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Lo, A. H., Liang, Y. C., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., Ho, C. T., and Lin, J. K. Carnosol, an antioxidant in rosemary, suppresses inducible nitric oxide synthase through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappaB in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis 2002;23(6):983-991. View abstract.

Steiner, M., Priel, I., Giat, J., Levy, J., Sharoni, Y., and Danilenko, M. Carnosic acid inhibits proliferation and augments differentiation of human leukemic cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoic acid. Nutr Cancer 2001;41(1-2):135-144. View abstract.

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Kosaka, K. and Yokoi, T. Carnosic acid, a component of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), promotes synthesis of nerve growth factor in T98G human glioblastoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2003;26(11):1620-1622. View abstract.

Angioni, A., Barra, A., Cereti, E., Barile, D., Coisson, J. D., Arlorio, M., Dessi, S., Coroneo, V., and Cabras, P. chemical composition, plant genetic differences, antimicrobial and antifungal activity investigation of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. J Agric.Food Chem 6-2-2004;52(11):3530-3535. View abstract.

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Huang, S. C., Ho, C. T., Lin-Shiau, S. Y., and Lin, J. K. Carnosol inhibits the invasion of B16/F10 mouse melanoma cells by suppressing metalloproteinase-9 through down-regulating nuclear factor-kappa B and c-Jun. Biochem Pharmacol 1-15-2005;69(2):221-232. View abstract.

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Fuchs, S. M., Schliemann-Willers, S., Fischer, T. W., and Elsner, P. Protective effects of different marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) and rosemary cream preparations against sodium-lauryl-sulfate-induced irritant contact dermatitis. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2005;18(4):195-200. View abstract.

Inoue, K., Takano, H., Shiga, A., Fujita, Y., Makino, H., Yanagisawa, R., Ichinose, T., Kato, Y., Yamada, T., and Yoshikawa, T. Effects of volatile constituents of a rosemary extract on allergic airway inflammation related to house dust mite allergen in mice. Int J Mol.Med 2005;16(2):315-319. View abstract.

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Sancheti, G. and Goyal, P. Modulatory influence of Rosemarinus officinalis on DMBA-induced mouse skin tumorigenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2006;7(2):331-335. View abstract.

Rau, O., Wurglics, M., Paulke, A., Zitzkowski, J., Meindl, N., Bock, A., Dingermann, T., Abdel-Tawab, M., and Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. Carnosic Acid and Carnosol, Phenolic Diterpene Compounds of the Labiate Herbs Rosemary and Sage, are Activators of the Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma. Planta Med 2006;72(10):881-887. View abstract.

Sancheti, G. and Goyal, P. K. Effect of rosmarinus officinalis in modulating 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced skin tumorigenesis in mice. Phytother Res 2006;20(11):981-986. View abstract.

Gonzalez-Trujano, M. E., Pena, E. I., Martinez, A. L., Moreno, J., Guevara-Fefer, P., Deciga-Campos, M., and Lopez-Munoz, F. J. Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of Rosmarinus officinalis L. using three different experimental models in rodents. J Ethnopharmacol 5-22-2007;111(3):476-482. View abstract.

Weckesser, S., Engel, K., Simon-Haarhaus, B., Wittmer, A., Pelz, K., and Schempp, C. M. Screening of plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts with dermatological relevance. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(7-8):508-516. View abstract.

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Luqman, S., Dwivedi, G. R., Darokar, M. P., Kalra, A., and Khanuja, S. P. Potential of rosemary oil to be used in drug-resistant infections. Altern.Ther Health Med 2007;13(5):54-59. View abstract.

Satoh, T., Kosaka, K., Itoh, K., Kobayashi, A., Yamamoto, M., Shimojo, Y., Kitajima, C., Cui, J., Kamins, J., Okamoto, S., Izumi, M., Shirasawa, T., and Lipton, S. A. Carnosic acid, a catechol-type electrophilic compound, protects neurons both in vitro and in vivo through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway via S-alkylation of targeted cysteines on Keap1. J Neurochem. 2008;104(4):1116-1131. View abstract.

Bakirel, T., Bakirel, U., Keles, O. U., Ulgen, S. G., and Yardibi, H. In vivo assessment of antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol 2-28-2008;116(1):64-73. View abstract.

Yu, Y. M., Lin, H. C., and Chang, W. C. Carnosic acid prevents the migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the activation and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9. Br.J Nutr 2008;100(4):731-738. View abstract.

Dragan, S., Nicola, T., Ilina, R., Ursoniu, S., Kimar, A., Nimade, S., and Nicola, T. Role of multi-component functional foods in the complex treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer. Rev.Med.Chir Soc.Med.Nat.Iasi 2007;111(4):877-884. View abstract.

Martin, R., Pierrard, C., Lejeune, F., Hilaire, P., Breton, L., and Bernerd, F. Photoprotective effect of a water-soluble extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. against UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 in human dermal fibroblasts and reconstructed skin. Eur.J Dermatol. 2008;18(2):128-135. View abstract.

Poeckel, D., Greiner, C., Verhoff, M., Rau, O., Tausch, L., Hornig, C., Steinhilber, D., Schubert-Zsilavecz, M., and Werz, O. Carnosic acid and carnosol potently inhibit human 5-lipoxygenase and suppress pro-inflammatory responses of stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochem.Pharmacol 7-1-2008;76(1):91-97. View abstract.

Quave, C. L., Plano, L. R., Pantuso, T., and Bennett, B. C. Effects of extracts from Italian medicinal plants on planktonic growth, biofilm formation and adherence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Ethnopharmacol 8-13-2008;118(3):418-428. View abstract.

Wang, R., Li, H., Guo, G., Li, X., Yu, X., Li, H., Wang, J., Liu, F., and Chen, X. Augmentation by carnosic acid of apoptosis in human leukaemia cells induced by arsenic trioxide via upregulation of the tumour suppressor PTEN. J Int Med Res 2008;36(4):682-690. View abstract.

Ozcan, M. M. and Chalchat, J. C. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oil from Turkey. Int J Food Sci.Nutr 2008;59(7-8):691-698. View abstract.

Park, J. A., Kim, S., Lee, S. Y., Kim, C. S., Kim, do K., Kim, S. J., and Chun, H. S. Beneficial effects of carnosic acid on dieldrin-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death. Neuroreport 8-27-2008;19(13):1301-1304. View abstract.

Rasooli, I., Shayegh, S., Taghizadeh, M., and Astaneh, S. D. Phytotherapeutic prevention of dental biofilm formation. Phytother.Res 2008;22(9):1162-1167. View abstract.

Scheckel, K. A., Degner, S. C., and Romagnolo, D. F. Rosmarinic acid antagonizes activator protein-1-dependent activation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human cancer and nonmalignant cell lines. J Nutr 2008;138(11):2098-2105. View abstract.

Martinez, A. L., Gonzalez-Trujano, M. E., Pellicer, F., Lopez-Munoz, F. J., and Navarrete, A. Antinociceptive effect and GC/MS analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from its aerial parts. Planta Med 2009;75(5):508-511. View abstract.

Machado, D. G., Bettio, L. E., Cunha, M. P., Capra, J. C., Dalmarco, J. B., Pizzolatti, M. G., and Rodrigues, A. L. Antidepressant-like effect of the extract of Rosmarinus officinalis in mice: involvement of the monoaminergic system. Prog.Neuropsychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatry 6-15-2009;33(4):642-650. View abstract.

Takahashi, T., Tabuchi, T., Tamaki, Y., Kosaka, K., Takikawa, Y., and Satoh, T. Carnosic acid and carnosol inhibit adipocyte differentiation in mouse 3T3-L1 cells through induction of phase2 enzymes and activation of glutathione metabolism. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 5-8-2009;382(3):549-554. View abstract.

Posadas, S. J., Caz, V., Largo, C., De la, Gandara B., Matallanas, B., Reglero, G., and De Miguel, E. Protective effect of supercritical fluid rosemary extract, Rosmarinus officinalis, on antioxidants of major organs of aged rats. Exp Gerontol. 2009;44(6-7):383-389. View abstract.

Gutierrez, R., Alvarado, J. L., Presno, M., Perez-Veyna, O., Serrano, C. J., and Yahuaca, P. Oxidative stress modulation by Rosmarinus officinalis in CCl(4)-induced liver cirrhosis. Phytother.Res 10-13-2009; View abstract.

Lai, C. S., Lee, J. H., Ho, C. T., Liu, C. B., Wang, J. M., Wang, Y. J., and Pan, M. H. Rosmanol potently inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through downregulating MAPK, NF-kappaB, STAT3 and C/EBP signaling pathways. J Agric.Food Chem. 11-25-2009;57(22):10990-10998. View abstract.

Harach, T., Aprikian, O., Monnard, I., Moulin, J., Membrez, M., Beolor, J. C., Raab, T., Mace, K., and Darimont, C. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Leaf Extract Limits Weight Gain and Liver Steatosis in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Planta Med 11-16-2009; View abstract.

Tamaki, Y., Tabuchi, T., Takahashi, T., Kosaka, K., and Satoh, T. Activated Glutathione Metabolism Participates in Protective Effects of Carnosic Acid against Oxidative Stress in Neuronal HT22 cells. Planta Med 11-25-2009; View abstract.

Zhao, B. L., Li, X. J., He, R. G., Cheng, S. J., and Xin, W. J. Scavenging effect of extracts of green tea and natural antioxidants on active oxygen radicals. Cell Biophys. 1989;14(2):175-185. View abstract.

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Hoefler, C., Fleurentin, J., Mortier, F., Pelt, J. M., and Guillemain, J. Comparative choleretic and hepatoprotective properties of young sprouts and total plant extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1987;19(2):133-143. View abstract.

Haraguchi, H., Saito, T., Okamura, N., and Yagi, A. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and superoxide generation by diterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis. Planta Med 1995;61(4):333-336. View abstract.

Geoffroy, M., Lambelet, P., and Richert, P. Radical intermediates and antioxidants: an ESR study of radicals formed on carnosic acid in the presence of oxidized lipids. Free Radic.Res 1994;21(4):247-258. View abstract.

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Paris, A., Strukelj, B., Renko, M., Turk, V., Pukl, M., Umek, A., and Korant, B. D. Inhibitory effect of carnosic acid on HIV-1 protease in cell-free assays [corrected]. J Nat Prod 1993;56(8):1426-1430. View abstract.

Huang, M. T., Ho, C. T., Wang, Z. Y., Ferraro, T., Lou, Y. R., Stauber, K., Ma, W., Georgiadis, C., Laskin, J. D., and Conney, A. H. Inhibition of skin tumorigenesis by rosemary and its constituents carnosol and ursolic acid. Cancer Res 2-1-1994;54(3):701-708. View abstract.

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Baylac, S. and Racine, P. Inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by natural fragrant extracts of aromatic plants. Int J Aromatherapy 2004;14(4):179-182.

Mancini, D. A., Torres, R. P., Pinto, J. R., and Mancini, J. Inhibition of DNA Virus: Herpes-1 (HSV-1) in cellular culture replication, through an antioxidant treatment extracted from rosemary spice. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009;45:127-133.

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Lindheimer JB, Loy BD, O'Connor PJ. Short-term effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis and Rosmarinnus eriocalyx) on sustained attention and on energy and fatigue mood states in young adults with low energy. J Med Food. 2013;16(8):765-771.

Mahyari S, Mahyari B, Emami SA, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a polyherbal mouthwash containing Zingiber officinale, Rosmarinus officinalis and Calendula officinalis extracts in patients with gingivitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016;22:93-8. View abstract.

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Ercan P, El SN. Bioaccessibility and inhibitory effects on digestive enzymes of carnosic acid in sage and rosemary. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;115:933-939. View abstract.

Nematolahi P, Mehrabani M, Karami-Mohajeri S, Dabaghzadeh F. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on memory performance, anxiety, depression, and sleep quality in university students: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;30:24-28. View abstract.

Achour M, Saguem S, Sarriá B, Bravo L, Mateos R. Bioavailability and metabolism of rosemary infusion polyphenols using Caco-2 and HepG2 cell model systems. J Sci Food Agric. 2018;98(10):3741-3751. View abstract.

Valones MAA, Silva ICG, Gueiros LAM, Leão JC, Caldas AF Jr, Carvalho AAT. Clinical assessment of rosemary-based toothpaste (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.): A randomized controlled double-blind study. Braz Dent J. 2019;30(2):146-151. View abstract.

Quirarte-Báez SM, Zamora-Perez AL, Reyes-Estrada CA, et al. A shortened treatment with rosemary tea (rosmarinus officinalis) instead of glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (TSD). J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2019;26(4):e18-e28. View abstract.

Nasiri A, Boroomand MM. The effect of rosemary essential oil inhalation on sleepiness and alertness of shift-working nurses: A randomized, controlled field trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021;43:101326. View abstract.

Achour M, Bravo L, Sarriá B, et al. Bioavailability and nutrikinetics of rosemary tea phenolic compounds in humans. Food Res Int. 2021;139:109815. View abstract.

Achour M, Ben Salem I, Ferdousi F, et al. Rosemary tea consumption alters peripheral anxiety and depression biomarkers: A pilot study in limited healthy volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021:1-10. View abstract.

Al Jamal A. Effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on lipid profiles and blood glucose in human diabetic patients (type-2). African J. Biochem. Res. 2014;8(8):147-50.

Tahoonian-Golkhatmy F, Abedian Z, Emami SA, Esmaily H. Comparison of rosemary and mefenamic acid capsules on menstrual bleeding and primary dysmenorrhea: A clinical trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2019;24(4):301-305. View abstract.

Dehghan N, Azizzadeh Forouzi M, Etminan A, Roy C, Dehghan M. The effects of lavender, rosemary and orange essential oils on memory problems and medication adherence among patients undergoing hemodialysis: a parallel randomized controlled trial. Explore (NY) 2022;18(5):559-566. View abstract.

Vagedes J, Henes J, Deckers B, et al. Topical Rosmarinus officinalis L. in systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon: an open-label pilot study. Complement Med Res 2022;29(3):242-248. View abstract.

Akbari S, Sohouli MH, Ebrahimzadeh S, Ghanaei FM, Hosseini AF, Aryaeian N. Effect of rosemary leaf powder with weight loss diet on lipid profile, glycemic status, and liver enzymes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Phytother Res 2022;36(5):2186-2196. View abstract.

Lewis ED, Crowley DC, Guthrie N, Evans M. Healthy adults supplemented with a nutraceutical formulation containing Aloe vera gel, rosemary and Poria cocos enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1116634. View abstract.

Azizi S, Mohamadi N, Sharififar F, Dehghannoudeh G, Jahanbakhsh F, Dabaghzadeh F. Rosemary as an adjunctive treatment in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022;49:101685. View abstract.

Hadizadeh-Talasaz F, Mardani F, Bahri N, Rakhshandeh H, Khajavian N, Taghieh M. Effect of Rosemary Cream on Episiotomy Wound Healing in Primiparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022;22(1):226. View abstract.