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Sakurai N, Wu JH, Sashida Y, et al. Anti-AIDS agents. Part 57: Actein, an anti-HIV principle from the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh), and the anti-HIV activity of related saponins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004;14:1329-32. View abstract.

Rockwell S, Liu Y, Higgins SA. Alteration of the effects of cancer therapy agents on breast cancer cells by the herbal medicine black cohosh. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;90:233-9. View abstract.

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Jarry H, Thelen P, Christoffel V, et al. Cimicifuga racemosa extract BNO 1055 inhibits proliferation of the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Phytomedicine 2005;12:178-82. View abstract.

Cheong JL, Bucknall R. Retinal vein thrombosis associated with a herbal phytoestrogen preparation in a susceptible patient. Postgrad Med J 2005;81:266-7.. View abstract.

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Nappi RE, Malavasi B, Brundu B, Facchinetti F. Efficacy of Cimicifuga racemosa on climacteric complaints: a randomized study versus low-dose transdermal estradiol. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;20:30-5. View abstract.

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Wuttke W, Gorkow C, Seidlova-Wuttke D. Effects of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) on bone turnover, vaginal mucosa, and various blood parameters in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and conjugated estrogens-controlled study. Menopause 2006;13:185-96. View abstract.

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Seidlova-Wuttke D, Thelen P, Wuttke W. Inhibitory effects of a black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) extract on prostate cancer. Planta Med 2006;72:521-6. View abstract.

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Raus K, Brucker C, Gorkow C, Wuttke W. First-time proof of endometrial safety of the special black cohosh extract (Actaea or Cimicifuga racemosa extract) CR BNO 1055. Menopause 2006;13:678-91. View abstract.

Uebelhack R, Blohmer JU, Graubaum HJ, et al. Black cohosh and St. John's wort for climacteric complaints: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(2 Pt 1):247-55. View abstract.

Verhoeven MO, van der Mooren MJ, van de Weijer PH, et al. CuraTrial Research Group. Effect of a combination of isoflavones and Actaea racemosa Linnaeus on climacteric symptoms in healthy symptomatic perimenopausal women: a 12-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Menopause 2005;12:412-20. View abstract.

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Bai W, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Wang S, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a medicinal product containing an isopropanolic black cohosh extract in Chinese women with menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double blind, parallel-controlled study versus tibolone. Maturitas 2007;58:31-41. View abstract.

Meyer S, Vogt T, Obermann EC, et al. Cutaneous pseudolymphoma induced by Cimicifuga racemosa. Dermatology 2007;214:94-6. View abstract.

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Assessment of case reports connected to herbal medicinal products containing cimicifugae racemosa rhizoma (black cohosh, root). Doc. Ref. EMEA/269259/2006. Available at: www.emea.eu.int/pdfs/human/hmpc/26925806en.pdf (Accessed 30 November 2007).

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Chow ECY, Teo M, Ring JA, Chen JW. Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. Med J Aust 2008;188:420-2. View abstract.

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Patel NM, Derkits RM. Possible increase in liver enzymes secondary to atorvastatin and black cohosh administration. J Pharm Pract 2007;20:341-6.

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Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee. Black cohosh and liver toxicity - an update. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26:11.

Gurley BJ, Swain A, Hubbard MA, et al. Clinical assessement of CYP2D6-mediated herb-drug interactions in humans: Effects of milk-thistle, black cohosh, goldenseal, kava kava, St. John's wort, and Echinacea. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52:755-63. View abstract.

Ingraffea A, Donohue K, Wilkel C, Falanga V. Cutaneous vasculitis in two patients taking an herbal supplement containing black cohosh. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:S124-6. View abstract.

Spangler L, Newton KM, Grothaus LC, et al. The effects of black cohosh therapies on lipids, fibrinogen, glucose and insulin. Maturitas 2007;57:195-204. View abstract.

Teschke R, Bahre R, Genthner A, et al. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity - challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment. Maturitas 2009;63:302-14. View abstract.

Shams T, Setia MS, Hemmings R, et al. Efficacy of black cohosh-containing preparations on menopausal symptoms: a meta-analysis. Altern Ther Health Med 2010;16:36-44. View abstract.

Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB, et al. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause 2009;16:1156-66. View abstract.

Brasky TM, Lampe JW, Potter JD, et al. Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1696-708. View abstract.

Rotem C, Kaplan B. Phyto-Female Complex for the relief of hot flushes, night sweats and quality of sleep: randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:117-22. View abstract.

Maki PM, Rubin LH, Fornelli D, et al. Effects of botanicals and combined hormone therapy on cognition in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2009;16:1167-77. View abstract.

Fuchikami H, Satoh H, Tsujimoto M, Ohdo S, Ohtani H, Sawada Y. Effects of herbal extracts on the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34:577-82. View abstract.

Ernst, E. and Chrubasik, S. Phyto-anti-inflammatories. A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Rheum.Dis Clin North Am 2000;26(1):13-27, vii. View abstract.

Shao, Y., Harris, A., Wang, M., Zhang, H., Cordell, G. A., Bowman, M., and Lemmo, E. Triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga racemosa. J Nat Prod 2000;63(7):905-910. View abstract.

He, K., Zheng, B., Kim, C. H., Rogers, L., and Zheng, Q. Direct analysis and identification of triterpene glycosides by LC/MS in black cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa, and in several commercially available black cohosh products. Planta Med 2000;66(7):635-640. View abstract.

McKenna, D. J., Jones, K., Humphrey, S., and Hughes, K. Black cohosh: efficacy, safety, and use in clinical and preclinical applications. Altern Ther Health Med 2001;7(3):93-100. View abstract.

Long, L., Soeken, K., and Ernst, E. Herbal medicines for the treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2001;40(7):779-793. View abstract.

Onorato, J. and Henion, J. D. Evaluation of triterpene glycoside estrogenic activity using LC/MS and immunoaffinity extraction. Anal.Chem 10-1-2001;73(19):4704-4710. View abstract.

Fugh-Berman, A. and Ernst, E. Herb-drug interactions: review and assessment of report reliability. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2001;52(5):587-595. View abstract.

Zierau, O., Bodinet, C., Kolba, S., Wulf, M., and Vollmer, G. Antiestrogenic activities of Cimicifuga racemosa extracts. J Steroid Biochem.Mol.Biol 2002;80(1):125-130. View abstract.

Lundstrom, E., Christow, A., Kersemaekers, W., Svane, G., Azavedo, E., Soderqvist, G., Mol-Arts, M., Barkfeldt, J., and von, Schoultz B. Effects of tibolone and continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on mammographic breast density. Am J Obstet.Gynecol. 2002;186(4):717-722. View abstract.

Borrelli, F. and Ernst, E. Cimicifuga racemosa: a systematic review of its clinical efficacy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58(4):235-241. View abstract.

Burke BE, Olson RD, Cusack BJ. Randomized, controlled trial of phytoestrogen in the prophylactic treatment of menstrual migraine. Biomed Pharmacother 2002;56:283-8. View abstract.

Burdette, J. E., Chen, S. N., Lu, Z. Z., Xu, H., White, B. E., Fabricant, D. S., Liu, J., Fong, H. H., Farnsworth, N. R., Constantinou, A. I., van Breemen, R. B., Pezzuto, J. M., and Bolton, J. L. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) protects against menadione-induced DNA damage through scavenging of reactive oxygen species: bioassay-directed isolation and characterization of active principles. J Agric.Food Chem 11-20-2002;50(24):7022-7028. View abstract.

Kang, H. J., Ansbacher, R., and Hammoud, M. M. Use of alternative and complementary medicine in menopause. Int.J Gynaecol.Obstet. 2002;79(3):195-207. View abstract.

Gingrich, P. M. and Fogel, C. I. Herbal therapy use by perimenopausal women. J Obstet.Gynecol.Neonatal Nurs. 2003;32(2):181-189. View abstract.

Li, W., Sun, Y., Liang, W., Fitzloff, J. F., and van Breemen, R. B. Identification of caffeic acid derivatives in Actea racemosa (Cimicifuga racemosa, black cohosh) by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun.Mass Spectrom. 2003;17(9):978-982. View abstract.

Cimicifuga racemosa - Monograph. Altern.Med Rev 2003;8(2):186-189. View abstract.

Johnson, B. M. and van Breemen, R. B. In vitro formation of quinoid metabolites of the dietary supplement Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh). Chem.Res Toxicol. 2003;16(7):838-846. View abstract.

Huntley, A. L. and Ernst, E. A systematic review of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2003;10(5):465-476. View abstract.

Nisslein, T. and Freudenstein, J. Effects of an isopropanolic extract of Cimicifuga racemosa on urinary crosslinks and other parameters of bone quality in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner.Metab 2003;21(6):370-376. View abstract.

Rock, E. and DeMichele, A. Nutritional approaches to late toxicities of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer survivors. J Nutr 2003;133(11 Suppl 1):3785S-3793S. View abstract.

Ng, S. S. and Figg, W. D. Antitumor activity of herbal supplements in human prostate cancer xenografts implanted in immunodeficient mice. Anticancer Res 2003;23(5A):3585-3590. View abstract.

Kim, C. D., Lee, W. K., Lee, M. H., Cho, H. S., Lee, Y. K., and Roh, S. S. Inhibition of mast cell-dependent allergy reaction by extract of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2004;26(2):299-308. View abstract.

Booth, N. L., Nikolic, D., van Breemen, R. B., Geller, S. E., Banuvar, S., Shulman, L. P., and Farnsworth, N. R. Confusion regarding anticoagulant coumarins in dietary supplements. Clin Pharmacol.Ther 2004;76(6):511-516. View abstract.

Hostanska, K., Nisslein, T., Freudenstein, J., Reichling, J., and Saller, R. Apoptosis of human prostate androgen-dependent and -independent carcinoma cells induced by an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh involves degradation of cytokeratin (CK) 18. Anticancer Res 2005;25(1A):139-147. View abstract.

Vermes G, Bánhidy F, Acs N. The effects of remifemin on subjective symptoms of menopause. Adv Ther 2005;22:148-54. View abstract.

Viereck, V., Grundker, C., Friess, S. C., Frosch, K. H., Raddatz, D., Schoppet, M., Nisslein, T., Emons, G., and Hofbauer, L. C. Isopropanolic extract of black cohosh stimulates osteoprotegerin production by human osteoblasts. J Bone Miner.Res 2005;20(11):2036-2043. View abstract.

Low, Dog T. Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements. Am J Med 12-19-2005;118 Suppl 12B:98-108. View abstract.

Carroll, D. G. Nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause. Am Fam.Physician 2-1-2006;73(3):457-464. View abstract.

Garita-Hernandez, M., Calzado, M. A., Caballero, F. J., Macho, A., Munoz, E., Meier, B., Brattstrom, A., Fiebich, B. L., and Appel, K. The growth inhibitory activity of the Cimicifuga racemosa extract Ze 450 is mediated through estrogen and progesterone receptors-independent pathways. Planta Med 2006;72(4):317-323. View abstract.

Nuntanakorn, P., Jiang, B., Einbond, L. S., Yang, H., Kronenberg, F., Weinstein, I. B., and Kennelly, E. J. Polyphenolic constituents of Actaea racemosa. J Nat Prod 2006;69(3):314-318. View abstract.

Nedrow, A., Miller, J., Walker, M., Nygren, P., Huffman, L. H., and Nelson, H. D. Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause-related symptoms: a systematic evidence review. Arch Intern.Med 7-24-2006;166(14):1453-1465. View abstract.

Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. Contemporary alternatives to plant estrogens for menopause. Maturitas 11-1-2006;55 Suppl 1:S3-13. View abstract.

Einbond, L. S., Shimizu, M., Nuntanakorn, P., Seter, C., Cheng, R., Jiang, B., Kronenberg, F., Kennelly, E. J., and Weinstein, I. B. Actein and a fraction of black cohosh potentiate antiproliferative effects of chemotherapy agents on human breast cancer cells. Planta Med 2006;72(13):1200-1206. View abstract.

Hirschberg, A. L., Edlund, M., Svane, G., Azavedo, E., Skoog, L., and von, Schoultz B. An isopropanolic extract of black cohosh does not increase mammographic breast density or breast cell proliferation in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2007;14(1):89-96. View abstract.

Bruno, D. and Feeney, K. J. Management of postmenopausal symptoms in breast cancer survivors. Semin.Oncol. 2006;33(6):696-707. View abstract.

Sammartino, A., Tommaselli, G. A., Gargano, V., di, Carlo C., Attianese, W., and Nappi, C. Short-term effects of a combination of isoflavones, lignans and Cimicifuga racemosa on climacteric-related symptoms in postmenopausal women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 2006;22(11):646-650. View abstract.

Rhyu, M. R., Lu, J., Webster, D. E., Fabricant, D. S., Farnsworth, N. R., and Wang, Z. J. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, Cimicifuga racemosa) behaves as a mixed competitive ligand and partial agonist at the human mu opiate receptor. J Agric.Food Chem 12-27-2006;54(26):9852-9857. View abstract.

Newton, K. M., Reed, S. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Grothaus, L. C., Ehrlich, K., and Guiltinan, J. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 12-19-2006;145(12):869-879. View abstract.

Rebbeck TR, Troxel AB, Norman S, Bunin GR, DeMichele A, Baumgarten M, Berlin M, Schinnar R, Strom BL. A retrospective case-control study of the use of hormone-related supplements and association with breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2007;120:1523-8. View abstract.

Antoine, C., Liebens, F., Carly, B., Pastijn, A., and Rozenberg, S. Safety of alternative treatments for menopausal symptoms after breast cancer: a qualitative systematic review. Climacteric. 2007;10(1):23-26. View abstract.

Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Meden H, Kostev K, Schröder-Bernhardi D, Stammwitz U, Becher H. Isopropanolic black cohosh extract and recurrence-free survival after breast cancer. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;45:143-54. View abstract.

Hostanska, K., Nisslein, T., Freudenstein, J., Reichling, J., and Saller, R. Inhibitory effect of an isopropanolic extract of black cohosh on the invasiveness of MDA-mB 231 human breast cancer cells. In Vivo 2007;21(2):349-355. View abstract.

Einbond, L. S., Su, T., Wu, H. A., Friedman, R., Wang, X., Jiang, B., Hagan, T., Kennelly, E. J., Kronenberg, F., and Weinstein, I. B. Gene expression analysis of the mechanisms whereby black cohosh inhibits human breast cancer cell growth. Anticancer Res 2007;27(2):697-712. View abstract.

Nuntanakorn, P., Jiang, B., Yang, H., Cervantes-Cervantes, M., Kronenberg, F., and Kennelly, E. J. Analysis of polyphenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of four American Actaea species. Phytochem.Anal. 2007;18(3):219-228. View abstract.

Oktem M, Eroglu D, Karahan HB, Taskintuna N, Kuscu E, Zeyneloglu HB. Black cohosh and fluoxetine in the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms: a prospective, randomized trial. Adv Ther 2007;24:448-61. View abstract.

Briese V, Stammwitz U, Friede M, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH. Black cohosh with or without St. John's wort for symptom-specific climacteric treatment--results of a large-scale, controlled, observational study. Maturitas 2007;57:405-14. View abstract.

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Einbond, L. S., Shimizu, M., Ma, H., Wu, H. A., Goldsberry, S., Sicular, S., Panjikaran, M., Genovese, G., and Cruz, E. Actein inhibits the Na+-K+-ATPase and enhances the growth inhibitory effect of digitoxin on human breast cancer cells. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 10-31-2008;375(4):608-613. View abstract.

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Julia Molla, M. D., Garcia-Sanchez, Y., Romeu, Sarri A., and Perez-lopez, F. R. Cimicifuga racemosa treatment and health related quality of life in post-menopausal Spanish women. Gynecol.Endocrinol. 2009;25(1):21-26. View abstract.

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van de Meerendonk, H. W., van Hunsel, F. P., and van der Wiel, H. E. [Autoimmune hepatitis induced by Actaea racemosa. Side affects of an herb extract]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 2-7-2009;153(6):246-249. View abstract.

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Pierard, S., Coche, J. C., Lanthier, P., Dekoninck, X., Lanthier, N., Rahier, J., and Geubel, A. P. Severe hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a report of two cases and an advice for caution. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(8):941-945. View abstract.

Vannacci, A., Lapi, F., Gallo, E., Vietri, M., Toti, M., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Raschetti, R., Firenzuoli, F., and Mugelli, A. A case of hepatitis associated with long-term use of Cimicifuga racemosa. Altern.Ther Health Med 2009;15(3):62-63. View abstract.

Einbond, L. S., Soffritti, M., Esposti, D. D., Park, T., Cruz, E., Su, T., Wu, H. A., Wang, X., Zhang, Y. J., Ham, J., Goldberg, I. J., Kronenberg, F., and Vladimirova, A. Actein activates stress- and statin-associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague-Dawley rats. Fundam.Clin Pharmacol. 2009;23(3):311-321. View abstract.

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Zimmermann, R., Witte, A., Voll, R. E., Strobel, J., and Frieser, M. Coagulation activation and fluid retention associated with the use of black cohosh: a case study. Climacteric. 2010;13(2):187-191. View abstract.

Obi N, Chang-Claude J, Berger J, Braendle W, Slanger T, Schmidt M, Steindorf K, Ahrens W, Flesch-Janys D. The use of herbal preparations to alleviate climacteric disorders and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a German case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2207-13. View abstract.

Amsterdam JD, Yao Y, Mao JJ, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Shults J. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) in women with anxiety disorder due to menopause. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009;29:478-83. View abstract.

Mahady, G., Low, Dog T., Sarma, D. N., and Giancaspro, G. I. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity--causality assessment versus safety signal. Maturitas 10-20-2009;64(2):139-140. View abstract.

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Yang, C. L., Chik, S. C., Li, J. C., Cheung, B. K., and Lau, A. S. Identification of the bioactive constituent and its mechanisms of action in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of black cohosh and related Cimicifuga species on human primary blood macrophages. J Med Chem 11-12-2009;52(21):6707-6715. View abstract.

Shahin AY, Ismail AM, Shaaban OM. Supplementation of clomiphene citrate cycles with Cimicifuga racemosa or ethinyl oestradiol--a randomized trial. Reprod Biomed Online 2009;19:501-7. View abstract.

Schmid, D., Woehs, F., Svoboda, M., Thalhammer, T., Chiba, P., and Moeslinger, T. Aqueous extracts of Cimicifuga racemosa and phenolcarboxylic constituents inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated human whole blood. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;87(11):963-972. View abstract.

Bai WP, Wang SY, Liu JL, Geng L, Hu LN, Zhang ZL, Chen SL, Zheng SR. [Efficacy and safety of remifemin compared to tibolone for controlling of perimenopausal symptoms]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 2009;44:597-600. View abstract.

van Breemen, R. B., Liang, W., Banuvar, S., Shulman, L. P., Pang, Y., Tao, Y., Nikolic, D., Krock, K. M., Fabricant, D. S., Chen, S. N., Hedayat, S., Bolton, J. L., Pauli, G. F., Piersen, C. E., Krause, E. C., Geller, S. E., and Farnsworth, N. R. Pharmacokinetics of 23-epi-26-deoxyactein in women after oral administration of a standardized extract of black cohosh. Clin Pharmacol.Ther 2010;87(2):219-225. View abstract.

Sevior, D. K., Hokkanen, J., Tolonen, A., Abass, K., Tursas, L., Pelkonen, O., and Ahokas, J. T. Rapid screening of commercially available herbal products for the inhibition of major human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes using the N-in-one cocktail. Xenobiotica 2010;40(4):245-254. View abstract.

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