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Graefe, E. U., Wittig, J., Mueller, S., Riethling, A. K., Uehleke, B., Drewelow, B., Pforte, H., Jacobasch, G., Derendorf, H., and Veit, M. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. J Clin.Pharmacol. 2001;41(5):492-499. View abstract.

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Dwivedi, C., Rohlfs, S., Jarvis, D., and Engineer, F. N. Chemoprevention of chemically induced skin tumor development by diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide. Pharm.Res 1992;9(12):1668-1670. View abstract.

van Ketel, W. G. and de Haan, P. Occupational eczema from garlic and onion. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(1):53-54. View abstract.

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Sparnins, V. L., Barany, G., and Wattenberg, L. W. Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis 1988;9(1):131-134. View abstract.

Adeleye, I. A. and Opiah, L. Antimicrobial activity of extracts of local cough mixtures on upper respiratory tract bacterial pathogens. West Indian Med J 2003;52(3):188-190. View abstract.

Jackson, B. A. and Shelton, A. J. Pilot study evaluating topical onion extract as treatment for postsurgical scars. Dermatol.Surg. 1999;25(4):267-269. View abstract.

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Moon, C. H., Jung, Y. S., Kim, M. H., Lee, S. H., Baik, E. J., and Park, S. W. Mechanism for antiplatelet effect of onion: AA release inhibition, thromboxane A(2)synthase inhibition and TXA(2)/PGH(2)receptor blockade. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2000;62(5):277-283. View abstract.

Boyle, S. P., Dobson, V. L., Duthie, S. J., Kyle, J. A., and Collins, A. R. Absorption and DNA protective effects of flavonoid glycosides from an onion meal. Eur.J.Nutr. 2000;39(5):213-223. View abstract.

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Mayer, B., Kalus, U., Grigorov, A., Pindur, G., Jung, F., Radtke, H., Bachmann, K., Mrowietz, C., Koscielny, J., Wenzel, E., and Kiesewetter, H. Effects of an onion-olive oil maceration product containing essential ingredients of the Mediterranean diet on blood pressure and blood fluidity. Arzneimittelforschung. 2001;51(2):104-111. View abstract.

Augusti, K. T. and Benaim, M. E. Effect of essential oil of onion (allyl propyl disulphide) on blood glucose, free fatty acid and insulin levels of normal subjects. Clin.Chim.Acta 4-2-1975;60(1):121-123. View abstract.

Ioku, K., Aoyama, Y., Tokuno, A., Terao, J., Nakatani, N., and Takei, Y. Various cooking methods and the flavonoid content in onion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2001;47(1):78-83. View abstract.

Augusti, K. T., Benaim, M. E., Dewar, H. A., and Virden, R. Partial identification of the fibrinolytic activators in onion. Atherosclerosis 1975;21(3):409-416. View abstract.

Briggs, W. H., Folts, J. D., Osman, H. E., and Goldman, I. L. Administration of raw onion inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis in dogs. J.Nutr. 2001;131(10):2619-2622. View abstract.

Munday, R. and Munday, C. M. Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues. Nutr Cancer 2001;40(2):205-210. View abstract.

Jung, Y. S., Kim, M. H., Lee, S. H., Baik, E. J., Park, S. W., and Moon, C. H. Antithrombotic effect of onion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2002;66(4):453-458. View abstract.

Saulis, A. S., Mogford, J. H., and Mustoe, T. A. Effect of Mederma on hypertrophic scarring in the rabbit ear model. Plast.Reconstr.Surg. 2002;110(1):177-183. View abstract.

Sharquie, K. E. and Al Obaidi, H. K. Onion juice (Allium cepa L.), a new topical treatment for alopecia areata. J.Dermatol. 2002;29(6):343-346. View abstract.

Mathew, P. T. and Augusti, K. T. Hypoglycaemic effects of onion, Allium cepa Linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. Indian J.Physiol Pharmacol. 1975;19(4):213-217. View abstract.

Kumari, K. and Augusti, K. T. Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from onions (Allium cepa Linn) as compared to standard drugs in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(9):1005-1009. View abstract.

Campos, K. E., Diniz, Y. S., Cataneo, A. C., Faine, L. A., Alves, M. J., and Novelli, E. L. Hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of onion, Allium cepa: dietary onion addition, antioxidant activity and hypoglycaemic effects on diabetic rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54(3):241-246. View abstract.

Sakai, Y., Murakami, T., and Yamamoto, Y. Antihypertensive effects of onion on NO synthase inhibitor-induced hypertensive rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2003;67(6):1305-1311. View abstract.

Kim, J. W., Kim, Y. S., and Kyung, K. H. Inhibitory activity of essential oils of garlic and onion against bacteria and yeasts. J.Food Prot. 2004;67(3):499-504. View abstract.

Bajaj, J. S., Shaker, R., and Hogan, W. J. Esophageal veggie spasms: a food-specific cause of chest distress. Am.J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(7):1396-1398. View abstract.

Heber, D. Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention of diseases. J Postgrad Med 2004;50(2):145-149. View abstract.

Sengupta, A., Ghosh, S., and Bhattacharjee, S. Allium vegetables in cancer prevention: an overview. Asian Pac.J Cancer Prev. 2004;5(3):237-245. View abstract.

Herman-Antosiewicz, A. and Singh, S. V. Signal transduction pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in cancer cells by Allium vegetable-derived organosulfur compounds: a review. Mutat.Res. 11-2-2004;555(1-2):121-131. View abstract.

Hong, Y. J. and Mitchell, A. E. Metabolic profiling of flavonol metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-3-2004;52(22):6794-6801. View abstract.

El Demerdash, F. M., Yousef, M. I., and El Naga, N. I. Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2005;43(1):57-63. View abstract.

Gonzalez, C. A., Pera, G., Agudo, A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H. B., Ceroti, M., Boeing, H., Schulz, M., Del Giudice, G., Plebani, M., Carneiro, F., Berrino, F., Sacerdote, C., Tumino, R., Panico, S., Berglund, G., Siman, H., Hallmans, G., Stenling, R., Martinez, C., Dorronsoro, M., Barricarte, A., Navarro, C., Quiros, J. R., Allen, N., Key, T. J., Bingham, S., Day, N. E., Linseisen, J., Nagel, G., Overvad, K., Jensen, M. K., Olsen, A., Tjonneland, A., Buchner, F. L., Peeters, P. H., Numans, M. E., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Roukos, D., Trichopoulou, A., Psaltopoulou, T., Lund, E., Casagrande, C., Slimani, N., Jenab, M., and Riboli, E. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of stomach and oesophagus adenocarcinoma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Int J Cancer 5-15-2006;118(10):2559-2566. View abstract.

Chung, V. Q., Kelley, L., Marra, D., and Jiang, S. B. Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: prospective double-blinded study. Dermatol Surg 2006;32(2):193-197. View abstract.

Vijayababu, M. R., Arunkumar, A., Kanagaraj, P., and Arunakaran, J. Effects of quercetin on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) secretion and induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. J.Carcinog. 2006;5:10. View abstract.

Jalili, T., Carlstrom, J., Kim, S., Freeman, D., Jin, H., Wu, T. C., Litwin, S. E., and David, Symons J. Quercetin-supplemented diets lower blood pressure and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy in rats with aortic constriction. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 2006;47(4):531-541. View abstract.

Shams-Ghahfarokhi, M., Shokoohamiri, M. R., Amirrajab, N., Moghadasi, B., Ghajari, A., Zeini, F., Sadeghi, G., and Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M. In vitro antifungal activities of Allium cepa, Allium sativum and ketoconazole against some pathogenic yeasts and dermatophytes. Fitoterapia 2006;77(4):321-323. View abstract.

Mullen, W., Edwards, C. A., and Crozier, A. Absorption, excretion and metabolite profiling of methyl-, glucuronyl-, glucosyl- and sulpho-conjugates of quercetin in human plasma and urine after ingestion of onions. Br J Nutr 2006;96(1):107-116. View abstract.

Ho, W. S., Ying, S. Y., Chan, P. C., and Chan, H. H. Use of onion extract, heparin, allantoin gel in prevention of scarring in chinese patients having laser removal of tattoos: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Surg 2006;32(7):891-896. View abstract.

Vijayababu, M. R., Kanagaraj, P., Arunkumar, A., Ilangovan, R., Dharmarajan, A., and Arunakaran, J. Quercetin induces p53-independent apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulating Bcl-2-related proteins: a possible mediation by IGFBP-3. Oncol.Res. 2006;16(2):67-74. View abstract.

Hubbard, G. P., Wolffram, S., de Vos, R., Bovy, A., Gibbins, J. M., and Lovegrove, J. A. Ingestion of onion soup high in quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and essential components of the collagen-stimulated platelet activation pathway in man: a pilot study. Br J Nutr 2006;96(3):482-488. View abstract.

Steenhagen, E., de Roos, N. M., Bouwman, C. A., van Laarhoven, C. J., and van Staveren, W. A. Sources and severity of self-reported food intolerance after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 2006;106(9):1459-1462. View abstract.

Kumari, K. and Augusti, K. T. Lipid lowering effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide from Allium cepa Linn in high cholesterol diet fed rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2-12-2007;109(3):367-371. View abstract.

Zurada, J. M., Kriegel, D., and Davis, I. C. Topical treatments for hypertrophic scars. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55(6):1024-1031. View abstract.

Gabler, N. K., Osrowska, E., Imsic, M., Eagling, D. R., Jois, M., Tatham, B. G., and Dunshea, F. R. Dietary onion intake as part of a typical high fat diet improves indices of cardiovascular health using the mixed sex pig model. Plant Foods Hum.Nutr 2006;61(4):179-185. View abstract.

Hosnuter, M., Payasli, C., Isikdemir, A., and Tekerekoglu, B. The effects of onion extract on hypertrophic and keloid scars. J.Wound.Care 2007;16(6):251-254. View abstract.

Wong, R. W. and Rabie, A. B. Effect of quercetin on bone formation. J.Orthop.Res. 2008;26(8):1061-1066. View abstract.

Huang, T. H., Muhlbauer, R. C., Tang, C. H., Chen, H. I., Chang, G. L., Huang, Y. W., Lai, Y. T., Lin, H. S., Yang, W. T., and Yang, R. S. Onion decreases the ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in young adult rats. Bone 2008;42(6):1154-1163. View abstract.

Draelos, Z. D. The ability of onion extract gel to improve the cosmetic appearance of postsurgical scars. J Cosmet.Dermatol. 2008;7(2):101-104. View abstract.

Koc, E., Arca, E., Surucu, B., and Kurumlu, Z. An open, randomized, controlled, comparative study of the combined effect of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and onion extract gel and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone in the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Dermatol.Surg. 2008;34(11):1507-1514. View abstract.

Naseri, M. K., Arabian, M., Badavi, M., and Ahangarpour, A. Vasorelaxant and hypotensive effects of Allium cepa peel hydroalcoholic extract in rat. Pak.J Biol.Sci 6-15-2008;11(12):1569-1575. View abstract.

Galeone, C., Pelucchi, C., Dal Maso, L., Negri, E., Montella, M., Zucchetto, A., Talamini, R., and La Vecchia, C. Allium vegetables intake and endometrial cancer risk. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(9):1576-1579. View abstract.

Galeone, C., Tavani, A., Pelucchi, C., Negri, E., and La Vecchia, C. Allium vegetable intake and risk of acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Eur.J Nutr 2009;48(2):120-123. View abstract.

Park, S., Kim, M. Y., Lee, D. H., Lee, S. H., Baik, E. J., Moon, C. H., Park, S. W., Ko, E. Y., Oh, S. R., and Jung, Y. S. Methanolic extract of onion (Allium cepa) attenuates ischemia/hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via antioxidant effect. Eur.J Nutr 2009;48(4):235-242. View abstract.

Matheson, E. M., Mainous, A. G., III, and Carnemolla, M. A. The association between onion consumption and bone density in perimenopausal and postmenopausal non-Hispanic white women 50 years and older. Menopause. 2009;16(4):756-759. View abstract.

Yu, C. S., Lai, K. C., Yang, J. S., Chiang, J. H., Lu, C. C., Wu, C. L., Lin, J. P., Liao, C. L., Tang, N. Y., Wood, W. G., and Chung, J. G. Quercetin inhibited murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vivo and promoted immune response. Phytother.Res. 2010;24(2):163-168. View abstract.

Wong, R. W. and Rabie, A. B. Effect of quercetin on preosteoblasts and bone defects. Open.Orthop.J. 2008;2:27-32. View abstract.

Tsuji, M., Yamamoto, H., Sato, T., Mizuha, Y., Kawai, Y., Taketani, Y., Kato, S., Terao, J., Inakuma, T., and Takeda, E. Dietary quercetin inhibits bone loss without effect on the uterus in ovariectomized mice. J.Bone Miner.Metab 2009;27(6):673-681. View abstract.

Kook, S., Kim, G. H., and Choi, K. The antidiabetic effect of onion and garlic in experimental diabetic rats: meta-analysis. J Med Food 2009;12(3):552-560. View abstract.

Karagoz, H., Yuksel, F., Ulkur, E., and Evinc, R. Comparison of efficacy of silicone gel, silicone gel sheeting, and topical onion extract including heparin and allantoin for the treatment of postburn hypertrophic scars. Burns 2009;35(8):1097-1103. View abstract.

Cho, J. W., Cho, S. Y., Lee, S. R., and Lee, K. S. Onion extract and quercetin induce matrix metalloproteinase-1 in vitro and in vivo. Int.J.Mol.Med. 2010;25(3):347-352. View abstract.

Hister, C. A., Laughinghouse, H. D., Da Silva, C. B., Dorow, T. S., and Tedesco, S. B. Evaluation of the antiproliferative effect of infusions and essential oil of Aloysia gratissima. Pak.J Biol.Sci 12-15-2009;12(24):1581-1584. View abstract.

Wagner, H., Dorsch, W., Bayer, T., Breu, W., and Willer, F. Antiasthmatic effects of onions: inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase in vitro by thiosulfinates and "Cepaenes". Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1990;39(1):59-62. View abstract.

Dorsch, W., Schneider, E., Bayer, T., Breu, W., and Wagner, H. Anti-inflammatory effects of onions: inhibition of chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by thiosulfinates and cepaenes. Int.Arch.Allergy Appl.Immunol. 1990;92(1):39-42. View abstract.

Allen, M. L., Mellow, M. H., Robinson, M. G., and Orr, W. C. The effect of raw onions on acid reflux and reflux symptoms. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 1990;85(4):377-380. View abstract.

Sumiyoshi, H. and Wargovich, M. J. Chemoprevention of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds. Cancer Res. 8-15-1990;50(16):5084-5087. View abstract.

Dorsch, W., Wagner, H., Bayer, T., Fessler, B., Hein, G., Ring, J., Scheftner, P., Sieber, W., Strasser, T., and Weiss, E. Anti-asthmatic effects of onions. Alk(en)ylsulfinothioic acid alk(en)yl-esters inhibit histamine release, leukotriene and thromboxane biosynthesis in vitro and counteract PAF and allergen-induced bronchial obstruction in vivo. Biochem.Pharmacol. 12-1-1988;37(23):4479-4486. View abstract.

Belman, S., Solomon, J., Segal, A., Block, E., and Barany, G. Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase and mouse skin tumor promotion by onion and garlic components. J.Biochem.Toxicol. 1989;4(3):151-160. View abstract.

Kearney, J., Kennedy, N. P., Keeling, P. W., Keating, J. J., Grubb, L., Kennedy, M., and Gibney, M. J. Dietary intakes and adipose tissue levels of linoleic acid in peptic ulcer disease. Br.J.Nutr. 1989;62(3):699-706. View abstract.

Troll, W. Protease inhibitors interfere with the necessary factors of carcinogenesis. Environ.Health Perspect. 1989;81:59-62. View abstract.

Dorsch, W., Scharff, J., Bayer, T., and Wagner, H. Antiasthmatic effects of onions. Prevention of platelet-activating factor induced bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine in guinea pigs by diphenylthiosulfinate. Int.Arch.Allergy Appl.Immunol. 1989;88(1-2):228-230. View abstract.

Wattenberg, L. W., Sparnins, V. L., and Barany, G. Inhibition of N-nitrosodiethylamine carcinogenesis in mice by naturally occurring organosulfur compounds and monoterpenes. Cancer Res. 5-15-1989;49(10):2689-2692. View abstract.

Wargovich, M. J. New dietary anticarcinogens and prevention of gastrointestinal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1988;31(1):72-75. View abstract.

Sharma, K. K., Gupta, R. K., Gupta, S., and Samuel, K. C. Antihyperglycemic effect of onion: effect on fasting blood sugar and induced hyperglycemia in man. Indian J.Med.Res. 1977;65(3):422-429. View abstract.

Dorsch, W., Ettl, M., Hein, G., Scheftner, P., Weber, J., Bayer, T., and Wagner, H. Antiasthmatic effects of onions. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor-induced bronchial obstruction by onion oils. Int.Arch.Allergy Appl.Immunol. 1987;82(3-4):535-536. View abstract.

Jain, R. C., Vyas, C. R., and Mahatma, O. P. Letter: Hypoglycaemic action of onion and garlic. Lancet 12-29-1973;2(7844):1491. View abstract.

Jain, R. C., Sachdev, K. N., and Kaushal, S. S. Effect of onion ingestion on serum triglyceride, betalipoprotein-cholesterol and phospholipids in alimentary lipaemia. J.Assoc.Physicians India 1973;21(4):357-360. View abstract.

Chan, R. S. and Mandell, R. B. Corneal swelling caused by Allium cepa. Am.J.Optom.Arch.Am.Acad.Optom. 1972;49(9):713-715. View abstract.

Jain, R. C. and Vyas, C. R. Letter: Hypoglycaemia action of onion on rabbits. Br.Med.J. 6-29-1974;2(5921):730. View abstract.

Johnson, M. G. and Vaughn, R. H. Death of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli in the presence of freshly reconstituted dehydrated garlic and onion. Appl.Microbiol. 1969;17(6):903-905. View abstract.

Veien, N. K., Hattel, T., Justesen, O., and Norholm, A. Causes of eczema in the food industry. Derm.Beruf.Umwelt. 1983;31(3):84-86. View abstract.

Dorsch, W. and Ring, J. Suppression of immediate and late anti-IgE-induced skin reactions by topically applied alcohol/onion extract. Allergy 1984;39(1):43-49. View abstract.

Tjokroprawiro, A., Pikir, B. S., Budhiarta, A. A., Pranawa, Soewondo, H., Donosepoetro, M., Budhianto, F. X., Wibowo, J. A., Tanuwidjaja, S. J., Pangemanan, M., and . Metabolic effects of onion and green beans on diabetic patients. Tohoku J Exp Med 1983;141 Suppl:671-676. View abstract.

Dorsch, W., Adam, O., Weber, J., and Ziegeltrum, T. Antiasthmatic effects of onion extracts--detection of benzyl- and other isothiocyanates (mustard oils) as antiasthmatic compounds of plant origin. Eur.J Pharmacol 12-15-1984;107(1):17-24. View abstract.

Elnima, E. I., Ahmed, S. A., Mekkawi, A. G., and Mossa, J. S. The antimicrobial activity of garlic and onion extracts. Pharmazie 1983;38(11):747-748. View abstract.

Zohri, A. N., Abdel-Gawad, K., and Saber, S. Antibacterial, antidermatophytic and antitoxigenic activities of onion (Allium cepa L.) oil. Microbiol.Res. 1995;150(2):167-172. View abstract.

Kumari, K., Mathew, B. C., and Augusti, K. T. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from Allium cepa Linn. Indian J.Biochem.Biophys. 1995;32(1):49-54. View abstract.

Willital, G. H. and Heine, H. Efficacy of Contractubex gel in the treatment of fresh scars after thoracic surgery in children and adolescents. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1994;14(5-6):193-202. View abstract.

Brenner, S. and Wolf, R. Possible nutritional factors in induced pemphigus. Dermatology 1994;189(4):337-339. View abstract.

Takada, N., Matsuda, T., Otoshi, T., Yano, Y., Otani, S., Hasegawa, T., Nakae, D., Konishi, Y., and Fukushima, S. Enhancement by organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions of diethylnitrosamine-induced glutathione S-transferase positive foci in the rat liver. Cancer Res. 6-1-1994;54(11):2895-2899. View abstract.

Maragakis, M., Willital, G. H., Michel, G., and Gortelmeyer, R. Possibilities of scar treatment after thoracic surgery. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1995;21(5):199-206. View abstract.

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Wananukul S, Chatpreodprai S, Peongsujarit D, Lertsapcharoen P. A prospective placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of onion extract in silicone derivative gel for the prevention of hypertrophic scar and keloid in median sternotomy wound in pediatric patients. J Med Assoc Thai 2013;96(11):1428-33. View abstract.

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Nakayama Y, Makita M, Nozaki S, Kikuchi Y. Effects of onion extract containing concentrated cysteine sulfoxides on sleep quality: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2020 Oct 6;29(12):1755-1762. View abstract.

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