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You, W. C., Chang, Y. S., Heinrich, J., Ma, J. L., Liu, W. D., Zhang, L., Brown, L. M., Yang, C. S., Gail, M. H., Fraumeni, J. F., Jr., and Xu, G. W. An intervention trial to inhibit the progression of precancerous gastric lesions: compliance, serum micronutrients and S-allyl cysteine levels, and toxicity. Eur.J.Cancer Prev. 2001;10(3):257-263. View abstract.

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Kennedy-Oji, C., Coutsoudis, A., Kuhn, L., Pillay, K., Mburu, A., Stein, Z., and Coovadia, H. Effects of vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation on body weight of South African HIV-infected women. J.Health Popul.Nutr. 2001;19(3):167-176. View abstract.

Ruiz, B., Garay, J., Correa, P., Fontham, E. T., Bravo, J. C., Bravo, L. E., Realpe, J. L., and Mera, R. Morphometric evaluation of gastric antral atrophy: improvement after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 2001;96(12):3281-3287. View abstract.

Kockar, C., Ozturk, M., and Bavbek, N. Helicobacter pylori eradication with beta carotene, ascorbic acid and allicin. Acta Medica.(Hradec.Kralove) 2001;44(3):97-100. View abstract.

Ma, A., Duthie, S. J., Ross, M. A., and Collins, A. R. [Effects of vitamins E, C and beta-carotene on DNA damage]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi.Xue.Za Zhi. 1999;33(1):16-17. View abstract.

Lee, I. M., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., and Buring, J. E. Randomised beta-carotene supplementation and incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease in women: is the association modified by baseline plasma level? Br.J.Cancer 3-4-2002;86(5):698-701. View abstract.

Tauler, P., Aguilo, A., Fuentespina, E., Tur, J. A., and Pons, A. Diet supplementation with vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene cocktail enhances basal neutrophil antioxidant enzymes in athletes. Pflugers Arch. 2002;443(5-6):791-797. View abstract.

Schroder, H., Navarro, E., Mora, J., Galiano, D., and Tramullas, A. Effects of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid on oxidative, hormonal and enzymatic exercise stress markers in habitual training activity of professional basketball players. Eur.J.Nutr. 2001;40(4):178-184. View abstract.

McKechnie, R., Rubenfire, M., and Mosca, L. Antioxidant nutrient supplementation and brachial reactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. J.Lab Clin.Med. 2002;139(3):133-139. View abstract.

Sackett, C. S. and Schenning, S. The age-related eye disease study: the results of the clinical trial. Insight. 2002;27(1):5-7. View abstract.

Malila, N., Virtamo, J., Virtanen, M., Pietinen, P., Albanes, D., and Teppo, L. Dietary and serum alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol, and risk for colorectal cancer in male smokers. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2002;56(7):615-621. View abstract.

Schmidt, M. C., Askew, E. W., Roberts, D. E., Prior, R. L., Ensign, W. Y., Jr., and Hesslink, R. E., Jr. Oxidative stress in humans training in a cold, moderate altitude environment and their response to a phytochemical antioxidant supplement. Wilderness.Environ.Med. 2002;13(2):94-105. View abstract.

No author. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 7-6-2002;360(9326):23-33. View abstract.

Watters, J. M., Vallerand, A., Kirkpatrick, S. M., Abbott, H. E., Norris, S., Wells, G., and Barber, G. G. Limited effects of micronutrient supplementation on strength and physical function after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. Clin.Nutr. 2002;21(4):321-327. View abstract.

Schuurman, A. G., Goldbohm, R. A., Brants, H. A., and van den Brandt, P. A. A prospective cohort study on intake of retinol, vitamins C and E, and carotenoids and prostate cancer risk (Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(6):573-582. View abstract.

Cobanoglu, N., Ozcelik, U., Gocmen, A., Kiper, N., and Dogru, D. Antioxidant effect of beta-carotene in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis: clinical and laboratory parameters of a pilot study. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(7):793-798. View abstract.

Greul, A. K., Grundmann, J. U., Heinrich, F., Pfitzner, I., Bernhardt, J., Ambach, A., Biesalski, H. K., and Gollnick, H. Photoprotection of UV-irradiated human skin: an antioxidative combination of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, selenium and proanthocyanidins. Skin Pharmacol Appl.Skin Physiol 2002;15(5):307-315. View abstract.

Malila, N., Taylor, P. R., Virtanen, M. J., Korhonen, P., Huttunen, J. K., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland). Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(7):617-623. View abstract.

Thurmann, P. A., Steffen, J., Zwernemann, C., Aebischer, C. P., Cohn, W., Wendt, G., and Schalch, W. Plasma concentration response to drinks containing beta-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. Eur J Nutr 2002;41(5):228-235. View abstract.

Michaud, D. S., Pietinen, P., Taylor, P. R., Virtanen, M., Virtamo, J., and Albanes, D. Intakes of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids and vitamins A, E, C in relation to the risk of bladder cancer in the ATBC cohort study. Br.J.Cancer 10-21-2002;87(9):960-965. View abstract.

Prince, M. I., Mitchison, H. C., Ashley, D., Burke, D. A., Edwards, N., Bramble, M. G., James, O. F., and Jones, D. E. Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 2003;17(1):137-143. View abstract.

Wood, L. G., Fitzgerald, D. A., Lee, A. K., and Garg, M. L. Improved antioxidant and fatty acid status of patients with cystic fibrosis after antioxidant supplementation is linked to improved lung function. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2003;77(1):150-159. View abstract.

Heinrich, U., Gartner, C., Wiebusch, M., Eichler, O., Sies, H., Tronnier, H., and Stahl, W. Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. J Nutr 2003;133(1):98-101. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Manson, J. E., Glynn, R. J., Gaziano, J. M., Sperduto, R. D., Buring, J. E., and Hennekens, C. H. A randomized trial of beta carotene and age-related cataract in US physicians. Arch.Ophthalmol. 2003;121(3):372-378. View abstract.

Zhu, S., Mason, J., Shi, Y., Hu, Y., Li, R., Wahg, M., Zhou, Y., Jin, G., Xie, Y., Wu, G., Xia, D., Qian, Z., Sohg, H., Zhang, L., Russell, R., and Xiao, S. The effect of folic acid on the development of stomach and other gastrointestinal cancers. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 2003;116(1):15-19. View abstract.

Darlington, S., Williams, G., Neale, R., Frost, C., and Green, A. A randomized controlled trial to assess sunscreen application and beta carotene supplementation in the prevention of solar keratoses. Arch.Dermatol. 2003;139(4):451-455. View abstract.

Baron, J. A., Cole, B. F., Mott, L., Haile, R., Grau, M., Church, T. R., Beck, G. J., and Greenberg, E. R. Neoplastic and antineoplastic effects of beta-carotene on colorectal adenoma recurrence: results of a randomized trial. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 5-21-2003;95(10):717-722. View abstract.

Sasazuki, S., Sasaki, S., Tsubono, Y., Okubo, S., Hayashi, M., Kakizoe, T., and Tsugane, S. The effect of 5-year vitamin C supplementation on serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Sci. 2003;94(4):378-382. View abstract.

Bayerl, C., Schwarz, B., and Jung, E. G. A three-year randomized trial in patients with dysplastic naevi treated with oral beta-carotene. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2003;83(4):277-281. View abstract.

Chandra, R. K. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on immune responses and infection in elderly subjects. Lancet 11-7-1992;340(8828):1124-1127. [RETRACTED]. View abstract.

Shibata, A., Paganini-Hill, A., Ross, R. K., and Henderson, B. E. Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br.J.Cancer 1992;66(4):673-679. View abstract.

Toma, S., Bonelli, L., Sartoris, A., Mira, E., Antonelli, A., Beatrice, F., Giordano, C., Benazzo, M., Caroggio, A., Cavalot, A. L., Gandolfo, S., Garozzo, A., Margarino, G., Schenone, G., Spadini, N., Zibordi, F., Balzarini, F., Serafini, I., Miani, P., and Cortesina, G. beta-carotene supplementation in patients radically treated for stage I-II head and neck cancer: results of a randomized trial. Oncol.Rep. 2003;10(6):1895-1901. View abstract.

Hemila, H., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D., and Kaprio, J. Physical activity and the common cold in men administered vitamin E and beta-carotene. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2003;35(11):1815-1820. View abstract.

Cardinault, N., Tyssandier, V., Grolier, P., Winklhofer-Roob, B. M., Ribalta, J., Bouteloup-Demange, C., Rock, E., and Borel, P. Comparison of the postprandial chylomicron carotenoid responses in young and older subjects. Eur.J.Nutr. 2003;42(6):315-323. View abstract.

Schaumberg, D. A., Frieling, U. M., Rifai, N., and Cook, N. No effect of beta-carotene supplementation on risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer among men with low baseline plasma beta-carotene. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(6):1079-1080. View abstract.

Tornwall, M. E., Virtamo, J., Korhonen, P. A., Virtanen, M. J., Albanes, D., and Huttunen, J. K. Postintervention effect of alpha tocopherol and beta carotene on different strokes: a 6-year follow-up of the Alpha Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Stroke 2004;35(8):1908-1913. View abstract.

McKeever, T. M. and Britton, J. Diet and asthma. Am.J.Respir.Crit Care Med. 10-1-2004;170(7):725-729. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(3):CD001829. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2004;(4):CD004183. View abstract.

McArdle, F., Rhodes, L. E., Parslew, R. A., Close, G. L., Jack, C. I., Friedmann, P. S., and Jackson, M. J. Effects of oral vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation-induced oxidative stress in human skin. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1270-1275. View abstract.

Dijkhuizen, M. A., Wieringa, F. T., West, C. E., and Muhilal. Zinc plus beta-carotene supplementation of pregnant women is superior to beta-carotene supplementation alone in improving vitamin A status in both mothers and infants. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2004;80(5):1299-1307. View abstract.

Goodman, G. E., Thornquist, M. D., Balmes, J., Cullen, M. R., Meyskens, F. L., Jr., Omenn, G. S., Valanis, B., and Williams, J. H., Jr. The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial: incidence of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality during 6-year follow-up after stopping beta-carotene and retinol supplements. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-1-2004;96(23):1743-1750. View abstract.

Christen, W., Glynn, R., Sperduto, R., Chew, E., and Buring, J. Age-related cataract in a randomized trial of beta-carotene in women. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2004;11(5):401-412. View abstract.

Finley, J. W. Proposed criteria for assessing the efficacy of cancer reduction by plant foods enriched in carotenoids, glucosinolates, polyphenols and selenocompounds. Ann.Bot. 2005;95(7):1075-1096. View abstract.

Ovesen, L. F. [Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of ischemic heart disease]. Ugeskr.Laeger 6-20-2005;167(25-31):2742-2747. View abstract.

McNaughton, S. A., Marks, G. C., and Green, A. C. Role of dietary factors in the development of basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer of the skin. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(7):1596-1607. View abstract.

Cho, E., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Albanes, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Colditz, G. A., Feskanich, D., Folsom, A. R., Fraser, G. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Graham, S., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Sellers, T. A., Virtamo, J., Willett, W. C., and Smith-Warner, S. A. Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Int.J.Cancer 2-15-2006;118(4):970-978. View abstract.

Irlam, J. H., Visser, M. E., Rollins, N., and Siegfried, N. Micronutrient supplementation in children and adults with HIV infection. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2005;(4):CD003650. View abstract.

Woodside, J. V., McCall, D., McGartland, C., and Young, I. S. Micronutrients: dietary intake v. supplement use. Proc Nutr Soc 2005;64(4):543-553. View abstract.

Gritz, D. C., Srinivasan, M., Smith, S. D., Kim, U., Lietman, T. M., Wilkins, J. H., Priyadharshini, B., John, R. K., Aravind, S., Prajna, N. V., Duraisami, Thulasiraj R., and Whitcher, J. P. The Antioxidants in Prevention of Cataracts Study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(7):847-851. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev 2006;(2):CD000254. View abstract.

Worthington, H. V., Clarkson, J. E., and Eden, O. B. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(2):CD000978. View abstract.

Coulter, I. D., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Hilton, L. G., Tu, W., Valentine, D., and Shekelle, P. G. Antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin e for the prevention and treatment of cancer. J Gen.Intern Med 2006;21(7):735-744. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nagorni, A., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., Bjelakovic, M., and Gluud, C. Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention of colorectal adenoma. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther 7-15-2006;24(2):281-291. View abstract.

Chiu, C. J. and Taylor, A. Nutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy. Exp.Eye Res. 2007;84(2):229-245. View abstract.

Huang, H. Y., Caballero, B., Chang, S., Alberg, A. J., Semba, R. D., Schneyer, C. R., Wilson, R. F., Cheng, T. Y., Vassy, J., Prokopowicz, G., Barnes, G. J., and Bass, E. B. The efficacy and safety of multivitamin and mineral supplement use to prevent cancer and chronic disease in adults: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health state-of-the-science conference. Ann.Intern.Med. 9-5-2006;145(5):372-385. View abstract.

Kamangar, F., Qiao, Y. L., Yu, B., Sun, X. D., Abnet, C. C., Fan, J. H., Mark, S. D., Zhao, P., Dawsey, S. M., and Taylor, P. R. Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(8):1562-1564. View abstract.

Bleys, J., Miller, E. R., III, Pastor-Barriuso, R., Appel, L. J., and Guallar, E. Vitamin-mineral supplementation and the progression of atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am.J Clin.Nutr 2006;84(4):880-887. View abstract.

Lodi, G., Sardella, A., Bez, C., Demarosi, F., and Carrassi, A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2006;(4):CD001829. View abstract.

Mannisto, S., Yaun, S. S., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Adami, H. O., Albanes, D., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E., Cerhan, J. R., Colditz, G. A., Freudenheim, J. L., Fuchs, C. S., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Harnack, L., Leitzmann, M., McCullough, M. L., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Schatzkin, A., Virtamo, J., Willett, W. C., Wolk, A., Zhang, S. M., and Smith-Warner, S. A. Dietary carotenoids and risk of colorectal cancer in a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2-1-2007;165(3):246-255. View abstract.

Seddon, J. M. Multivitamin-multimineral supplements and eye disease: age-related macular degeneration and cataract. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;85(1):304S-307S. View abstract.

Greenwald, P., Anderson, D., Nelson, S. A., and Taylor, P. R. Clinical trials of vitamin and mineral supplements for cancer prevention. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2007;85(1):314S-317S. View abstract.

Plummer, M., Vivas, J., Lopez, G., Bravo, J. C., Peraza, S., Carillo, E., Cano, E., Castro, D., Andrade, O., Sanchez, V., Garcia, R., Buiatti, E., Aebischer, C., Franceschi, S., Oliver, W., and Munoz, N. Chemoprevention of precancerous gastric lesions with antioxidant vitamin supplementation: a randomized trial in a high-risk population. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-17-2007;99(2):137-146. View abstract.

Liu, B. A., McGeer, A., McArthur, M. A., Simor, A. E., Aghdassi, E., Davis, L., and Allard, J. P. Effect of multivitamin and mineral supplementation on episodes of infection in nursing home residents: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 2007;55(1):35-42. View abstract.

Wright, M. E., Virtamo, J., Hartman, A. M., Pietinen, P., Edwards, B. K., Taylor, P. R., Huttunen, J. K., and Albanes, D. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on upper aerodigestive tract cancers in a large, randomized controlled trial. Cancer 3-1-2007;109(5):891-898. View abstract.

No author. NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements and Chronic Disease Prevention. NIH Consens.State Sci.Statements. 5-15-2006;23(2):1-30. View abstract.

Von Low, E. C., Perabo, F. G., Siener, R., and Muller, S. C. Review. Facts and fiction of phytotherapy for prostate cancer: a critical assessment of preclinical and clinical data. In Vivo 2007;21(2):189-204. View abstract.

Michels, K. B., Mohllajee, A. P., Roset-Bahmanyar, E., Beehler, G. P., and Moysich, K. B. Diet and breast cancer: a review of the prospective observational studies. Cancer 6-15-2007;109(12 Suppl):2712-2749. View abstract.

Kubo, A. and Corley, D. A. Meta-analysis of antioxidant intake and the risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Am.J.Gastroenterol. 2007;102(10):2323-2330. View abstract.

Cook, N. R., Albert, C. M., Gaziano, J. M., Zaharris, E., MacFadyen, J., Danielson, E., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch.Intern.Med. 8-13-2007;167(15):1610-1618. View abstract.

Hercberg, S., Ezzedine, K., Guinot, C., Preziosi, P., Galan, P., Bertrais, S., Estaquio, C., Briancon, S., Favier, A., Latreille, J., and Malvy, D. Antioxidant supplementation increases the risk of skin cancers in women but not in men. J.Nutr. 2007;137(9):2098-2105. View abstract.

Gray, J., Mao, J. T., Szabo, E., Kelley, M., Kurie, J., and Bepler, G. Lung cancer chemoprevention: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest 2007;132(3 Suppl):56S-68S. View abstract.

Chong, E. W., Wong, T. Y., Kreis, A. J., Simpson, J. A., and Guymer, R. H. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age related macular degeneration: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 10-13-2007;335(7623):755. View abstract.

Bath-Hextall, F., Leonardi-Bee, J., Somchand, N., Webster, A., Delitt, J., and Perkins, W. Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2007;(4):CD005414. View abstract.

Werneke, U. Risk management of nutritional supplements in chronic illness: the implications for the care of cancer and depression. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 2007;66(4):483-492. View abstract.

Grodstein, F., Kang, J. H., Glynn, R. J., Cook, N. R., and Gaziano, J. M. A randomized trial of beta carotene supplementation and cognitive function in men: the Physicians' Health Study II. Arch.Intern.Med. 11-12-2007;167(20):2184-2190. View abstract.

Grieger, J. A., Nowson, C. A., Jarman, H. F., Malon, R., and Ackland, L. M. Multivitamin supplementation improves nutritional status and bone quality in aged care residents. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;63(4):558-565. View abstract.

Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Chew, E. Y., and Buring, J. E. Vitamin E and age-related cataract in a randomized trial of women. Ophthalmology 2008;115(5):822-829. View abstract.

Jones, A. A. Age related macular degeneration--should your patients be taking additional supplements? Aust.Fam.Physician 2007;36(12):1026-1028. View abstract.

Kopcke, W. and Krutmann, J. Protection from sunburn with beta-Carotene--a meta-analysis. Photochem.Photobiol. 2008;84(2):284-288. View abstract.

Bardia, A., Tleyjeh, I. M., Cerhan, J. R., Sood, A. K., Limburg, P. J., Erwin, P. J., and Montori, V. M. Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing primary cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin.Proc. 2008;83(1):23-34. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Henshaw, K. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD000253. View abstract.

O'Neil, C., Shevill, E., and Chang, A. B. Vitamin A supplementation for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(1):CD006751. View abstract.

Ye, Z. and Song, H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur.J.Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2008;15(1):26-34. View abstract.

Gao, J., Gao, X., Li, W., Zhu, Y., and Thompson, P. J. Observational studies on the effect of dietary antioxidants on asthma: a meta-analysis. Respirology. 2008;13(4):528-536. View abstract.

Evans, J. Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2008;22(6):751-760. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(2):CD007176. View abstract.

Tanvetyanon, T. and Bepler, G. Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands. Cancer 7-1-2008;113(1):150-157. View abstract.

Loane, E., Kelliher, C., Beatty, S., and Nolan, J. M. The rationale and evidence base for a protective role of macular pigment in age-related maculopathy. Br.J.Ophthalmol. 2008;92(9):1163-1168. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2008;(3):CD004183. View abstract.

Gallicchio, L., Boyd, K., Matanoski, G., Tao, X. G., Chen, L., Lam, T. K., Shiels, M., Hammond, E., Robinson, K. A., Caulfield, L. E., Herman, J. G., Guallar, E., and Alberg, A. J. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2008;88(2):372-383. View abstract.

Honarbakhsh, S. and Schachter, M. Vitamins and cardiovascular disease. Br.J.Nutr. 2009;101(8):1113-1131. View abstract.

Arnlov, J., Zethelius, B., Riserus, U., Basu, S., Berne, C., Vessby, B., Alfthan, G., and Helmersson, J. Serum and dietary beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a community-based study of Swedish men: report from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men (ULSAM) study. Diabetologia 2009;52(1):97-105. View abstract.

Sesso, H. D., Buring, J. E., Christen, W. G., Kurth, T., Belanger, C., MacFadyen, J., Bubes, V., Manson, J. E., Glynn, R. J., and Gaziano, J. M. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 11-12-2008;300(18):2123-2133. View abstract.

Bandera, E. V., Gifkins, D. M., Moore, D. F., McCullough, M. L., and Kushi, L. H. Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of endometrial cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20(5):699-711. View abstract.

Zhang, Y., Coogan, P., Palmer, J. R., Strom, B. L., and Rosenberg, L. Vitamin and mineral use and risk of prostate cancer: the case-control surveillance study. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20(5):691-698. View abstract.

Lin, J., Cook, N. R., Albert, C., Zaharris, E., Gaziano, J. M., Van, Denburgh M., Buring, J. E., and Manson, J. E. Vitamins C and E and beta carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a randomized controlled trial. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1-7-2009;101(1):14-23. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Systematic review: primary and secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers with antioxidant supplements. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 9-15-2008;28(6):689-703. View abstract.

Satia, J. A., Littman, A., Slatore, C. G., Galanko, J. A., and White, E. Long-term use of beta-carotene, retinol, lycopene, and lutein supplements and lung cancer risk: results from the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 4-1-2009;169(7):815-828. View abstract.

Minder, E. I., Schneider-Yin, X., Steurer, J., and Bachmann, L. M. A systematic review of treatment options for dermal photosensitivity in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Cell Mol.Biol.(Noisy.-le-grand) 2009;55(1):84-97. View abstract.

Garbagnati, F., Cairella, G., De, Martino A., Multari, M., Scognamiglio, U., Venturiero, V., and Paolucci, S. Is antioxidant and n-3 supplementation able to improve functional status in poststroke patients? Results from the Nutristroke Trial. Cerebrovasc.Dis. 2009;27(4):375-383. View abstract.

Mente, A., de, Koning L., Shannon, H. S., and Anand, S. S. A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch.Intern.Med. 4-13-2009;169(7):659-669. View abstract.

Lehmann, P., Scharffetter, K., Kind, P., and Goerz, G. [Erythropoietic protoporphyria: synopsis of 20 patients]. Hautarzt 1991;42(9):570-574. View abstract.

Allen, S., Britton, J. R., and Leonardi-Bee, J. A. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009;64(7):610-619. View abstract.

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Jiang, L., Yang, K. H., Tian, J. H., Guan, Q. L., Yao, N., Cao, N., Mi, D. H., Wu, J., Ma, B., and Yang, S. H. Efficacy of antioxidant vitamins and selenium supplement in prostate cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr.Cancer 2010;62(6):719-727. View abstract.

Wieringa, F. T., Dijkhuizen, M. A., Muhilal, and Van der Meer, J. W. Maternal micronutrient supplementation with zinc and beta-carotene affects morbidity and immune function of infants during the first 6 months of life. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2010;64(10):1072-1079. View abstract.

Park, Y., Spiegelman, D., Hunter, D. J., Albanes, D., Bergkvist, L., Buring, J. E., Freudenheim, J. L., Giovannucci, E., Goldbohm, R. A., Harnack, L., Kato, I., Krogh, V., Leitzmann, M. F., Limburg, P. J., Marshall, J. R., McCullough, M. L., Miller, A. B., Rohan, T. E., Schatzkin, A., Shore, R., Sieri, S., Stampfer, M. J., Virtamo, J., Weijenberg, M., Willett, W. C., Wolk, A., Zhang, S. M., and Smith-Warner, S. A. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control 2010;21(11):1745-1757. View abstract.

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Fulan, H., Changxing, J., Baina, W. Y., Wencui, Z., Chunqing, L., Fan, W., Dandan, L., Dianjun, S., Tong, W., Da, P., and Yashuang, Z. Retinol, vitamins A, C, and E and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Cancer Causes Control 2011;22(10):1383-1396. View abstract.

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Lahner, E., Persechino, S., and Annibale, B. Micronutrients (Other than iron) and Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review. Helicobacter. 2012;17(1):1-15. View abstract.

Galli, F., Battistoni, A., Gambari, R., Pompella, A., Bragonzi, A., Pilolli, F., Iuliano, L., Piroddi, M., Dechecchi, M. C., and Cabrini, G. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in cystic fibrosis. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2012;1822(5):690-713. View abstract.

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Knekt, P., Aromaa, A., Maatela, J., Aaran, R. K., Nikkari, T., Hakama, M., Hakulinen, T., Peto, R., and Teppo, L. Serum vitamin A and subsequent risk of cancer: cancer incidence follow-up of the Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1990;132(5):857-870. View abstract.

Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L. L., Simonetti, R. G., and Gluud, C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;3:CD007176. View abstract.

Pabalan, N., Jarjanazi, H., Sung, L., Li, H., and Ozcelik, H. Menopausal status modifies breast cancer risk associated with the myeloperoxidase (MPO) G463A polymorphism in Caucasian women: a meta-analysis. PLoS.One. 2012;7(3):e32389. View abstract.

Li, F. J., Shen, L., and Ji, H. F. Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. J.Alzheimers.Dis. 2012;31(2):253-258. View abstract.

Evans, J. R. and Lawrenson, J. G. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD000253. View abstract.

Mathew, M. C., Ervin, A. M., Tao, J., and Davis, R. M. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;6:CD004567. View abstract.

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Evans, J. R. and Lawrenson, J. G. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;11:CD000254. View abstract.

Eliassen, A. H., Hendrickson, S. J., Brinton, L. A., Buring, J. E., Campos, H., Dai, Q., Dorgan, J. F., Franke, A. A., Gao, Y. T., Goodman, M. T., Hallmans, G., Helzlsouer, K. J., Hoffman-Bolton, J., Hulten, K., Sesso, H. D., Sowell, A. L., Tamimi, R. M., Toniolo, P., Wilkens, L. R., Winkvist, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Zheng, W., and Hankinson, S. E. Circulating carotenoids and risk of breast cancer: pooled analysis of eight prospective studies. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-19-2012;104(24):1905-1916. View abstract.

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Mills, E. E. The modifying effect of beta-carotene on radiation and chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. Br.J.Cancer 1988;57(4):416-417. View abstract.

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Holzle, E., Plewig, G., von, Kries R., and Lehmann, P. Polymorphous light eruption. J.Invest Dermatol. 1987;88(3 Suppl):32s-38s. View abstract.

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Krook, G. and Haeger-Aronsen, B. Erythrohepatic protoporphyria and its treatment with beta-carotene. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1974;54(1):39-44. View abstract.

Parrish, J. A., Le Vine, M. J., Morison, W. L., Gonzalez, E., and Fitzpatrick, T. B. Comparison of PUVA and beta-carotene in the treatment of polymorphous light eruption. Br.J.Dermatol. 1979;100(2):187-191. View abstract.

Mathews-Roth, M. M., Pathak, U. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Harber, L. C., and Kass, E. H. Beta-carotene as an oral photoprotective agent in erythropoietic protoporphyria. JAMA 5-20-1974;228(8):1004-1008. View abstract.

Jansen, C. T. Beta-carotene treatment of polymorphous light eruptions. Dermatologica 1974;149(6):363-373. View abstract.

Mathews-Roth, M. M., Pathak, M. A., Parrish, J., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Kass, E. H., Toda, K., and Clemens, W. A clinical trial of the effects of oral beta-carotene on the responses of human skin to solar radiation. J.Invest Dermatol. 1972;59(4):349-353. View abstract.

Lewis, M. B. The effect of -carotene on serum vitamin A levels in erythropoietic protoporphyria. Australas.J.Dermatol. 1972;13(2):75-78. View abstract.

Baart, de la Faille, Suurmond, D., Went, L. N., van, Steveninck J., and Schothorst, A. A. -Carotene as a treatment for photohypersensitivity due to erythropoietic protoporphyria. Dermatologica 1972;145(6):389-394. View abstract.

Thomsen, K., Schmidt, H., and Fischer, A. Beta-carotene in erythropoietic protoporphyria: 5 years' experience. Dermatologica 1979;159(1):82-86. View abstract.

Haeger-Aronsen, B., Krook, G., and Abdulla, M. Oral carotenoids for photohypersensitivity in patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria, polymorphous light eruptions and lupus erythematodes discoides. Int.J.Dermatol. 1979;18(1):73-82. View abstract.

Zaynoun, S. T., Hunter, J. A., Darby, F. J., Zarembski, P., Johnson, B. E., and Frain-Bell, W. The treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria. Experience with beta-carotene. Br.J.Dermatol. 1977;97(6):663-668. View abstract.

Wennersten, G. Carotenoid treatment for light sensitivity: a reappraisal and six years' experience. Acta Derm.Venereol. 1980;60(3):251-255. View abstract.

Barth, J., Fickweiler, E., Harnack, K., Herrmann, K., Hubner, U., Schaarschmidt, H., and Schiller, F. [Beta-carotene treatment of protoporphyrias and polymorphic light dermatoses]. Dermatol.Monatsschr. 1984;170(4):244-248. View abstract.

Mathews-Roth, M. M. Treatment of erythropoietic protoporphyria with beta-carotene. Photodermatol. 1984;1(6):318-321. View abstract.

Suhonen, R. and Plosila, M. The effect of beta-carotene in combination with canthaxanthin, Ro 8-8427 (Phenoro), in treatment of polymorphous light eruptions. Dermatologica 1981;163(2):172-176. View abstract.

MacLennan, R., Macrae, F., Bain, C., Battistutta, D., Chapuis, P., Gratten, H., Lambert, J., Newland, R. C., Ngu, M., Russell, A., and . Randomized trial of intake of fat, fiber, and beta carotene to prevent colorectal adenomas. The Australian Polyp Prevention Project. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 12-6-1995;87(23):1760-1766. View abstract.

Hiatt, R. A., Armstrong, M. A., Klatsky, A. L., and Sidney, S. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1994;5(1):66-72. View abstract.

Novotny, J. A., Dueker, S. R., Zech, L. A., and Clifford, A. J. Compartmental analysis of the dynamics of beta-carotene metabolism in an adult volunteer. J.Lipid Res. 1995;36(8):1825-1838. View abstract.

Garmyn, M., Ribaya-Mercado, J. D., Russel, R. M., Bhawan, J., and Gilchrest, B. A. Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the human sunburn reaction. Exp.Dermatol. 1995;4(2):104-111. View abstract.

Homnick, D. N., Spillers, C. R., Cox, S. R., Cox, J. H., Yelton, L. A., DeLoof, M. J., Oliver, L. K., and Ringer, T. V. Single- and multiple-dose-response relationships of beta-carotene in cystic fibrosis. J.Pediatr. 1995;127(3):491-494. View abstract.

Blumberg, J. and Block, G. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in Finland. Nutr.Rev. 1994;52(7):242-245. View abstract.

No author. The alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene lung cancer prevention study: design, methods, participant characteristics, and compliance. The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group. Ann.Epidemiol. 1994;4(1):1-10. View abstract.

Wenzel, G., Kuklinski, B., Ruhlmann, C., and Ehrhardt, D. [Alcohol-induced toxic hepatitis--a "free radical" associated disease. Lowering fatality by adjuvant antioxidant therapy]. Z.Gesamte Inn.Med. 1993;48(10):490-496. View abstract.

Li, J. Y., Taylor, P. R., Li, B., Dawsey, S., Wang, G. Q., Ershow, A. G., Guo, W., Liu, S. F., Yang, C. S., Shen, Q., and . Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: multiple vitamin/mineral supplementation, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality among adults with esophageal dysplasia. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 9-15-1993;85(18):1492-1498. View abstract.

Coodley, G. O., Nelson, H. D., Loveless, M. O., and Folk, C. Beta-carotene in HIV infection. J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr. 1993;6(3):272-276. View abstract.

Rapola, J. M., Virtamo, J., Haukka, J. K., Heinonen, O. P., Albanes, D., Taylor, P. R., and Huttunen, J. K. Effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of angina pectoris. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. JAMA 3-6-1996;275(9):693-698. View abstract.

von Laar, J., Stahl, W., Bolsen, K., Goerz, G., and Sies, H. Beta-carotene serum levels in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria on treatment with the synthetic all-trans isomer or a natural isomeric mixture of beta-carotene. J.Photochem.Photobiol.B 1996;33(2):157-162. View abstract.

Richer, S. Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study--part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions. J.Am.Optom.Assoc. 1996;67(1):30-49. View abstract.

Coodley, G. O., Coodley, M. K., Lusk, R., Green, T. R., Bakke, A. C., Wilson, D., Wachenheim, D., Sexton, G., and Salveson, C. Beta-carotene in HIV infection: an extended evaluation. AIDS 1996;10(9):967-973. View abstract.

Goerz, G. and Ippen, H. [Treatment of photodermatoses with carotinoids (author's transl)]. Dtsch.Med.Wochenschr. 7-22-1977;102(29):1051-1055. View abstract.

Mathews-Roth, M. M., Pathak, M. A., Fitzpatrick, T. B., Harber, L. H., and Kass, E. H. Beta carotene therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria and other photosensitivity diseases. Arch.Dermatol. 1977;113(9):1229-1232. View abstract.

Sankaranarayanan, R., Mathew, B., Varghese, C., Sudhakaran, P. R., Menon, V., Jayadeep, A., Nair, M. K., Mathews, C., Mahalingam, T. R., Balaram, P., and Nair, P. P. Chemoprevention of oral leukoplakia with vitamin A and beta carotene: an assessment. Oral Oncol. 1997;33(4):231-236. View abstract.

de Klerk, N. H., Musk, A. W., Ambrosini, G. L., Eccles, J. L., Hansen, J., Olsen, N., Watts, V. L., Lund, H. G., Pang, S. C., Beilby, J., and Hobbs, M. S. Vitamin A and cancer prevention II: comparison of the effects of retinol and beta-carotene. Int.J.Cancer 1-30-1998;75(3):362-367. View abstract.

Hofstad, B., Almendingen, K., Vatn, M., Andersen, S. N., Owen, R. W., Larsen, S., and Osnes, M. Growth and recurrence of colorectal polyps: a double-blind 3-year intervention with calcium and antioxidants. Digestion 1998;59(2):148-156. View abstract.

Gollnick, H. P. M. W. Hopfenmu ller C. Hemmes S. C. Chun C. Schmid K. Sundermeier and H. K. Biesalski. Systemic beta carotene plus topical UV-sunscreen are an optimal protection against harmful effects of natural UV-sunlight: Results of the Berlin-Eilath study. Eur.J.Dermatol. 1996;6:200-205.

Niebauer G., Mischer P. and Formanek I. Lightsensitive dermatoses in children. Mod.Probl.Paediatr. 1976;20:86-101.

Zhu S, Mason J Shi Y et al. The interventional effect of folic acid on the development of gastric and other gastrointestinal cancers-clinical trial and follow-up for seven years. Chin J Gastroenterol 2002;7:73-78.

Chew EY, Clemons TE, Agrón E, Sperduto RD, Sangiovanni JP, Kurinij N, Davis MD; Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Long-term effects of vitamins C and E, ß-carotene, and zinc on age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report no. 35. Ophthalmology. 2013 Aug;120(8):1604-11.e4. View abstract.

Li FJ, Shen L, Ji HF. Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and ß-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;31(2):253-8. View abstract.

Michal Freedman D, Kuncl RW, Weinstein SJ, Malila N, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Vitamin E serum levels and controlled supplementation and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2013 May;14(4):246-51. doi: 10.3109/21678421.2012.745570. Epub 2013 Jan 4. View abstract.

Fitzgerald KC, O'Reilly ÉJ, Fondell E, et al. Intakes of vitamin C and carotenoids and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: pooled results from 5 cohort studies. Ann Neurol. 2013;73(2):236-45. View abstract.

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm? PLoS One. 2013 Sep 6;8(9):e74558. View abstract.

Wang A, Han J, Jiang Y, Zhang D. Association of vitamin A and ß-carotene with risk for age-related cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2014 Oct;30(10):1113-21. View abstract.

Takeda A, Nyssen OP, Syed A, et al. Vitamin A and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2014;42(1):25-38. View abstract.

Cho S, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, Lee S, Lee MJ, Chung JH. Differential effects of low-dose and high-dose beta-carotene supplementation on the signs of photoaging and type I procollagen gene expression in human skin in vivo. Dermatology. 2010;221(2):160-71. View abstract.

Santos VM, Camilo AG, Souza LA, Souza DW, Marinho CS, Monteiro LM. A woman with treated breast cancer, recent neurological symptoms and xanthoderma. Acta Med Iran. 2013 Apr 6;51(3):195-8.

Nagao T, Warnakulasuriya S, Nakamura T, Kato S, Yamamoto K, Fukano H, Suzuki K, Shimozato K, Hashimoto S. Treatment of oral leukoplakia with a low-dose of beta-carotene and vitamin C supplements: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Cancer. 2015 Apr 1;136(7):1708-17. View abstract.

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