterm infants weighing 1500-2000 grams shows that massage with MCT oil, consisting of tactile and kinesthetic stimulation, three times daily for 7 days increases weight gain when compared with no massage (107739). The validity of this finding is limited by unclear reporting. Also, it is unclear if this effect is due to MCT oil, massage, or the combination.
• Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. It is unclear if oral MCTs are beneficial for the management of primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Details: A review of 55 case reports suggests that taking MCTs as part of a low-fat, high-protein diet resolves symptoms in 63% of patients with primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, compared with 36% of patients receiving no treatment or other treatments such as diuretic therapy, albumin transfusions, resection of isolated segments of affected bowels, etc. Mortality is also reduced by 79% in patients treated with diet restrictions and MCTs when compared with those receiving no treatment or other treatments (93733).
• Sarcopenia. It is unclear if oral MCTs are beneficial in frail older adults. Details: A small clinical study in older adults residing in a nursing home shows that taking MCTs 6 grams, leucine 1.2 grams, and vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 20 mcg daily for 3 months increases body weight by 1.1 kg, right-hand grip strength by 13%, and peak expiratory flow by 28% when compared with baseline. These improvements are also significant when compared with patients receiving no supplementation (93729). In a second study in this same population conducted by the same research group, taking MCTs 6 grams, with or without leucine 1.2 grams and vitamin D (cholecalciferol) 20 mcg, daily for 3 months does not increase body weight or hand grip strength. There were small to moderate improvements in opening and closing the legs, repetitive swallowing, and measures of functional independence (101970). The validity of these findings is limited by the single-blind nature of the studies and the large number of endpoints. It is also unclear if any benefits are due to MCTs, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Short bowel syndrome. Although there has been interest in using oral MCTs for short bowel syndrome, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of MCTs for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate MCTs for these uses.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Caprylic acid has Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the US (19507).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts, short-term. Caprylic acid has been safely used in clinical research at a daily dose of 16 mg/kg for 20 days (97662,100176).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using in amounts greater than those found in foods.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Lauric acid has generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status in the US (7705). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of lauric acid when used in medicinal amounts.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods (7706). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of lauric acid when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or lactation. Dietary lauric acid is excreted into breast milk (14086).

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately (11726,11727,11728,11729,11730,93729). ...when used parenterally and appropriately (2275,2276,2278,11726,11727,11728,11729). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of MCTs when used topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

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ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase the risk of hypotension when used with antihypertensive drugs.  Details Animal research suggests that caprylic acid might have positive inotropic effects, resulting in reduced arterial pressure and vascular resistance and increased cardiac output (25805).

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDs) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase plasma concentrations of NSAIDs.  Details In vitro research suggests that caprylic acid might displace NSAIDs from binding sites on albumin (25804,25806). This effect has not been reported in humans.

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, caprylic acid might increase plasma concentrations of warfarin.  Details In vitro research suggests that high doses of caprylic acid might displace warfarin from albumin binding sites (25807). This effect has not been reported in humans.

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General ...Orally, caprylic acid seems to be well tolerated, short-term.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Mild abdominal discomfort and change in taste perception.
Topically: Skin irritation.

Dermatologic ...Topically, caprylic acid is irritating to the skin of some people (20277,25076). Orally, a single dose of caprylic acid was associated with the development of a rash under the dressing of an inserted catheter in one patient in a clinical study (97662).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, caprylic acid may cause mild abdominal discomfort and a change in taste perception (97662).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, caprylic acid has rarely been reported to cause mild dizziness, headache, and fatigue (97662).

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General ...Lauric acid is usually well tolerated when used in food amounts. Information on its use in medicinal amounts is limited.

Cardiovascular ...Lauric acid is a saturated fatty acid. If present in the diet in large amounts, it increases total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, but also increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (14082). Therefore, lauric acid might not increase heart disease risk as much as trans-fatty acids. Lauric acid does not seem to affect triglyceride or lipoprotein(a) levels (14083,14084,14085,14087).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, nausea appears to be fairly common when lauric acid is infused into the duodenum at a rate of 0. 4 kcal/minute or faster (106421). The rate of nausea with oral administration is unknown.

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General ...Orally, MCTs can cause significant gastrointestinal upset, especially with higher doses.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, essential fatty acid deficiency, intestinal gas noises, irritability, nausea, reflux, vomiting. Gastrointestinal disturbances are thought to be associated with higher doses of MCT. Since MCTs are fats, excessive consumption can result in weight gain.

Cardiovascular ...There is some concern that MCTs may further increase the risk for hypertriglyceridemia in some preterm infants due to immature lipoprotein lipase activity in these infants. A case of extremely elevated triglyceride levels of 4,736 mg/dL and associated lipemia retinalis has been reported at 43 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA) for a preterm infant born at 30 weeks' gestational age. It was discovered that the baby had been receiving MCT supplements in addition to breast milk starting at 42 weeks' PMA. MCT supplements were discontinued. One month later triglycerides were reduced to 287 mg/dL, and the retinal vasculature had a normal hue. However, at 2-month follow-up, triglyceride levels were elevated to levels higher than normal for age despite MCT discontinuation. Investigators speculated that a genetic disorder of lipid metabolism may also have contributed to the elevated triglyceride levels in addition to use of MCTs (96330).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, MCTs can cause significant gastrointestinal upset. Diarrhea is the most commonly reported side effect (11723,93737,93738,101967). Other reported side effects include vomiting, irritability, nausea, reflux, abdominal discomfort, intestinal gas noises, and essential fatty acid deficiency (11723,93738,101967). Taking MCTs with food can reduce these adverse effects (93737). Gastrointestinal disturbances are thought to be associated with higher doses of MCT, such as 85 grams (93731).

Other ...Excessive consumption of MCTs can result in weight gain. MCT oil contains 6-8.5 calories per gram. One tablespoon provides about 14 grams and about 115 calories (11724).

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