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Levin RM, Das AK. A scientific basis for the therapeutic effects of Pygeum africanum and Serenoa repens. Urol Res 2000;28:201-9. View abstract.

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Descotes JL, Rambeaud JJ, Deschaseaux P, Faure G. Placebo-controlled evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of Permixon in benign prostatic hyperplasia after exclusion of placebo responders Clin Drug Invest 1995; 9:291-7.

Paubert-Braquet M, Mencia Huerta JM, Cousse H, Braquet P. Effect of the lipidic lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the ionophore A23187-stimulated production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) from human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1997;57:299-304. View abstract.

Gutierrez M, Garcia de Boto MJ, Cantabrana B, Hidalgo A. Mechanisms involved in the spasmolytic effect of extracts from Sabal serrulata fruit on smooth muscle. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:171-6. View abstract.

Romics I, Schmitz H, Frang D. Experience in treating benign prostatic hypertrophy with Sabal serrulata for one year. Int Urol Nephrol 1993;25:565-9. View abstract.

Cheema P, El-Mefty O, Jazieh AR. Intraoperative haemorrhage associated with the use of extract of Saw Palmetto herb: a case report and review of literature. J Intern Med 2001;250:167-9. View abstract.

Glemain P, Coulange C, Grapin FN, Muszynski RC. No benefit in combining tamsulosin with Serenoa repens versus tamsulosin alone on storage/filling and voiding lower urinary tract symptoms. [Abstract]. J Urol 2001;167:374.

Goldmann WH, Sharma AL, Currier SJ, et al. Saw palmetto berry extract inhibits cell growth and Cox-2 expression in prostatic cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2001;25:1117-24. View abstract.

Yale SH, Glurich I. Analysis of the inhibitory potential of Ginkgo biloba, Echinacea purpurea, and Serenoa repens on the metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 3A4, 2D6, and 2C9. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:433-9. View abstract.

Vela Navarrete R, Garcia Cardoso JV, Barat A, et al. BPH and Inflammation: pharmacological effects of Permixon on histological and molecular inflammatory markers. Results of a double blind pilot clinical assay. Eur Urol 2003;44:549-55.. View abstract.

Markowitz JS, Donovan JL, Devane CL, et al. Multiple doses of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) did not alter cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003;74:536-42. View abstract.

Preuss HG, Marcusen C, Regan J, et al. Randomized trial of a combination of natural products (cernitin, saw palmetto, B-sitosterol, vitamin E) on symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Int Urol Nephrol 2001; 33: 217-25. View abstract.

Debruyne F, Koch G, Boyle P, et al. [Comparison of a phytotherapeutic agent (Permixon) with an alpha-blocker (Tamsulosin) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 1-year randomized international study]. Eur Urol 2002;41:497-506. View abstract.

Willetts KE, Clements MS, Champion S, et al. Serenoa repens extract for benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trial. BJU Int 2003;92:267-70.. View abstract.

Kaplan SA, Volpe MA, Te AE. A prospective, 1-year trial using saw palmetto versus finasteride in the treatment of category III prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol 2004;171:284-8. . View abstract.

Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo assessment of botanical supplementation on human cytochrome P450 phenotypes: Citrus aurantium, Echinacea purpurea, milk thistle, and saw palmetto. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;76:428-40. . View abstract.

Bent S, Kane C, Shinohara K, et al. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2006;354:557-66. View abstract.

Jibrin I, Erinle A, Saidi A, Aliyu ZY. Saw palmetto-induced pancreatitis. South Med J 2006;99:611-2. View abstract.

Bonnar-Pizzorno RM, Littman AJ, Kestin M, White E. Saw palmetto supplement use and prostate cancer risk. Nutr Cancer 2006;55:21-7. View abstract.

Prager N, Bickett K, French N, Marcovici G. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of botanically derived inhibitors of 5-alpha-reductase in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:143-52. View abstract.

Sokeland J. Combined sabal and urtica extract compared with finasteride in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: analysis of prostate volume and therapeutic outcome. BJU Int 2000;86:439-42. View abstract.

Tuncel A, Ener K, Han O, et al. Effects of short-term dutasteride and Serenoa repens on perioperative bleeding and microvessel density in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2009;43:377-82. View abstract.

Tacklind J, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Wilt TJ. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;(2):CD001423. View abstract.

Habib FK, Wyllie MG. Not all brands are created equal: a comparison of selected components of different brands of Serenoa repens extract. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2004;7:195-200. View abstract.

Avins AL, Bent S, Staccone S, et al. A detailed safety assessment of a saw palmetto extract. Complement Ther Med 2008;16:147-54. View abstract.

Lopatkin N, Sivkov A, Walther C, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract for lower urinary tract symptoms--a placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. World J Urol 2005;23:139-46. View abstract.

Habib FK, Ross M, Ho CK, et al. Serenoa repens (Permixon) inhibits the 5alpha-reductase activity of human prostate cancer cell lines without interfering with PSA expression. Int J Cancer 2005;114:190-4. View abstract.

Barry MJ, Meleth S, Lee JY, et al. Effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto on lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized trial. JAMA 2011;306:1344-51. View abstract.

Suter A, Saller R, Riedi E, Heinrich M. Improving BPH symptoms and sexual dysfunctions with a saw palmetto preparation? Results from a pilot trial. Results from a pilot trial. Phytother Res 2012 Apr 23. doi: 10.1002/ptr.4696. View abstract.

Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract.

MacLaughlin, B. W., Gutsmuths, B., Pretner, E., Jonas, W. B., Ives, J., Kulawardane, D. V., and Amri, H. Effects of homeopathic preparations on human prostate cancer growth in cellular and animal models. Integr.Cancer Ther 2006;5(4):362-372. View abstract.

Morgia, G., Mucciardi, G., Gali, A., Madonia, M., Marchese, F., Di, Benedetto A., Romano, G., Bonvissuto, G., Castelli, T., Macchione, L., and Magno, C. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome category IIIA with Serenoa repens plus selenium and lycopene (Profluss) versus S. repens alone: an Italian randomized multicenter-controlled study. Urol.Int. 2010;84(4):400-406. View abstract.

Hutchison, A., Farmer, R., Verhamme, K., Berges, R., and Navarrete, R. V. The efficacy of drugs for the treatment of LUTS/BPH, a study in 6 European countries. Eur Urol 2007;51(1):207-215. View abstract.

Dedhia, R. C. and McVary, K. T. Phytotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J.Urol. 2008;179(6):2119-2125. View abstract.

Rhodes, L., Primka, R. L., Berman, C., Vergult, G., Gabriel, M., Pierre-Malice, M., and Gibelin, B. Comparison of finasteride (Proscar), a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5 alpha reductase inhibition. Prostate 1993;22(1):43-51. View abstract.

Bauer, H. W., Casarosa, C., Cosci, M., Fratta, M., and Blessmann, G. [Saw palmetto fruit extract for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study]. MMW.Fortschr.Med 6-24-1999;141(25):62. View abstract.

Goepel, M., Dinh, L., Mitchell, A., Schafers, R. F., Rubben, H., and Michel, M. C. Do saw palmetto extracts block human alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in vivo? Prostate 2-15-2001;46(3):226-232. View abstract.

Medvedev, A. A., Siniakova, L. A., and Zaitsev, A. V. [Prostaplant treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Urologiia 2000;(4):13-15. View abstract.

Ishii, K., Usui, S., Sugimura, Y., Yamamoto, H., Yoshikawa, K., and Hiran, K. Extract from Serenoa repens suppresses the invasion activity of human urological cancer cells by inhibiting urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Biol Pharm Bull 2001;24(2):188-190. View abstract.

Iguchi, K., Okumura, N., Usui, S., Sajiki, H., Hirota, K., and Hirano, K. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells. Prostate 2001;47(1):59-65. View abstract.

Gerber, G. S., Kuznetsov, D., Johnson, B. C., and Burstein, J. D. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology 2001;58(6):960-964. View abstract.

Anonymous. Effectiveness of lipidosterol extract Serenoa repens (Permixon) in patients with prostatic hyperplasia. Urologiia. 2002;(1):23-25. View abstract.

Debruyne, F., Koch, G., Boyle, P., Da Silva, F. C., Gillenwater, J. G., Hamdy, F. C., Perrin, P., Teillac, P., Vela-Navarrete, R., and Raynaud, J. P. [Comparison of a phytotherapeutic agent (Permixon) with an alpha-blocker (Tamsulosin) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 1-year randomized international study]. Prog.Urol. 2002;12(3):384-392. View abstract.

Glemain, P., Coulange, C., Billebaud, T., Gattegno, B., Muszynski, R., and Loeb, G. [Tamsulosin with or without Serenoa repens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: the OCOS trial]. Prog.Urol. 2002;12(3):395-403. View abstract.

Sinclair, R. D., Mallari, R. S., and Tate, B. Sensitization to saw palmetto and minoxidil in separate topical extemporaneous treatments for androgenetic alopecia. Australas.J Dermatol. 2002;43(4):311-312. View abstract.

Al Shukri, S. H., Deschaseaux, P., Kuzmin, I. V., and Amdiy, R. R. Early urodynamic effects of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(R)) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic.Dis. 2000;3(3):195-199. View abstract.

Giannakopoulos, X., Baltogiannis, D., Giannakis, D., Tasos, A., Sofikitis, N., Charalabopoulos, K., and Evangelou, A. The lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a comparison of two dosage regimens. Adv.Ther 2002;19(6):285-296. View abstract.

Pytel, Y. A., Vinarov, A., Lopatkin, N., Sivkov, A., Gorilovsky, L., and Raynaud, J. P. Long-term clinical and biologic effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adv.Ther 2002;19(6):297-306. View abstract.

Pecoraro, S., Annecchiarico, A., Gambardella, M. C., and Sepe, G. [Efficacy of pretreatment with Serenoa repens on bleeding associated with transurethral resection of prostate]. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2004;56(1):73-78. View abstract.

Debruyne, F., Boyle, P., Calais, da Silva, Gillenwater, J. G., Hamdy, F. C., Perrin, P., Teillac, P., Vela-Navarrete, R., Raynaud, J. P., and Schulman, C. [Evaluation of the clinical benefit of Permixon and tamsulosin in severe BPH patients--PERMAL study subset analysis]. Prog.Urol. 2004;14(3):326-331. View abstract.

Vela-Navarrete, R., Escribano-Burgos, M., Farre, A. L., Garcia-Cardoso, J., Manzarbeitia, F., and Carrasco, C. Serenoa repens treatment modifies bax/bcl-2 index expression and caspase-3 activity in prostatic tissue from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol. 2005;173(2):507-510. View abstract.

Djavan, B., Fong, Y. K., Chaudry, A., Reissigl, A., Anagnostou, T., Bagheri, F., Waldert, M., Fajkovic, H., Marihart, S., Harik, M., Spaller, S., and Remzi, M. Progression delay in men with mild symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction: a comparative study of phytotherapy and watchful waiting. World J Urol. 2005;23(4):253-256. View abstract.

Chan, J. M., Elkin, E. P., Silva, S. J., Broering, J. M., Latini, D. M., and Carroll, P. R. Total and specific complementary and alternative medicine use in a large cohort of men with prostate cancer. Urology 2005;66(6):1223-1228. View abstract.

Breu, W., Hagenlocher, M., Redl, K., Tittel, G., Stadler, F., and Wagner, H. [Anti-inflammatory activity of sabal fruit extracts prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide. In vitro antagonists of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase metabolism]. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42(4):547-551. View abstract.

Aliaev, IuG, Vinarov, A. Z., Lokshin, K. L., and Spivak, L. G. [Efficiency and safety of prostamol-Uno in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis]. Urologiia. 2006;(1):47-50. View abstract.

Engelmann, U., Walther, C., Bondarenko, B., Funk, P., and Schlafke, S. Efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms. A randomized, double-blind study versus tamsulosin. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(3):222-229. View abstract.

Webber, R. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clin Evid. 2005;(14):1076-1091. View abstract.

Casner, P. R. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl.J Med 5-4-2006;354(18):1950-1951. View abstract.

Dimitrakov, J. D. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl.J Med 5-4-2006;354(18):1950-1951. View abstract.

Lopatkin, N. A., Sivkov, A. V., Medvedev, A. A., Walter, K., Schlefke, S., Avdeichuk, IuI, Golubev, G. V., Mel'nik, K. P., Elenberger, N. A., and Engelman, U. [Combined extract of Sabal palm and nettle in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms in double blind, placebo-controlled trial]. Urologiia. 2006;(2):12, 14-12, 19. View abstract.

Hizli, F. and Uygur, M. C. A prospective study of the efficacy of Serenoa repens, tamsulosin, and Serenoa repens plus tamsulosin treatment for patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. Int.Urol.Nephrol. 2007;39(3):879-886. View abstract.

Magri, V., Trinchieri, A., Pozzi, G., Restelli, A., Garlaschi, M. C., Torresani, E., Zirpoli, P., Marras, E., and Perletti, G. Efficacy of repeated cycles of combination therapy for the eradication of infecting organisms in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob.Agents 2007;29(5):549-556. View abstract.

Hostanska, K., Suter, A., Melzer, J., and Saller, R. Evaluation of cell death caused by an ethanolic extract of Serenoae repentis fructus (Prostasan) on human carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer Res 2007;27(2):873-881. View abstract.

Yeu, E. and Grostern, R. Saw palmetto and intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome. J Cataract Refract.Surg 2007;33(5):927-928. View abstract.

Groom, S. N., Johns, T., and Oldfield, P. R. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. J Med Food 2007;10(1):73-79. View abstract.

Magri, V., Trinchieri, A., Montanari, E., Del Nero, A., Mangiarotti, B., Zirpoli, P., de Eguileor, M., Marras, E., Ceriani, I., Vral, A., and Perletti, G. Reduction of PSA values by combination pharmacological therapy in patients with chronic prostatitis: implications for prostate cancer detection. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2007;79(2):84-92. View abstract.

Shi, R., Xie, Q., Gang, X., Lun, J., Cheng, L., Pantuck, A., and Rao, J. Effect of saw palmetto soft gel capsule on lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized trial in Shanghai, China. J.Urol. 2008;179(2):610-615. View abstract.

Cai, T., Mazzoli, S., Bechi, A., Addonisio, P., Mondaini, N., Pagliai, R. C., and Bartoletti, R. Serenoa repens associated with Urtica dioica (ProstaMEV) and curcumin and quercitin (FlogMEV) extracts are able to improve the efficacy of prulifloxacin in bacterial prostatitis patients: results from a prospective randomised study. Int.J Antimicrob.Agents 2009;33(6):549-553. View abstract.

Neff, K. D., Sandoval, H. P., Fernandez de Castro, L. E., Nowacki, A. S., Vroman, D. T., and Solomon, K. D. Factors associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. Ophthalmology 2009;116(4):658-663. View abstract.

Agbabiaka, T. B., Pittler, M. H., Wider, B., and Ernst, E. Serenoa repens (saw palmetto): a systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf 2009;32(8):637-647. View abstract.

Wargo, K. A., Allman, E., and Ibrahim, F. A possible case of saw palmetto-induced pancreatitis. South.Med.J. 2010;103(7):683-685. View abstract.

Lapi, F., Gallo, E., Giocaliere, E., Vietri, M., Baronti, R., Pieraccini, G., Tafi, A., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Mugelli, A., Firenzuoli, F., and Vannacci, A. Acute liver damage due to Serenoa repens: a case report. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2010;69(5):558-560. View abstract.

Timmermans, L. M. and Timmermans, L. G., Jr. [Determination of the activity of extracts of Echinaceae and Sabal in the treatment of idiopathic megabladder in women]. Acta Urol Belg. 1990;58(2):43-59. View abstract.

Anceschi, R., Bisi, M., Ghidini, N., Ferrari, G., and Ferrari, P. Serenoa repens (Permixon(R)) reduces intra- and postoperative complications of surgical treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2010;62(3):219-223. View abstract.

Mantovani, F. Serenoa repens in benign prostatic hypertrophy: analysis of 2 Italian studies. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2010;62(4):335-340. View abstract.

Kul'chavenia, E. V., Breusov, A. A., Brizhatiuk, E. V., and Kholtobin, D. P. [Approaches to raising efficacy of treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis associated with intracellular infections]. Urologiia. 2010;(6):55-58. View abstract.

MacDonald, R., Tacklind, J. W., Rutks, I., and Wilt, T. J. Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): an updated Cochrane systematic review. BJU.Int. 2012;109(12):1756-1761. View abstract.

Hanaka, M., Yoshii, C., Yatera, K., Ito, C., Chojin, Y., Nagata, S., Yamasaki, K., Nishida, C., Kawanami, T., Kawanami, Y., Ishimoto, H., and Mukae, H. [A case of rhabdomyolysis caused by saw palmetto of healthy foods]. J.UOEH. 6-1-2012;34(2):193-199. View abstract.

Scaglione, F., Lucini, V., Pannacci, M., Dugnani, S., and Leone, C. Comparison of the potency of 10 different brands of Serenoa repens extracts. Eur.Rev.Med.Pharmacol.Sci. 2012;16(5):569-574. View abstract.

Giulianelli, R., Pecoraro, S., Sepe, G., Leonardi, R., Gentile, B. C., Albanesi, L., Brunori, S., Mavilla, L., Pisanti, F., Giannella, R., Morello, P., Tuzzolo, D., Coscione, M., Galasso, F., D'Angelo, T., Ferravante, P., Morelli, E., and Miragliuolo, A. Multicentre study on the efficacy and tolerability of an extract of Serenoa repens in patients with chronic benign prostate conditions associated with inflammation. Arch.Ital.Urol.Androl 2012;84(2):94-98. View abstract.

Miroddi, M., Carni, A., Mannucci, C., Moleti, M., Navarra, M., and Calapai, G. Hot flashes in a young girl: a wake-up call concerning Serenoa repens use in children. Pediatrics 2012;130(5):e1374-e1376. View abstract.

Bertaccini, A., Giampaoli, M., Cividini, R., Gattoni, G. L., Sanseverino, R., Realfonso, T., Napodano, G., Fandella, A., Guidoni, E., Prezioso, D., Galasso, R., Cicalese, C., Scattoni, V., Armenio, A., Conti, G., Corinti, M., Spasciani, R., Liguori, G., Lampropoulou, N., and Martorana, G. Observational database serenoa repens (DOSSER): overview, analysis and results. A multicentric SIUrO (Italian Society of Oncological Urology) project. Arch.Ital.Urol.Androl 2012;84(3):117-122. View abstract.

Tasca, A., Barulli, M., Cavazzana, A., Zattoni, F., Artibani, W., and Pagano, F. [Treatment of obstructive symptomatology caused by prostatic adenoma with an extract of Serenoa repens. Double-blind clinical study vs. placebo]. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 1985;37(1):87-91. View abstract.

Casarosa, C., Cosci, di Coscio, and Fratta, M. Lack of effects of a lyposterolic extract of Serenoa repens on plasma levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Clin Ther 1988;10(5):585-588. View abstract.

Elghamry, M. I. and Hansel, R. Activity and isolated phytoestrogen of shrub palmetto fruits (Serenoa repens Small), a new estrogenic plant. Experientia 8-15-1969;25(8):828-829. View abstract.

Champault, G., Bonnard, A. M., Cauquil, J., and Patel, J. C. [Medical treatment of prostatic adenoma. Controlled trial: PA 109 vs placebo in 110 patients]. Ann Urol (Paris) 1984;18(6):407-410. View abstract.

Schneider, H. J., Honold, E., and Masuhr, T. [Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of a treatment study with the phytogenic combination of Sabal extract WS 1473 and Urtica extract WS 1031 in urologic specialty practices]. Fortschr Med 1-30-1995;113(3):37-40. View abstract.

Iehle, C., Delos, S., Guirou, O., Tate, R., Raynaud, J. P., and Martin, P. M. Human prostatic steroid 5 alpha-reductase isoforms--a comparative study of selective inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;54(5-6):273-279. View abstract.

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