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Kaya GS, Yapici G, Savas Z, et al. Comparison of alvogyl, SaliCept patch, and low-level laser therapy in the management of alveolar osteitis.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:1571-7. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., and Mandrell, R. E. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot. 2002;65(10):1545-1560. View abstract.

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Nelson, R. L., Thomas, K., Morgan, J., and Jones, A. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD003431. View abstract.

Singh, U. P., Singh, D. P., Maurya, S., Maheshwari, R., Singh, M., Dubey, R. S., and Singh, R. B. Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2004;4(4):27-42. View abstract.

Soetiarto, F. The relationship between habitual clove cigarette smoking and a specific pattern of dental decay in male bus drivers in Jakarta, Indonesia. Caries Res 1999;33(3):248-250. View abstract.

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Sanchez-Perez, J. and Garcia-Diez, A. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from eugenol, oil of cinnamon and oil of cloves in a physiotherapist. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(6):346-347. View abstract.

Andersen, K. E., Johansen, J. D., Bruze, M., Frosch, P. J., Goossens, A., Lepoittevin, J. P., Rastogi, S., White, I., and Menne, T. The time-dose-response relationship for elicitation of contact dermatitis in isoeugenol allergic individuals. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 2-1-2001;170(3):166-171. View abstract.

Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Di Cesare, Mannelli L., Mazzanti, G., and Bartolini, A. Local anaesthetic activity of beta-caryophyllene. Farmaco 2001;56(5-7):387-389. View abstract.

Sarrami, N., Pemberton, M. N., Thornhill, M. H., and Theaker, E. D. Adverse reactions associated with the use of eugenol in dentistry. Br.Dent.J 9-14-2002;193(5):257-259. View abstract.

Huss, U., Ringbom, T., Perera, P., Bohlin, L., and Vasange, M. Screening of ubiquitous plant constituents for COX-2 inhibition with a scintillation proximity based assay. J Nat Prod. 2002;65(11):1517-1521. View abstract.

Bhalla, M. and Thami, G. P. Acute urticaria due to dental eugenol. Allergy 2003;58(2):158. View abstract.

Kim, S. S., Oh, O. J., Min, H. Y., Park, E. J., Kim, Y., Park, H. J., Nam, Han Y., and Lee, S. K. Eugenol suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Life Sci. 6-6-2003;73(3):337-348. View abstract.

Brown, S. A., Biggerstaff, J., and Savidge, G. F. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and hepatocellular necrosis due to clove oil. Blood Coagul.Fibrinolysis 1992;3(5):665-668. View abstract.

Yang, B. H., Piao, Z. G., Kim, Y. B., Lee, C. H., Lee, J. K., Park, K., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Activation of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) by eugenol. J Dent.Res. 2003;82(10):781-785. View abstract.

Zanata, R. L., Navarro, M. F., Barbosa, S. H., Lauris, J. R., and Franco, E. B. Clinical evaluation of three restorative materials applied in a minimal intervention caries treatment approach. J Public Health Dent. 2003;63(4):221-226. View abstract.

Eisen, J. S., Koren, G., Juurlink, D. N., and Ng, V. L. N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of clove oil-induced fulminant hepatic failure. J Toxicol.Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(1):89-92. View abstract.

Jadhav, B. K., Khandelwal, K. R., Ketkar, A. R., and Pisal, S. S. Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive tablets containing eugenol for the treatment of periodontal diseases. Drug Dev.Ind.Pharm. 2004;30(2):195-203. View abstract.

Friedman, M., Henika, P. R., Levin, C. E., and Mandrell, R. E. Antibacterial activities of plant essential oils and their components against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in apple juice. J Agric.Food Chem. 9-22-2004;52(19):6042-6048. View abstract.

Mortazavi, M. and Mesbahi, M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paediatr.Dent. 2004;14(6):417-424. View abstract.

McDougal, R. A., Delano, E. O., Caplan, D., Sigurdsson, A., and Trope, M. Success of an alternative for interim management of irreversible pulpitis. J Am Dent.Assoc 2004;135(12):1707-1712. View abstract.

Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., Krisadaphong, P., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Laboratory and field trial of developing medicinal local Thai plant products against four species of mosquito vectors. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med Public Health 2004;35(2):325-333. View abstract.

Park, B. S., Song, Y. S., Yee, S. B., Lee, B. G., Seo, S. Y., Park, Y. C., Kim, J. M., Kim, H. M., and Yoo, Y. H. Phospho-ser 15-p53 translocates into mitochondria and interacts with Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in eugenol-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis. 2005;10(1):193-200. View abstract.

Janes, S. E., Price, C. S., and Thomas, D. Essential oil poisoning: N-acetylcysteine for eugenol-induced hepatic failure and analysis of a national database. Eur.J Pediatr 2005;164(8):520-522. View abstract.

Trongtokit, Y., Rongsriyam, Y., Komalamisra, N., and Apiwathnasorn, C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Phytother Res 2005;19(4):303-309. View abstract.

Lee, M. H., Yeon, K. Y., Park, C. K., Li, H. Y., Fang, Z., Kim, M. S., Choi, S. Y., Lee, S. J., Lee, S., Park, K., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Eugenol inhibits calcium currents in dental afferent neurons. J Dent.Res. 2005;84(9):848-851. View abstract.

Muniz, L. and Mathias, P. The influence of sodium hypochlorite and root canal sealers on post retention in different dentin regions. Oper.Dent. 2005;30(4):533-539. View abstract.

Raghavenra, H., Diwakr, B. T., Lokesh, B. R., and Naidu, K. A. Eugenol--the active principle from cloves inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity and leukotriene-C4 in human PMNL cells. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2006;74(1):23-27. View abstract.

Saltzman, B., Sigal, M., Clokie, C., Rukavina, J., Titley, K., and Kulkarni, G. V. Assessment of a novel alternative to conventional formocresol-zinc oxide eugenol pulpotomy for the treatment of pulpally involved human primary teeth: diode laser-mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy. Int J Paediatr.Dent. 2005;15(6):437-447. View abstract.

Ahmad, N., Alam, M. K., Shehbaz, A., Khan, A., Mannan, A., Hakim, S. R., Bisht, D., and Owais, M. Antimicrobial activity of clove oil and its potential in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. J Drug Target 2005;13(10):555-561. View abstract.

Islam, S. N., Ferdous, A. J., Ahsan, M., and Faroque, A. B. Antibacterial activity of clove extracts against phagogenic strains including clinically resistant isolates of Shigella and Vibrio cholerae. Pak.J Pharm.Sci 1990;3(1):1-5. View abstract.

Ozalp, N., Saroglu, I., and Sonmez, H. Evaluation of various root canal filling materials in primary molar pulpectomies: an in vivo study. Am J Dent. 2005;18(6):347-350. View abstract.

Alqareer, A., Alyahya, A., and Andersson, L. The effect of clove and benzocaine versus placebo as topical anesthetics. J Dent 2006;34(10):747-750. View abstract.

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Musenga, A., Ferranti, A., Saracino, M. A., Fanali, S., and Raggi, M. A. Simultaneous determination of aromatic and terpenic constituents of cloves by means of HPLC with diode array detection. J Sep.Sci 2006;29(9):1251-1258. View abstract.

Park, C. K., Li, H. Y., Yeon, K. Y., Jung, S. J., Choi, S. Y., Lee, S. J., Lee, S., Park, K., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Eugenol inhibits sodium currents in dental afferent neurons. J Dent.Res. 2006;85(10):900-904. View abstract.

Rahim, Z. H. and Khan, H. B. Comparative studies on the effect of crude aqueous (CA) and solvent (CM) extracts of clove on the cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Sci 2006;48(3):117-123. View abstract.

Fabio, A., Cermelli, C., Fabio, G., Nicoletti, P., and Quaglio, P. Screening of the antibacterial effects of a variety of essential oils on microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(4):374-377. View abstract.

Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla-Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., and Bakhrouf, A. The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzigium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): a short review. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(6):501-506. View abstract.

Lee, Y. Y., Hung, S. L., Pai, S. F., Lee, Y. H., and Yang, S. F. Eugenol suppressed the expression of lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory mediators in human macrophages. J Endod. 2007;33(6):698-702. View abstract.

Fu, Y., Zu, Y., Chen, L., Shi, X., Wang, Z., Sun, S., and Efferth, T. Antimicrobial activity of clove and rosemary essential oils alone and in combination. Phytother.Res. 2007;21(10):989-994. View abstract.

Elwakeel, H. A., Moneim, H. A., Farid, M., and Gohar, A. A. Clove oil cream: a new effective treatment for chronic anal fissure. Colorectal Dis. 2007;9(6):549-552. View abstract.

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Li, H. Y., Park, C. K., Jung, S. J., Choi, S. Y., Lee, S. J., Park, K., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Eugenol inhibits K+ currents in trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Dent.Res. 2007;86(9):898-902. View abstract.

Pongprayoon, U., Baeckstrom, P., Jacobsson, U., Lindstrom, M., and Bohlin, L. Compounds inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis isolated from Ipomoea pes-caprae. Planta Med 1991;57(6):515-518. View abstract.

Chen, D. C., Lee, Y. Y., Yeh, P. Y., Lin, J. C., Chen, Y. L., and Hung, S. L. Eugenol inhibited the antimicrobial functions of neutrophils. J Endod. 2008;34(2):176-180. View abstract.

Chung, G., Rhee, J. N., Jung, S. J., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Modulation of CaV2.3 calcium channel currents by eugenol. J Dent.Res. 2008;87(2):137-141. View abstract.

Morsy, M. A. and Fouad, A. A. Mechanisms of gastroprotective effect of eugenol in indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(10):1361-1366. View abstract.

Mishra, R. K. and Singh, S. K. Safety assessment of Syzygium aromaticum flower bud (clove) extract with respect to testicular function in mice. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2008;46(10):3333-3338. View abstract.

Agbaje, E. O. Gastrointestinal effects of Syzigium aromaticum (L) Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae) in animal models. Nig.Q.J Hosp.Med 2008;18(3):137-141. View abstract.

Fu, Y., Chen, L., Zu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Yao, L., and Efferth, T. The antibacterial activity of clove essential oil against Propionibacterium acnes and its mechanism of action. Arch.Dermatol. 2009;145(1):86-88. View abstract.

Scarparo, R. K., Grecca, F. S., and Fachin, E. V. Analysis of tissue reactions to methacrylate resin-based, epoxy resin-based, and zinc oxide-eugenol endodontic sealers. J Endod. 2009;35(2):229-232. View abstract.

Rodrigues, T. G., Fernandes, A., Jr., Sousa, J. P., Bastos, J. K., and Sforcin, J. M. In vitro and in vivo effects of clove on pro-inflammatory cytokines production by macrophages. Nat.Prod.Res. 2009;23(4):319-326. View abstract.

Park, C. K., Kim, K., Jung, S. J., Kim, M. J., Ahn, D. K., Hong, S. D., Kim, J. S., and Oh, S. B. Molecular mechanism for local anesthetic action of eugenol in the rat trigeminal system. Pain 2009;144(1-2):84-94. View abstract.

Mayaud, L., Carricajo, A., Zhiri, A., and Aubert, G. Comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 essential oils against strains with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2008;47(3):167-173. View abstract.

Kumar, P., Ansari, S. H., and Ali, J. Herbal remedies for the treatment of periodontal disease--a patent review. Recent Pat Drug Deliv.Formul. 2009;3(3):221-228. View abstract.

Burgoyne, C. C., Giglio, J. A., Reese, S. E., Sima, A. P., and Laskin, D. M. The efficacy of a topical anesthetic gel in the relief of pain associated with localized alveolar osteitis. J Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 2010;68(1):144-148. View abstract.

Srivastava, K. C. and Malhotra, N. Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1991;42(1):73-81. View abstract.

Sosto, F. and Benvenuti, C. Controlled study on thymol + eugenol vaginal douche versus econazole in vaginal candidiasis and metronidazole in bacterial vaginosis. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61(2):126-131. View abstract.

Jayashankar, S., Panagoda, G. J., Amaratunga, E. A., Perera, K., and Rajapakse, P. S. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study on the effects of a herbal toothpaste on gingival bleeding, oral hygiene and microbial variables. Ceylon Med.J 2011;56(1):5-9. View abstract.

Xing, F., Tan, Y., Yan, G. J., Zhang, J. J., Shi, Z. H., Tan, S. Z., Feng, N. P., and Liu, C. H. Effects of Chinese herbal cataplasm Xiaozhang Tie on cirrhotic ascites. J Ethnopharmacol. 1-31-2012;139(2):343-349. View abstract.

Dyrbye, B. A., Dubois, L., Vink, R., and Horn, J. A patient with clove oil intoxication. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2012;40(2):365-366. View abstract.

Revay, E. E., Junnila, A., Xue, R. D., Kline, D. L., Bernier, U. R., Kravchenko, V. D., Qualls, W. A., Ghattas, N., and Muller, G. C. Evaluation of commercial products for personal protection against mosquitoes. Acta Trop. 2013;125(2):226-230. View abstract.

Cisak, E., Wojcik-Fatla, A., Zajac, V., and Dutkiewicz, J. Repellents and acaricides as personal protection measures in the prevention of tick-borne diseases. Ann Agric.Environ.Med. 2012;19(4):625-630. View abstract.

Jorkjend, L. and Skoglund, L. A. Effect of non-eugenol- and eugenol-containing periodontal dressings on the incidence and severity of pain after periodontal soft tissue surgery. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17(6):341-344. View abstract.

Saeki, Y., Ito, Y., Shibata, M., Sato, Y., Okuda, K., and Takazoe, I. Antimicrobial action of natural substances on oral bacteria. Bull.Tokyo Dent Coll. 1989;30(3):129-135. View abstract.

Guidotti, T. L., Laing, L., and Prakash, U. B. Clove cigarettes. The basis for concern regarding health effects. West J Med 1989;151(2):220-228. View abstract.

Azuma, Y., Ozasa, N., Ueda, Y., and Takagi, N. Pharmacological studies on the anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds. J Dent.Res. 1986;65(1):53-56. View abstract.

Anonymous. Evaluation of the health hazard of clove cigarettes. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 12-23-1988;260(24):3641-3644. View abstract.

Mitchell, R. Treatment of fibrinolytic alveolitis by a collagen paste (Formula K). A preliminary report. Int J Oral Maxillofac.Surg. 1986;15(2):127-133. View abstract.

Romaguera, C., Alomar, A., Camarasa, J. M., Garcia, Bravo B., Garcia, Perez A., Grimalt, F., Guerra, P., Lopez, Gorretcher B., Pascual, A. M., Miranda, A., and . Contact dermatitis in children. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12(5):283-284. View abstract.

Buch, J. G., Dikshit, R. K., and Mansuri, S. M. Effect of certain volatile oils on ejaculated human spermatozoa. Indian J Med Res 1988;87:361-363. View abstract.

Fotos, P. G., Woolverton, C. J., Van Dyke, K., and Powell, R. L. Effects of eugenol on polymorphonuclear cell migration and chemiluminescence. J Dent.Res. 1987;66(3):774-777. View abstract.

Hackett, P. H., Rodriguez, G., and Roach, R. C. Clove cigarettes and high-altitude pulmonary edema. JAMA 6-28-1985;253(24):3551-3552. View abstract.

Stojicevic, M., Dordevic, O., Kostic, L., Madanovic, N., and Karanovic, D. [Action of clove oil, eugenol, and zinc-oxide eugenol paste on the dental pulp within "in vitro" conditions]. Stomatol.Glas.Srb. 1980;27(2):85-89. View abstract.

Shapiro, S., Meier, A., and Guggenheim, B. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral Microbiol.Immunol. 1994;9(4):202-208. View abstract.

Saeed, S. A. and Gilani, A. H. Antithrombotic activity of clove oil. J Pak Med Assoc 1994;44(5):112-115. View abstract.

Hartnoll, G., Moore, D., and Douek, D. Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves. Arch.Dis Child 1993;69(3):392-393. View abstract.

Srivastava, K. C. Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove (Syzygium aromaticum L) [corrected]. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 1993;48(5):363-372. View abstract.

Schattner, P. and Randerson, D. Tiger Balm as a treatment of tension headache. A clinical trial in general practice. Aust.Fam.Physician 1996;25(2):216, 218, 220. View abstract.

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Kim, H. M., Lee, E. H., Kim, C. Y., Chung, J. G., Kim, S. H., Lim, J. P., and Shin, T. Y. Antianaphylactic properties of eugenol. Pharmacol Res 1997;36(6):475-480. View abstract.

Segura, J. J. and Jimenez-Rubio, A. Effect of eugenol on macrophage adhesion in vitro to plastic surfaces. Endod.Dent.Traumatol. 1998;14(2):72-74. View abstract.

Smith-Palmer, A., Stewart, J., and Fyfe, L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol. 1998;26(2):118-122. View abstract.

Kim, H. M., Lee, E. H., Hong, S. H., Song, H. J., Shin, M. K., Kim, S. H., and Shin, T. Y. Effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract on immediate hypersensitivity in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60(2):125-131. View abstract.

Kadey M. Lost in spice. Natural Health 2007;37(9):43-50.

Hussein E, Ahu A, and Kadir T. Investigation of bacteremia after toothbrushing in orthodontic patients. Korean Journal of Orthodontics 2009;39(3):177-184.

Yarnell E and Abascal K. Botanical medicines for headache. Alternative & Complementary Therapies (England) 2007;13:148-152.

Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CR, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014;4(2):90-6. View abstract.

Dwivedi V, Shrivastava R, Hussain S, Ganguly C, Bharadwaj M. Comparative anticancer potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)- an Indian spice- against cancer cell lines of various anatomical origin. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2011;12(8):1989-93. View abstract.

Kothiwale SV, Patwardhan V, Gandhi M, Sohoni R, Kumar A. A comparative study of antiplaque and antigingivitis effects of herbal mouthrise containing tea tree oil, clove, and basil with commercially available essential oil mouthrinse. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014;18(3): 316-20. View abstract.

Liu H, Schmitz JC, Wei J, et al. Clove extract inhibits tumor growth and promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Oncol Res 2014;21(5):247-59. View abstract.

Machado M, Dinis AM, Salgueiro L, Custódio JB, Cavaleiro C, Sousa MC. Anti-Giardia activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and eugenol: effects on growth, viability, adherence and ultrastructure. Exp Parasitol 2011;127(4):732-9. View abstract.

Kim A, Farkas AN, Dewar SB, Abesamis MG. Early administration of N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of clove oil ingestion. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018;67(2):e38-e39. View abstract.

Ibrahim IM, Elsaie ML, Almohsen AM, Mohey-Eddin MH. Effectiveness of topical clove oil on symptomatic treatment of chronic pruritus. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017;16(4):508-11. View abstract.

Jiang Q, Wu Y, Zhang H, et al. Development of essential oils as skin permeation enhancers: penetration enhancement effect and mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical Biol. 2017;55(1):1592-1600. View abstract.

Mohan R, Jose S, Mulakkal J, Karpinsky-Semper D, Swick AG, Krishnakumar IM. Water-soluble polyphenol-rich clove extract lowers pre- and post-prandial blood glucose levels in healthy and prediabetic volunteers: an open label pilot study. BMC Complement Altern Med 2019;19(1):99. View abstract.

Ibrahim IM, Abdel Kareem IM, Alghobashy MA. Evaluation of topical liposome incorporated clove oil in the treatment of idiopathic palmar hyperhidrosis: Single-blinded placebo-controlled study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018;17(6):1084-9. View abstract.

Mammen RR, Natinga Mulakal J, Mohanan R, Maliakel B, Illathu Madhavamenon K. Clove bud polyphenols alleviate alterations in inflammation and oxidative stress markers associated with binge drinking: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover study. J Med Food 2018;21(11):1188-96. View abstract.

Jahanshir M, Nobahar M, Ghorbani R, Malek F. Effect of clove mouthwash on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a comparative randomized triple-blind clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023;27(7):3589-3600. View abstract.