Thal LJ, Salmon DP, Lasker B, et al. The safety and lack of efficacy of vinpocetine in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:515-20. View abstract.

Bereczki D, Fekete I. A systematic review of vinpocetine therapy in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:349-52. View abstract.

Szakall S, Boros I, Balkay L, et al. Cerebral effects of a single dose of intravenous vinpocetine in chronic stroke patients: a PET study. J Neuroimaging 1998;8:197-204. View abstract.

Hindmarch I, Fuchs HH, Erzigkeit H. Efficacy and tolerance of vinpocetine in ambulant patients suffering from mild to moderate organic psychosyndromes. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;6:31-43. View abstract.

Ueyoshi A, Ota K. Clinical appraisal of vinpocetine for the removal of intractable tumoral calcinosis in haemodialysis patients with renal failure. J Int Med Res 1992;20:435-43. View abstract.

Balestreri R, Fontana L, Astengo F. A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of vinpocetine in the treatment of patients with chronic vascular senile cerebral dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987;35:425-30. View abstract.

Hayakawa M. Effect of vinpocetine on red blood cell deformability in stroke patients. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42:425-7. View abstract.

Hayakawa M. Comparative efficacy of vinpocetine, pentoxifylline and nicergoline on red blood cell deformability. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42:108-10. View abstract.

Miyazaki M. The effect of a cerebral vasodilator, vinpocetine, on cerebral vascular resistance evaluated by the Doppler ultrasonic technique in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Angiology 1995;46:53-8. View abstract.

Bhatti JZ, Hindmarch I. Vinpocetine effects on cognitive impairments produced by flunitrazepam. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1987;2:325-31. View abstract.

Subhan Z, Hindmarch I. Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1985;28:567-71. View abstract.

Nicholson CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1990;101:147-59. View abstract.

Akopov SE, Gabrielian ES. Effects of aspirin, dipyridamole, nifedipine and cavinton which act on platelet aggregation induced by different aggregating agents alone and in combination. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42:257-9. View abstract.

Lohmann A, Dingler E, Sommer W, et al. Bioavailability of vinpocetine and interference of the time of application with food intake. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42:914-7. View abstract.

Polich J, Gloria R. Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:409-16. View abstract.

Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999;4:144-61.. View abstract.

Wollschlaeger B. Efficacy of vinpocetine in the management of cognitive impairment and memory loss. JANA 2001;4:25-30.

Feigin VL, Doronin BM, Popova TF, et al. Vinpocetine treatment in acute ischaemic stroke: a pilot single-blind randomized clinical trial. Eur J Neurol 2001;8:81-5.. View abstract.

Grant JE, Veldee MS, Buchwald D. Analysis of dietary intake and selected nutrient concentrations in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:383-6.. View abstract.

Szatmari SZ, Whitehouse PJ. Vinpocetine for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1:CD003119.. View abstract.

Bereczki D, Fekete I. Vinpocetine for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD000480.. View abstract.

Tamaki N, Kusunoki T, Matsumoto S. The effect of vinpocetine on cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disorders. Ther Hung 1985;33:13-21. View abstract.

Karpati, E., Biro, K., and Kukorelli, T. [Investigation of vasoactive agents with indole skeletons at Richter Ltd.]. Acta Pharm.Hung. 2002;72(1):25-36. View abstract.

Dekoninck, W. J., Jocquet, P., Jacquy, J., and Henriet, M. Comparative study of the clinical effects of vincamine + glycerol versus glycerol + placebo in the acute phase of stroke. Arzneimittelforschung. 1978;28(9):1654-1657. View abstract.

Vereczkey, L. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of vincamine and related compounds. Eur.J.Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1985;10(2):89-103. View abstract.

Fischhof, P. K., Moslinger-Gehmayr, R., Herrmann, W. M., Friedmann, A., and Russmann, D. L. Therapeutic efficacy of vincamine in dementia. Neuropsychobiology 1996;34(1):29-35. View abstract.

Brooser, G., Anda, L., and Doman, J. Preliminary report on the use of ethyl apovincaminate in affections of the eyeground. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(10a):1973-1975. View abstract.

Vamosi, B., Molnar, L., Demeter, J., and Tury, F. Comparative study of the effect of ethyl apovincaminate and xantinol nicotinate in cerebrovascular diseases. Immediate drug effects on the concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and electrolytes in blood and CSF. Arzneimittelforschung 1976;26(10a):1980-1984. View abstract.

Gulyas, B., Halldin, C., Karlsson, P., Chou, Y. H., Swahn, C. G., Bonoczk, P., and Farde, L. [Cerebral uptake and metabolism of (11C) Vinpocetine in monkeys: PET studies]. Orv.Hetil. 7-25-1999;140(30):1687-1691. View abstract.

Santos, M. S., Duarte, A. I., Moreira, P. I., and Oliveira, C. R. Synaptosomal response to oxidative stress: effect of vinpocetine. Free Radic.Res 2000;32(1):57-66. View abstract.

Banner, K. H., Dimitriou, G., Kinali, M., Page, C. P., and Greenough, A. Evidence to suggest that the phosphodiesterase 4 isoenzyme is present and involved in the proliferation of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30(5):706-712. View abstract.

Nekrassov, V. and Sitges, M. Vinpocetine protects from aminoglycoside antibiotic-induced hearing loss in guinea pig in vivo. Brain Res 6-23-2000;868(2):222-229. View abstract.

Adam-Vizi, V. [Neuroprotective effect of sodium channel blockers in ischemia: the pathomechanism of early ischemic dysfunction]. Orv.Hetil. 6-4-2000;141(23):1279-1286. View abstract.

Zozulia, I. S. and Iurchenko, A. V. [The adaptive potentials of those who worked in the cleanup of the aftermath of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station under the influence of different treatment methods]. Lik.Sprava. 2000;(3-4):18-21. View abstract.

Alberti, C. [Bladder and cavernous contractility and relaxation among intracellular messengers, changes in sarcoplasmatic free calcium and phosphodiesterase activity]. Arch Ital.Urol.Androl 2000;72(2):75-82. View abstract.

Truss, M. C., Stief, C. G., Uckert, S., Becker, A. J., Schultheiss, D., Machtens, S., and Jonas, U. Initial clinical experience with the selective phosphodiesterase-I isoenzyme inhibitor vinpocetine in the treatment of urge incontinence and low compliance bladder. World J.Urol. 2000;18(6):439-443. View abstract.

Gulyas, B., Bonoczk, P., Vas, A., Csiba, L., Bereczki, D., Boros, I., Szakall, S., Balkay, L., Emri, M., Fekete, I., Galuska, L., Kerenyi, L., Lehel, S., Marian, T., Molnar, T., Varga, J., and Tron, L. [The effect of a single-dose intravenous vinpocetine on brain metabolism in patients with ischemic stroke]. Orv.Hetil. 3-4-2001;142(9):443-449. View abstract.

Uckert, S., Kuthe, A., Jonas, U., and Stief, C. G. Characterization and functional relevance of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isoenzymes of the human prostate. J Urol. 2001;166(6):2484-2490. View abstract.

Horvath, B., Marton, Z., Halmosi, R., Alexy, T., Szapary, L., Vekasi, J., Biro, Z., Habon, T., Kesmarky, G., and Toth, K. In vitro antioxidant properties of pentoxifylline, piracetam, and vinpocetine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002;25(1):37-42. View abstract.

Szakacs, T., Veres, Z., and Vereczkey, L. In vitro-in vivo correlation of the pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine. Pol.J.Pharmacol. 2001;53(6):623-628. View abstract.

Bonoczk, P., Panczel, G., and Nagy, Z. Vinpocetine increases cerebral blood flow and oxygenation in stroke patients: a near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler study. Eur.J.Ultrasound 2002;15(1-2):85-91. View abstract.

Gulyas, B., Halldin, C., Sovago, J., Sandell, J., Cselenyi, Z., Vas, A., Kiss, B., Karpati, E., and Farde, L. Drug distribution in man: a positron emission tomography study after oral administration of the labelled neuroprotective drug vinpocetine. Eur.J.Nucl.Med.Mol.Imaging 2002;29(8):1031-1038. View abstract.

Vas, A., Gulyas, B., Szabo, Z., Bonoczk, P., Csiba, L., Kiss, B., Karpati, E., Panczel, G., and Nagy, Z. Clinical and non-clinical investigations using positron emission tomography, near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler methods on the neuroprotective drug vinpocetine: a summary of evidences. J.Neurol.Sci. 11-15-2002;203-204:259-262. View abstract.

Gulyas, B., Halldin, C., Sandell, J., Karlsson, P., Sovago, J., Karpati, E., Kiss, B., Vas, A., Cselenyi, Z., and Farde, L. PET studies on the brain uptake and regional distribution of [11C]vinpocetine in human subjects. Acta Neurol.Scand. 2002;106(6):325-332. View abstract.

Szapary, L., Horvath, B., Alexy, T., Marton, Z., Kesmarky, G., Szots, M., Nagy, F., Czopf, J., and Toth, K. [Effect of vinpocetin on the hemorheologic parameters in patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease]. Orv.Hetil. 5-18-2003;144(20):973-978. View abstract.

Hadjiev, D. Asymptomatic ischemic cerebrovascular disorders and neuroprotection with vinpocetine. Ideggyogy.Sz 5-20-2003;56(5-6):166-172. View abstract.

Ribeiro, L. S., Ferreira, D. C., and Veiga, F. J. Physicochemical investigation of the effects of water-soluble polymers on vinpocetine complexation with beta-cyclodextrin and its sulfobutyl ether derivative in solution and solid state. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003;20(3):253-266. View abstract.

McDaniel, M. A., Maier, S. F., and Einstein, G. O. "Brain-specific" nutrients: a memory cure? Nutrition. 2003;19(11-12):957-975. View abstract.

Vas, A., Christer, H., Sovago, J., Johan, S., Cselenyi, Z., Kiss, B., Karpati, E., Lars, F., and Gulyas, B. [Human positron emission tomography with oral 11C-vinpocetine]. Orv.Hetil. 11-16-2003;144(46):2271-2276. View abstract.

Hayakawa, M. Effect of vinpocetine on red blood cell deformability in vivo measured by a new centrifugation method. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992;42(3):281-283. View abstract.

Sitges, M. and Nekrassov, V. Vinpocetine prevents 4-aminopyridine-induced changes in the EEG, the auditory brainstem responses and hearing. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(12):2711-2717. View abstract.

Mancina, R., Filippi, S., Marini, M., Morelli, A., Vignozzi, L., Salonia, A., Montorsi, F., Mondaini, N., Vannelli, G. B., Donati, S., Lotti, F., Forti, G., and Maggi, M. Expression and functional activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 in human and rabbit vas deferens. Mol.Hum Reprod. 2005;11(2):107-115. View abstract.

Hampel, C., Gillitzer, R., Pahernik, S., Melchior, S. W., and Thuroff, J. W. [Drug therapy of female urinary incontinence]. Urologe A 2005;44(3):244-255. View abstract.

Szilagyi, G., Nagy, Z., Balkay, L., Boros, I., Emri, M., Lehel, S., Marian, T., Molnar, T., Szakall, S., Tron, L., Bereczki, D., Csiba, L., Fekete, I., Kerenyi, L., Galuska, L., Varga, J., Bonoczk, P., Vas, A., and Gulyas, B. Effects of vinpocetine on the redistribution of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in chronic ischemic stroke patients: a PET study. J Neurol.Sci 3-15-2005;229-230:275-284. View abstract.

Ribeiro, L., Ferreira, D. C., and Veiga, F. J. In vitro controlled release of vinpocetine-cyclodextrin-tartaric acid multicomponent complexes from HPMC swellable tablets. J Control Release 3-21-2005;103(2):325-339. View abstract.

Kemeny, V., Molnar, S., Andrejkovics, M., Makai, A., and Csiba, L. Acute and chronic effects of vinpocetine on cerebral hemodynamics and neuropsychological performance in multi-infarct patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2005;45(9):1048-1054. View abstract.

Vas, A. and Gulyas, B. Eburnamine derivatives and the brain. Med Res Rev 2005;25(6):737-757. View abstract.

Montorsi, F., Corbin, J., and Phillips, S. Review of phosphodiesterases in the urogenital system: new directions for therapeutic intervention. J Sex Med 2004;1(3):322-336. View abstract.

Luo, Y., Chen, D., Ren, L., Zhao, X., and Qin, J. Solid lipid nanoparticles for enhancing vinpocetine's oral bioavailability. J Control Release 8-10-2006;114(1):53-59. View abstract.

Polgar, M., Vereczkey, L., and Nyary, I. Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and its metabolite, apovincaminic acid, in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid after intravenous infusion. J Pharm Biomed.Anal 1985;3(2):131-139. View abstract.

Cervenka, F. and Jahodar, L. [Plant metabolites as nootropics and cognitives]. Ceska Slov.Farm. 2006;55(5):219-229. View abstract.

Vegh, S., Szikszay, E., Bonoczk, P., Cserjes, Z., and Kiss, G. [Retrospective analysis of the effect of vinpocetine infusion in ophthalmologic disorders]. Orv.Hetil. 12-10-2006;147(49):2361-2365. View abstract.

Muravyov, A. V., Yakusevich, V. V., Chuchkanov, F. A., Maimistova, A. A., Bulaeva, S. V., and Zaitsev, L. G. Hemorheological efficiency of drugs, targeting on intracellular phosphodiesterase activity: in vitro study. Clin Hemorheol.Microcirc. 2007;36(4):327-334. View abstract.

Ribeiro, L. S., Falcao, A. C., Patricio, J. A., Ferreira, D. C., and Veiga, F. J. Cyclodextrin multicomponent complexation and controlled release delivery strategies to optimize the oral bioavailability of vinpocetine. J Pharm Sci 2007;96(8):2018-2028. View abstract.

Bagoly, E., Feher, G., and Szapary, L. [The role of vinpocetine in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases based in human studies]. Orv.Hetil. 7-22-2007;148(29):1353-1358. View abstract.

Uckert, S., Bazrafshan, S., Scheller, F., Mayer, M. E., Jonas, U., and Stief, C. G. Functional responses of isolated human seminal vesicle tissue to selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Urology 2007;70(1):185-189. View abstract.

Avetisov, S. E., Kiseleva, T. N., Lagutina, IuM, and Kravchuk, E. A. [Effect of vasoactive agents on visual functions and ocular blood flow in patients with early manifestations of age-related macular degeneration]. Vestn.Oftalmol. 2007;123(3):26-28. View abstract.

Valikovics, A. [Investigation of the effect of vinpocetine on cerebral blood flow and cognitive functions]. Ideggyogy.Sz 7-30-2007;60(7-8):301-310. View abstract.

Nie, S., Fan, X., Peng, Y., Yang, X., Wang, C., and Pan, W. In vitro and in vivo studies on the complexes of vinpocetine with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Arch Pharm Res 2007;30(8):991-1001. View abstract.

Vaizova, O. E., Vengerovskii, A. I., and Alifirova, V. M. [An effect of vinpocetine (cavinton) on endothelium function in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia]. Zh.Nevrol.Psikhiatr.Im S S Korsakova 2006;Suppl 16:46-50. View abstract.

Bereczki, D. and Fekete, I. Vinpocetine for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev 2008;(1):CD000480. View abstract.

Nevzorova, V. A., Zakharchuk, N. V., and Plotnikova, I. V. [The state of cerebral blood flow in hypertensive crises and possibilities of its correction]. Kardiologiia. 2007;47(12):20-23. View abstract.

Moulharat, N., Fould, B., Giganti, A., Boutin, J. A., and Ferry, G. Molecular pharmacology of adipocyte-secreted autotaxin. Chem Biol Interact. 3-27-2008;172(2):115-124. View abstract.

Hahn, A., Radkova, L., Achiemere, G., Klement, V., Alpini, D., and Strouhal, J. Multimodal therapy for chronic tinnitus. Int Tinnitus.J 2008;14(1):69-72. View abstract.

Rischke, R. and Krieglstein, J. Protective effect of vinpocetine against brain damage caused by ischemia. Jpn J Pharmacol 1991;56(3):349-356. View abstract.

Feher, G., Koltai, K., Kesmarky, G., Horvath, B., Toth, K., Komoly, S., and Szapary, L. Effect of parenteral or oral vinpocetine on the hemorheological parameters of patients with chronic cerebrovascular diseases. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(2-3):111-117. View abstract.

Rischke, R. and Krieglstein, J. Effects of vinpocetine on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization seven days after forebrain ischemia in the rat. Pharmacology 1990;41(3):153-160. View abstract.

Araki, T., Kogure, K., and Nishioka, K. Comparative neuroprotective effects of pentobarbital, vinpocetine, flunarizine and ifenprodil on ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampus. Res Exp Med (Berl) 1990;190(1):19-23. View abstract.

Miskolczi, P., Kozma, K., Polgar, M., and Vereczkey, L. Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and its main metabolite apovincaminic acid before and after the chronic oral administration of vinpocetine to humans. Eur.J.Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1990;15(1):1-5. View abstract.

Tohgi, H., Sasaki, K., Chiba, K., and Nozaki, Y. Effect of vinpocetine on oxygen release of hemoglobin and erythrocyte organic polyphosphate concentrations in patients with vascular dementia of the Binswanger type. Arzneimittelforschung. 1990;40(6):640-643. View abstract.

Grandt, R., Beitinger, H., Schaltenbrand, R., and Braun, W. Vinpocetine pharmacokinetics in elderly subjects. Arzneimittelforschung. 1989;39(12):1599-1602. View abstract.

Kata, M. and Lukacs, M. Enhancement of solubility of vinpocetine base with gamma-cyclodextrin. Pharmazie 1986;41(2):151-152. View abstract.

Szeleczky, G. and Vereczkey, L. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of vinpocetine on dogs. II. Metabolism. Pol.J.Pharmacol.Pharm. 1986;38(3):269-275. View abstract.

Miagi, M. A., Tomberg, T. A., Kauba, T. F., Rekand, T. E., and Taba, P. M. [Pharmacodynamic action of cavinton on regional volume blood flow, central hemodynamics and the bioelectric activity of the brain in the acute stage of a cerebral infarct]. Zh.Nevropatol.Psikhiatr.Im S S Korsakova 1987;87(1):46-50. View abstract.

Kuzuya, F. Effects of vinpocetine on platelet aggregability and erythrocyte deformability. Ther Hung. 1985;33(1):22-34. View abstract.

Kovacs, L. Cavinton in the treatment of acute stroke. Ther Hung. 1985;33(1):50-57. View abstract.

Osawa, M. and Maruyama, S. Effects of TCV-3B (vinpocetine) on blood viscosity in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Ther.Hung. 1985;33(1):7-12. View abstract.

Ebi, O. Open-labeled phase III clinical trials with vinpocetine in Japan. Ther.Hung. 1985;33(1):41-49. View abstract.

Steinhauser, B. [Vincamine in cerebrovascular insufficiency. Occupational medicine approaches in cerebral diseases]. Fortschr.Med 1-9-1986;104(1-2):23-26. View abstract.

Vereczkey, L., Czira, G., Tamas, J., Szentirmay, Z., Botar, Z., and Szporny, L. Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine in humans. Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(6):957-960. View abstract.

Richichi, I., Valsecchi, O., Falcone, C., Sofi, A., and Zanini, L. [A case of "torsade de pointe" during vincamine therapy]. Minerva Cardioangiol. 1978;26(3):197-200. View abstract.

Miskolczi, P., Vereczkey, L., Szalay, L., and Gondocs, C. S. Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and apovincaminic acid in patients with impaired renal function. Eur.J.Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1984;9(2):169-175. View abstract.

Dany, F., Merle, L., Goudoud, J. C., Liozon, F., Blanc, P., Bouvot, J. C., Nicot, G., and Dangoumau, J. [Cardiac toxicity of vincamine: a seven cases report of ventricular arrhythmias by parenteral administration of vincamine (author's transl)]. Therapie 1981;36(1):55-64. View abstract.

Solti, F., Czako, E., and Juvancz, P. [The effect of Cavinton on heart conduction]. Orv.Hetil. 12-6-1981;122(49):3009-3010. View abstract.

Molnar, P. and Erdo, S. L. Vinpocetine is as potent as phenytoin to block voltage-gated Na+ channels in rat cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2-6-1995;273(3):303-306. View abstract.

Lakics, V., Sebestyen, M. G., and Erdo, S. L. Vinpocetine is a highly potent neuroprotectant against veratridine-induced cell death in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortex. Neurosci.Lett 2-9-1995;185(2):127-130. View abstract.

Satoh, M. and Watanabe, S. [Pharmacology of long-term potentiation]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1993;102(3):225-234. View abstract.

Kobayashi, D., Matsuzawa, T., Sugibayashi, K., Morimoto, Y., Kobayashi, M., and Kimura, M. Feasibility of use of several cardiovascular agents in transdermal therapeutic systems with l-menthol-ethanol system on hairless rat and human skin. Biol Pharm Bull 1993;16(3):254-258. View abstract.

Truss, M. C., Uckert, S., Stief, C. G., Forssmann, W. G., and Jonas, U. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes in the human detrusor smooth muscle. II. Effect of various PDE inhibitors on smooth muscle tone and cyclic nucleotide levels in vitro. Urol.Res 1996;24(3):129-134. View abstract.

Kiss, B. and Karpati, E. [Mechanism of action of vinpocetine]. Acta Pharm.Hung. 1996;66(5):213-224. View abstract.

Orvisky, E., Soltes, L., and Stancikova, M. High-molecular-weight hyaluronan--a valuable tool in testing the antioxidative activity of amphiphilic drugs stobadine and vinpocetine. J Pharm Biomed.Anal 1997;16(3):419-424. View abstract.

Fisher, D. A., Smith, J. F., Pillar, J. S., St Denis, S. H., and Cheng, J. B. Isolation and characterization of PDE8A, a novel human cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 5-29-1998;246(3):570-577. View abstract.

Tretter, L. and Adam-Vizi, V. The neuroprotective drug vinpocetine prevents veratridine-induced [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i rise in synaptosomes. Neuroreport 6-1-1998;9(8):1849-1853. View abstract.

Petrov, V., Fagard, R., and Lijnen, P. Human erythrocytes contain Ca2+, calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase which is involved in the hydrolysis of cGMP. Methods Find.Exp Clin Pharmacol 1998;20(5):387-393. View abstract.

Kim, D. H. and Lerner, A. Type 4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase as a therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 10-1-1998;92(7):2484-2494. View abstract.

Uckert, S., Stief, C. G., Odenthal, K. P., Becker, A. J., Truss, M. C., and Jonas, U. Comparison of the effects of various spasmolytic drugs on isolated human and porcine detrusor smooth muscle. Arzneimittelforschung 1998;48(8):836-839. View abstract.

Konopka, W., Zalewski, P., Olszewski, J., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., and Pietkiewicz, P. [Treatment results of acoustic trauma]. Otolaryngol.Pol. 1997;51 Suppl 25:281-284. View abstract.

Kuzuya, F. Effects of vinpocetine on platelet aggregability and erythrocyte deformability. Geriatric Medicine 1982;20:151-156.

Schaffler, K. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study to investigate the hypoxia-protective effect of vinpocetine by psychophysiolgical methodology in healthy volunteers. Drug Development Research 1988;14(3-4):247-250.

King, G. A. and Narcavage, D. Comparison of the effects of vinpocetine, vincamine, phenytoin, and cinnarizine in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Drug Development Research 1986;9(Nov):225-231.

Fenzl, E., Apecechea, M., Schaltenbr, R., and Fridel, R. Long term study concerning tolerance and efficacy of vinpocetine in elderly patients suffering from a mild to moderate organic psychosyndrome. Senile dementia: early detection 1986;580-585.

Peruzza, M. and DeJacobis, M. A double-blind placebo controlled evaluation of the efficacy and safety of vinpocetine in the treatment of patients with chronic vascular or degenerative senile cerebral dysfunction. ADV THER 1986;3(4):201-209.

Manconi, E., Binaghi, F., and Pitzus, F. A double-blind clinical trial of vinpocetine in the treatment of cerebral insufficiency of vascular and degenerative origin. CURR THER RES, CLIN EXP 1986;40(4):702-709.

Blaha, L., Erzigkeit, H. L., Adamczyk, L. A., Freytag, L. S., and Schaltenbrand, R. Clinical evidence of the effectiveness of vinpocetine in the treatment of organic psychosyndrome. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical & Experimental 1989;4(2):103-111.

Wollschlaeger, B. Efficacy of vinpocetine in the management of cognitive impairment and memory loss. J.Am.Nutraceut.Assn 2001;4(Feb):25-30.

Shimizu, Y., Saitoh, K., Nakayama, M., Suto, K., Daikohara, R., and Nemoto, T. Agranulocytosis induced by vinpocetine. Medicine On-line 2011;

Wang, L., Li, J., and Zhang, Y. A clinical observation of efficacy of vinpocetine injection on acute cerebral hemorrhage. Progress in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006;30(12):563-565.

Werner, J., Apecechea, M., Schaltenbr, R., and Fenz, E. Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of vinpocetine i.v. added to standard therapy in patients suffering from an acute apoplectic insult. Senile Dementias: Early Detection 1 1986;636-641.

Panczel, G., Bonoczk, P., and Nagy, Z. Vinpocetine-induced changes in hemoglobin concentration and regional cerebral blood flow: a NIRS and TCD study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2000;10(Suppl 1):29.

Fenyes, G. Y., Tarjanyi, J., and Ladvansky, C. S. Study on the vasodilator effects of ethyl apovincaminate in neurosurgical patients . HUNGARY ARZNEIMITTEL FORSCH 1976;26(10A):1956-1962.

Tesseris, J., Roggen, G., Caracalos, A., and Triandafillou, D. Effects of vincamin on cerebral metabolism. European Neurology 1975;13:195-202.

Szeleczky, G. and Vereczky, L. Pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies of vinpocetine on dogs. Part 1. Pharmacokinetics. Pol.J.Pharmacol.Pharm. 1986;38:257-267.

Balta-Lukacs, M. and Kata, M. Production and examination of products of vinpocetine basis and \g/-cyclodextrin content. Gyogyszereszet 1989;33(Jul):353-355.

Wang, Y., Qiao, M. X., Shen, Q. W., and Chen, D. W. Preparation of vinpocetine-loaded amphiphilic chitosan copolymer self-assembled micelles. Chinese Journal of New Drugs 2007;16:1495-1498.

Cao, G. L., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., and Pan, W. S. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of push-pull osmotic pump-controlled release tablet of vinpocetine using numerical deconvolution technique. Chinese Journal of New Drugs 2008;17:405-408.

Li, H., Li, J. Y., Lin, J. Y., and Pan, W. S. Preparation of vinpocetine transdermal therapeutic system and study on in vitro permeation mechanism. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 2004;24(Mar)

Szobor, A. and Klein, M. Ethyl apovincaminate therapy in neurovascular disease. Arzneim-Forsch 1976;26(10):1984-1989.

Otomo, E., Atarashi, J., Araki, G., Ito, E., and Ebi, O. Comparison of vinpocetine with ifenprodil tartrate and dihydroergotoxine mesylate and results of long term treatment with vinpocetine. CURR THER RES 1985;37(5):811-821.

Manchev, I., Tsolova, M., and Mancheva, V. Cavinton (vinpocetine) treatment in acute ischaemic cerebrovascular disorders. Bulgarian Medicine 2003;11(4):17-21.

Wolters, E. C., Scheltens, P., Zawrt, J., Persijn, L., Moll, C., Van Genuchten, H., Lowenthal, A., and Sennef, A. A double blind placebo and piracetam controlled multicenter trial of vinpocetine in dementia of Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia. Neurobiology of Aging 1992;13(Suppl 1):S127.

Kishimoto, T., Hiraoka, Y., Oribe, H., Inoue, M., Ueda, A., Matsuyama, M., Inoue, Y., Itoh, T., Yoshitomi, K., Miyagi, T., Masuda, N., Tatsuda, H., Nakanishi, Y., Negoro, H., and Ikawa, G. Auditory P300 event-relaed potentials and mini mental state examination performance in dementia; effects of Idebenone and Vinpocetine. Journal of Nara Medical Association 1995;46(3):259-266.

Nagy, Z. Vinpocetine in Cognitive Impairment trial. 2002;

Jasper, A. Semmelweis-Krankenh., Komitats Pest.. Budapest Hungary Therapia Hungarica 1979;27(1):28-30.

Yi, Y. X., Yang, Y., Qu, X. B., and Liu, Y. L. Effect of vinpocetine on hemodynamics and neurologic impairment in senile patients with acute cerebral infarction. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;8(28):6122-6123.

Csiba, L., Kerenyi, L., Fekete, I., Tron, L., Galuska, L., and Gulyas, B. Transcranial doppler and PET observations on chronic stroke patients after two weeks iv vinpocetine therapy. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1998;8:102.

Avula B, Chittiboyina AG, Sagi S, et al. Identification and quantification of vinpocetine and picamilon in dietary supplements sold in the United States. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(3-4):334-43. View abstract.

Cohen PA. Vinpocetine: An Unapproved Drug Sold as a Dietary Supplement. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(10):1455. View abstract.

Kong L, Song C, Ye L, et al. The Effect of Vinpocetine on Human Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes by Using a Cocktail Method. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:5017135. View abstract.

Ogunrin A. Effect of vinpocetine (cognitol) on cognitive performances of a nigerian population. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(4):654-61. View abstract.

Zhang L, Yang L. Anti-inflammatory effects of vinpocetine in atherosclerosis and ischemic stroke: a review of the literature. Molecules. 2014;20(1):335-47. View abstract.

Vinpocetine in Dietary Supplements. FDA Food/Dietary Supplements/Products & Ingredients. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ProductsIngredients/ucm518478.htm. Accessed 6 September 2016.

Chemical Information Review Document for Vinpocetine [CAS No. 42971-09-5]. National Toxicology Program: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 2013. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/vinpocetine091613_508.pdf.

Statement on warning for women of childbearing age about possible safety risks of dietary supplements containing vinpocetine. FDA Food/Dietary Supplements/Products & Ingredients. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/statement-warning-women-childbearing-age-about-possible-safety-risks-dietary-supplements-containing?utm_campaign=Statement%20on%20warning%20for%20women&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Eloqua. Accessed 5 June 2019.

Zhang W, Huang Y, Li Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of vinpocetine as part of treatment for acute cerebral infarction: A randomized, open-label, controlled, multicenter CAVIN (Chinese Assessment for Vinpocetine in Neurology) trial. Clin Drug Investig 2016;36(9):697-704. View abstract.

National Toxicology Program. NTP technical report on the prenatal development toxicity studies of vinpocetine (CAS No. 42971-09-5) in Sprague Dawley Rats and New Zealand White Rabbits (Gavage Studies). Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 2019.

Zhang P, Cao Y, Chen S, Shao L. Combination of vinpocetine and dexamethasone alleviates cognitive impairment in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients following radiation Injury. Pharmacology. 2020 Apr 15:1-8. View abstract.

Moini-Nodeh S, Rahimifard M, Baeeri M, Hodjat M, Haghi-Aminjan H, Abdollahi M. Vinpocetine effect on the juncture of diabetes and aging: an in-vitro study. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021;71(8):438-47. View abstract.

Gutiérrez-Farfán I, Reyes-Legorreta C, Solís-Olguín M, Alatorre-Miguel E, Verduzco-Mendoza A, Durand-Rivera A. Evaluation of vinpocetine as a therapy in patients with sensorineural hearing loss: a phase II, open-label, single-center study. J Pharmacol Sci 2021;145(4):313-8. View abstract.

Panda PK, Ramachandran A, Panda P, Sharawat IK. Safety and Efficacy of Vinpocetine as a Neuroprotective Agent in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurocrit Care 2022;37(1):314-325. View abstract.

Kang HS, Song JY, Kim JH, Il Park T, Choi WS, Lee J-. Effects of vinpocetine on atopic dermatitis after administration via three different routes in HR-1 hairless mice. Pharmazie 2022;77(1):9-13. View abstract.

Bagri K, Deshmukh R. Vinpocetine restores cognitive and motor functions in Traumatic brain injury challenged rats. Inflammopharmacology 2022. View abstract.