References
Plant Sterols
3661
Patel SB, Honda A, Salen G. Sitosterolemia: exclusion of genes involved in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis. J Lipid Res 1998;39:1055-61. View abstract.
3662
Salen G, Shore V, Tint GS, et al. Increased sitosterol absorption, decreased removal, and expanded body pools compensate for reduced cholesterol synthesis in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1989;30:1319-30. View abstract.
3663
Nguyen LB, Shefer S, Salen G, et al. Competitive inhibition of hepatic sterol 27-hydroxylase by sitosterol: decreased activity in sitosterolemia. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1998;110:32-9. View abstract.
5326
Salen G, Shefer S, Nguyen L, et al. Sisterolemia. J Lipid Res 1992;33:945-55. View abstract.
5336
Weststrate JA, Meijer GW. Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998;52:334-43. View abstract.
5436
Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick GA, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K. Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40 Suppl 1:S59-63. View abstract.
5437
Jones PJ, Ntanios FY, Raeini-Sarjaz M, et al. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a sitostanol-containing phytosterol mixture with a prudent diet in hyperlipidemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:1144-50. View abstract.
5814
Law M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 2000;320:861-4. View abstract.
6668
Anon. FDA authorizes new coronary heart disease health claim for plant sterol and plant stanol esters. FDA. 2000. Available at: http://www3.scienceblog.com/community/older/archives/M/1/fda0642.htm. (Accessed 26 May 2016).
7105
Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, et al. Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:715-25. View abstract.
7195
Lichtenstein AH, Deckelbaum RJ. Stanol/sterol ester-containing foods and blood cholesterol levels: a statement for healthcare professionals from Nutrition Committee, Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, Metabolism of American Heart Association. Circulation 2001;103:1177-9. View abstract.
7196
Jones PJ, Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, et al. Modulation of plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics by phytosterol versus phytostanol esters. J Lipid Res 2000;41:697-705. View abstract.
10305
Stalenhoef AF. Images in clinical medicine. Phytosterolemia and xanthomatosis. N Engl J Med 2003;349:51.. View abstract.
10457
Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN. Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 2001;249:163-6.. View abstract.
14298
Chen JT, Wesley R, Shamburek RD, et al. Meta-Analysis of natural therapies for hyperlipidemia: plant sterols and stanols versus policosanol. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:171-83. View abstract.
15390
Richelle M, Enslen M, Hager C, et al. Both free and esterified plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption and the bioavailability of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:171-7. View abstract.
34967
Miettinen, T. A. and Gylling, H. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 1999;10(1):9-14. View abstract.
34984
De Stefani, E., Boffetta, P., Ronco, A. L., Brennan, P., Deneo-Pellegrini, H., Carzoglio, J. C., and Mendilaharsu, M. Plant sterols and risk of stomach cancer: a case-control study in Uruguay. Nutr.Cancer 2000;37(2):140-144. View abstract.
34989
Relas, H., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. Fate of intravenously administered squalene and plant sterols in human subjects. J.Lipid Res. 2001;42(6):988-994. View abstract.
34993
Normen, A. L., Brants, H. A., Voorrips, L. E., Andersson, H. A., van den Brandt, P. A., and Goldbohm, R. A. Plant sterol intakes and colorectal cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer. Am J Clin.Nutr. 2001;74(1):141-148. View abstract.
35009
Fernandez, C., Suarez, Y., Ferruelo, A. J., Gomez-Coronado, D., and Lasuncion, M. A. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by Delta22-unsaturated phytosterols via competitive inhibition of sterol Delta24-reductase in mammalian cells. Biochem.J 8-15-2002;366(Pt 1):109-119. View abstract.
35022
Hendriks, H. F., Brink, E. J., Meijer, G. W., Princen, H. M., and Ntanios, F. Y. Safety of long-term consumption of plant sterol esters-enriched spread. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(5):681-692. View abstract.
35034
Clifton, P. M., Noakes, M., Sullivan, D., Erichsen, N., Ross, D., Annison, G., Fassoulakis, A., Cehun, M., and Nestel, P. Cholesterol-lowering effects of plant sterol esters differ in milk, yoghurt, bread and cereal. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(3):503-509. View abstract.
35037
Amundsen, A. L., Ntanios, F., Put, N., and Ose, L. Long-term compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols and carotenoids in children and parents with FH consuming plant sterol ester-enriched spread. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2004;58(12):1612-1620. View abstract.
35076
Tuomilehto, J., Tikkanen, M. J., Hogstrom, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Piironen, V., Toivo, J., Salonen, J. T., Nyyssonen, K., Stenman, U. H., Alfthan, H., and Karppanen, H. Safety assessment of common foods enriched with natural nonesterified plant sterols. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63(5):684-691. View abstract.
35080
Hallikainen, M., Huikko, L., Kontra, K., Nissinen, M., Piironen, V., Miettinen, T., and Gylling, H. Effect of parenteral serum plant sterols on liver enzymes and cholesterol metabolism in a patient with short bowel syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract. 2008;23(4):429-435. View abstract.
35106
Guardamagna, O., Abello, F., Baracco, V., Federici, G., Bertucci, P., Mozzi, A., Mannucci, L., Gnasso, A., and Cortese, C. Primary hyperlipidemias in children: effect of plant sterol supplementation on plasma lipids and markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(2):127-133. View abstract.
35149
Grundy, S. M., Ahrens, E. H., Jr., and Salen, G. Dietary beta-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies. J Lipid Res 1968;9(3):374-387. View abstract.
65749
Demonty, I., Chan, Y. M., Pelled, D., and Jones, P. J. Fish-oil esters of plant sterols improve the lipid profile of dyslipidemic subjects more than do fish-oil or sunflower oil esters of plant sterols. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84(6):1534-1542. View abstract.
90686
Amir Shaghaghi M, Abumweis SS, Jones PJ. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of plant sterols/stanols provided in capsule and tablet formats: results of a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Nov;113(11):1494-503. View abstract.
90720
Casas-Agustench P, Serra M, Pérez-Heras A, Cofán M, Pintó X, Trautwein EA, Ros E. Effects of plant sterol esters in skimmed milk and vegetable-fat-enriched milk on serum lipids and non-cholesterol sterols in hypercholesterolaemic subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr. 2012 Jun;107(12):1766-75. View abstract.
90722
Maki KC, Lawless AL, Reeves MS, Dicklin MR, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR. Lipid-altering effects of a dietary supplement tablet containing free plant sterols and stanols in men and women with primary hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012 Jun;63(4):476-82. View abstract.
90723
Maki KC, Lawless AL, Reeves MS, Kelley KM, Dicklin MR, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR. Lipid effects of a dietary supplement softgel capsule containing plant sterols/stanols in primary hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition. 2013 Jan;29(1):96-100. View abstract.
90724
McKenney JM, Jenks BH, Shneyvas E, Brooks JR, Shenoy SF, Cook CM, Maki KC. A softgel dietary supplement containing esterified plant sterols and stanols improves the blood lipid profile of adults with primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled replication study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Feb;114(2):244-9. View abstract.
90726
O'Neill FH, Sanders TA, Thompson GR. Comparison of efficacy of plant stanol ester and sterol ester: short-term and longer-term studies. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Jul 4;96(1A):29D-36D. View abstract.
90727
Raeini-Sarjaz M, Ntanios FY, Vanstone CA, Jones PJ. No changes in serum fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations with the intake of plant sterol/stanol esters in the context of a controlled diet. Metabolism. 2002 May;51(5):652-6. View abstract.
90728
Scholle JM, Baker WL, Talati R, Coleman CI. The effect of adding plant sterols or stanols to statin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2009 Oct;28(5):517-24. View abstract.
90730
Talati R, Sobieraj DM, Makanji SS, Phung OJ, Coleman CI. The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 May;110(5):719-26. View abstract.
90731
Vásquez-Trespalacios EM, Romero-Palacio J. Efficacy of yogurt drink with added plant stanol esters (Benecol®, Colanta) in reducing total and LDL cholesterol in subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial NCT01461798. Lipids Health Dis. 2014 Aug 6;13:125. View abstract.
90732
Demonty I, Ras RT, van der Knaap HC, Meijer L, Zock PL, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA. The effect of plant sterols on serum triglyceride concentrations is dependent on baseline concentrations: a pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Feb;52(1):153-60. View abstract.
90733
Doornbos AM, Meynen EM, Duchateau GS, van der Knaap HC, Trautwein EA. Intake occasion affects the serum cholesterol lowering of a plant sterol-enriched single-dose yoghurt drink in mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 Mar;60(3):325-33. View abstract.
90734
Eady S, Wallace A, Willis J, Scott R, Frampton C. Consumption of a plant sterol-based spread derived from rice bran oil is effective at reducing plasma lipid levels in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals. Br J Nutr. 2011 Jun 28;105(12):1808-18. View abstract.
90737
Haque Hussain SS, Weir J, Roberts N. Severe dermatitis secondary to plant sterol supplements. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Oct;34(7):e276-7. View abstract.
90738
Hongu N, Kitts DD, Zawistowski J, Dossett CM, Kopec A, Pope BT, Buchowski MS. Pigmented rice bran and plant sterol combination reduces serum lipids in overweight and obese adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(3):231-8. View abstract.
90739
Jones PJ, Demonty I, Chan YM, Herzog Y, Pelled D. Fish-oil esters of plant sterols differ from vegetable-oil sterol esters in triglycerides lowering, carotenoid bioavailability and impact on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Oct 25;6:28. View abstract.
90740
Klingberg S, Ellegård L, Johansson I, Jansson JH, Hallmans G, Winkvist A. Dietary intake of naturally occurring plant sterols is related to a lower risk of a first myocardial infarction in men but not in women in northern Sweden. J Nutr. 2013 Oct;143(10):1630-5. View abstract.
90741
Korpela R, Tuomilehto J, Högström P, Seppo L, Piironen V, Salo-Väänänen P, Toivo J, Lamberg-Allardt C, Kärkkäinen M, Outila T, Sundvall J, Vilkkilä S, Tikkanen MJ. Safety aspects and cholesterol-lowering efficacy of low fat dairy products containing plant sterols. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;60(5):633-42. View abstract.
90742
Mackay DS, Gebauer SK, Eck PK, Baer DJ, Jones PJ. Lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio in serum predicts cholesterol-lowering response to plant sterol consumption in a dual-center, randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Mar;101(3):432-9. View abstract.
90743
Malhotra A, Shafiq N, Arora A, Singh M, Kumar R, Malhotra S. Dietary interventions (plant sterols, stanols, omega-3 fatty acids, soy protein and dietary fibers) for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 10;6:CD001918. View abstract.
90744
Musa-Veloso K, Poon TH, Elliot JA, Chung C. A comparison of the LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant stanols and plant sterols over a continuous dose range: results of a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2011 Jul;85(1):9-28. View abstract.
90745
Ooi EM, Watts GF, Barrett PH, Chan DC, Clifton PM, Ji J, Nestel PJ. Dietary plant sterols supplementation does not alter lipoprotein kinetics in men with the metabolic syndrome. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(4):624-31. View abstract.
90748
Ras RT, Geleijnse JM, Trautwein EA. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr. 2014 Jul 28;112(2):214-9. View abstract.
90749
Sialvera TE, Pounis GD, Koutelidakis AE, Richter DJ, Yfanti G, Kapsokefalou M, Goumas G, Chiotinis N, Diamantopoulos E, Zampelas A. Phytosterols supplementation decreases plasma small and dense LDL levels in metabolic syndrome patients on a westernized type diet. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2012 Oct;22(10):843-8. View abstract.
90752
Acuff RV, Cai DJ, Dong ZP, Bell D. The lipid lowering effect of plant sterol ester capsules in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Lipids Health Dis. 2007 Apr 9;6:11. View abstract.
96272
Gomes GB, Zazula AD, Shigueoka LS, et al. A randomized open-label trial to assess the effect of plant sterols associated with ezetimibe in low-density lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary artery disease on statin therapy. J Med Food. 2017;20(1):30-36. View abstract.
96273
Ras RT, Koppenol WP, Garczarek U, et al. Increases in plasma plant sterols stabilize within four weeks of plant sterol intake and are independent of cholesterol metabolism. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;26(4):302-9. View abstract.
96274
Baumgartner S, Ras RT, Trautwein EA, Mensink RP, Plat J. Plasma fat-soluble vitamin and carotenoid concentrations after plant sterol and plant stanol consumption: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(3):909-923. View abstract.
98449
Yang W, Gage H, Jackson D, Raats M. The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of plant sterol or stanol-enriched functional foods as a primary prevention strategy for people with cardiovascular disease risk in England: a modeling study. Eur J Health Econ 2018;19(7):909-22. doi: 10.1007/s10198-017-0934-2. View abstract.
102365
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 101.83 - Health claims: plant sterol/stanol esters and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Available at: https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=c7e427855f12554dbc292b4c8a7545a0&mc=true&node=pt21.2.101&rgn=div5#se21.2.101_180
106084
Jiang L, Zhao X, Xu J, Li C, Yu Y, Wang W, Zhu L. The protective effect of dietary phytosterols on cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis. J Oncol. 2019;2019:7479518. View abstract.
106092
EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Castenmiller J, et al. Safety of the extension of use of plant sterol esters as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. EFSA J. 2020;18(6):e06135. View abstract.
106093
Oliveira Godoy Ilha A, Sutti Nunes V, Silva Afonso M, et al. Phytosterols supplementation reduces endothelin-1 plasma concentration in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals independently of their cholesterol-lowering properties. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1507. View abstract.
112081
Xia W, Xiang S, Gaman MA, et al. The effects of phytosterol and phytostanol supplementation on the lipid profile in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2022;36(12):4398-4408. View abstract.
112082
Wang S, Zhao W, Li J, et al. Association of Dietary Phytosterols Intake and Survival of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutr Cancer 2022;74(10):3582-3591. View abstract.
112083
Guo P, Feng R, Li Z, Han T. Gender differences in the relationships between dietary phytosterols intake and prevalence of obesity in Chinese population. Food Sci Nutr 2022;11(1):569-577. View abstract.
112084
Xue P, Wang Y, Chen Y, et al. A Case of Peripheral Precocious Puberty May Be Caused by a Diet Containing Phytosterols in a 20-Month-Old Boy. Horm Res Paediatr 2022;95(5):484-491. View abstract.
112085
Kwon YJ, Kwon GE, Lee HS, Choi MH, Lee JW. The Effect of Orlistat on Sterol Metabolism in Obese Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Feb 23;13:824269. View abstract.