Cardio Synergy Herbal by Designs for Health

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Acne. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for acne, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Angina. Preliminary clinical research suggests that compound danshen dripping pill, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, reduces symptoms and improves electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters in adults with angina. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: Analyses of preliminary clinical research, as well as individual lower-quality clinical studies, have shown that danshen dripping pill is effective in reducing symptoms of angina, although the extent of this effect and place in therapy is unclear (47021,47025,96442,96443,96445). Analyses of the available clinical research, involving up to 109 studies with 11,973 patients, show that compound danshen dripping pill, 216-270 mg, taken as 8-10 pills, three times daily for 1-6 months, is more effective than isosorbide dinitrate taken as 5-20 mg three times daily in improving the symptoms and ECG parameters associated with angina (96442,96445). Another analysis involving 17 studies with 1,433 patients found that danshen injection as an adjunct to standard treatment options was more effective in improving symptoms of angina and ECG parameters when compared with standard treatment alone. However, details on the dose of danshen injection and the standard treatments used in the reviewed studies were not provided (96443). The low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings. Also, the optimal dose and optimal form of danshen for treating angina has not been identified. Additionally, the effects of danshen alone are unclear. Salvianolate, a component of danshen, has been evaluated for the treatment of angina. A review of the available research shows that giving salvianolate as an intravenous infusion 250 mg in 250 mL dextrose daily for 10-14 days reduces angina severity and nitroglycerin tablet use in about 28% of people with stable angina. The patients most likely to respond are overweight, hypertensive, or experience at least 3 angina episodes per week (99069).
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using oral danshen for eczema, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Cancer. It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for cancer treatment. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 small, heterogenous clinical trials shows that taking various formulas containing danshen in combination with chemotherapy increases the odds of response and survival over 1-5 years when compared with chemotherapy alone. In patients with various types of cancer, including leukemia, and lung, liver, breast, colon, and gastric cancer, the odds of survival were increased by at least 1.7-fold (101976). It is unclear what other treatments these patients were receiving.
• Cirrhosis. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for cirrhosis. Details: A meta-analysis of results from low-quality clinical research, including 11 studies involving 1,086 patients, suggests that compound danshen injection or danshen injection 16-30 mL in conjunction with astragalus injection 10-30 mL daily for up to 90 days is superior to control in reducing liver function enzyme levels, increasing albumin levels, and reducing markers of fibrosis in adults with cirrhosis. However, the variability of treatments used as control, the wide range of outcomes assessed, and the significant heterogeneity between trials limits the validity of these findings (90662). Additionally, the effect of danshen injection alone is unclear.
• Coronary heart disease (CHD). Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking compound danshen dripping pills containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol may improve some cardiac symptoms, surrogate markers of cardiac function, and metabolic indices in patients with CHD. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of the results of low-quality clinical research, including 10 studies involving 1,367 patients, shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills 240-270 mg as 10 tablets three times daily in combination with aspirin 25-100 mg daily for 4 weeks to 2 years reduces symptoms of CHD and pain when compared with aspirin alone in adults with CHD (96439). Also, meta-analyses of low-quality clinical research, including up to 19 studies, show that taking compound danshen dripping pills in combination with aspirin reduces total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, as well as plasma viscosity and platelet aggregation, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, when compared with aspirin alone in adults with CHD (96439,109369). The low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings. A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in adults with CHD that require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills three times daily for 1-6 months reduces the risk of recurrent angina by 80%, coronary restenosis by 71%, heart failure by 55%, and malignant arrhythmia by 47% when compared with usual treatment, although there was no reduction in the risk for acute myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death. Taking compound danshen dripping pills also improved LDL cholesterol levels, but not HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels (105516). The validity of this study is limited by an unreported dose of compound danshen dripping pills, unclear use of antiplatelet and other adjunctive therapies in the control group, and possible publication bias. A more recent large clinical trial in adults with CHD complicated with anxiety and depression who recently underwent PCI shows that taking compound danshen dripping pills 400 mg three times daily for three months improves quality of life, anxiety, angina symptoms, and surrogate biomarkers such as endothelin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein compared with placebo (112398).
• Diabetes. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for diabetes, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Diabetic foot ulcers. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for diabetic foot ulcers, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Diabetic nephropathy. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for diabetic nephropathy. Details: A meta-analysis of up to 13 preliminary clinical trials in patients with early diabetic kidney disease shows that intravenous administration of danshen and Ligusticum striatum extract for 2-4 weeks, in combination with conventional medications such as angiotensin receptor blockers, alprostadil, benazepril, and others, modestly reduces urinary albumin and serum creatinine levels when compared with conventional medications alone (109380). The effects of oral danshen or intravenous danshen alone in patients with diabetic nephropathy are unclear.
• Diabetic retinopathy. Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking compound danshen dripping pills, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, may improve visual acuity and the severity of diabetic retinopathy. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: Meta-analyses of available preliminary clinical research in adults with diabetic retinopathy, including up to 13 studies, show that taking compound danshen dripping pill at doses of 270-540 mg or ten pills three times daily improves retinal and choroid circulation, visual field, and visual acuity, and reduces the occurrence of microaneurysm and retinal hemorrhage when compared with placebo, control, or conventional treatment alone. However, the low quality and high heterogeneity of the reviewed studies limit the validity of these findings (96437,109376). Some clinical research shows that taking compound danshen dripping pill 5 mg three times daily for 6 months may be more effective than taking captopril 12.5 mg two or three times daily for reducing macular edema and the severity of retinopathy and improving vision (109372). Additional clinical research shows that higher doses of compound danshen dripping pill of 540-810 mg three times daily may be most effective in improving symptoms of diabetic retinopathy when compared with placebo (96444).
• Endometriosis. Preliminary clinical research suggests that taking danshen-containing herbal products with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) may improve postoperative management of endometriosis. The effect of danshen alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of eight preliminary clinical trials shows that taking danshen-containing herbal products along with GnRH-a following surgery for endometriosis reduces the recurrence of endometriosis by 74% when compared with GnRH-a alone. Some research also suggests that danshen-containing products reduce symptoms such as abnormal vaginal bleeding and hot flashes and increase the pregnancy rate (109381).
• Heart failure. Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A meta-analysis of small clinical trials in adults with heart failure shows taking a danshen decoction 400 to 1600 mL daily for 2 to 8 weeks in combination with conventional therapy improves some markers of cardiac function such as left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and serological indicators such as brain natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide, and C-reactive protein when compared with conventional therapy alone (112397). Danshen comprised 75% of the herbs in the decoction and Tanxiang and Sha ren equally comprised the other 25%. It is unclear if these findings are due to danshen, other ingredients, or the combination. The moderate to low quality of the evidence limits the validity of these findings. All studies in this analysis were conducted in China which may limit generalizability to other geographic regions.
• Hepatitis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for chronic hepatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for hyperlipidemia. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with hyperlipidemia shows that taking lipid-lowering medication and injecting 1 mL of danshen into two of four possible acupuncture points daily for 30 days decreases total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Improvements appear to occur in 90% of patients using danshen plus lipid-lowering medication, compared with only 44% of patients using lipid-lowering medication alone (47072). However, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen extract 3 grams three times daily for 28 days leads to increases in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels, with no change in HDL cholesterol levels, when compared with placebo in adults with hyperlipidemia and hypertension (96441).
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for hypertension. Details: Clinical research in adults with uncontrolled hypertension shows that taking a mixture of extracts of danshen 450 mg, rhodiola 40 mg, chrysanthemum 200 mg, and kudzu 200 mg twice daily for 12 weeks along with antihypertensive drugs does not increase response to treatment, defined as a sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 140 mmHg and/or sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) less than 90 mmHg OR achieving a reduction of more than 10 mmHg in SBP or more than 5 mmHg in DBP. However, taking this combination along with antihypertensive drugs increases the percentage of patients with a sitting SBP less than 140 mmHg and/or sitting DBP less than 90 mmHg by about 3.5-fold when compared with antihypertensive drugs alone (94396). However, other preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen extract 3 grams three times daily for 28 days does not lower SBP or DBP when compared with placebo in adults with hyperlipidemia and hypertension (96441).
• Hypoparathyroidism. Intravenous danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. The effect of oral danshen is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism after a total thyroidectomy shows that intravenous danshen and the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong 10 mL daily for one week reduces the time to recovery of parathyroid function by about 2 weeks, and results in increased serum parathyroid hormone and calcium levels over 6 months, when compared with conventional treatment including calcitriol and calcium gluconate. Also, there was a reduction in the number of patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism (109379).
• Intrauterine Adhesions. Intrauterine danshen has only been evaluated in combination with various oral ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. The effect of oral danshen is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with moderate to severe intrauterine adhesions shows that use of intrauterine danshen (Harbin Pharm Group Sanjing Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd.) 5 mL, along with oral Chinese medications for 6 months after adhesion resection and balloon uterine stent placement, may improve clinical efficacy when compared with a control group receiving hyaluronic acid and an intrauterine device (IUD). Clinical efficacy, defined as normal menstruation with at least a near normal intrauterine lining and normal or slightly reduced blood volume, was 89% after treatment with danshen, compared with 69% in the control group. Uterine re-adhesion after 3 months was also reduced. However, there was no difference in the 6-month follow-up pregnancy rate (109374).
• Kidney transplant. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial following kidney transplantation. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that injection with danshen 60 mL daily for 10 days in addition to conventional treatment improves urinary volume and creatinine clearance and reduces the incidence of renal function recovery after kidney transplantation when compared with conventional treatment alone. However, the risk of acute rejection does not seem to be affected (47019).
• Obesity. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for obesity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Oral submucous fibrosis. It is unclear if oral or intravenous danshen are beneficial for oral submucous fibroids. Details: A meta-analysis of 13 generally low-quality randomized controlled trials shows that danshen injection with corticosteroids, usually triamcinolone acetonide, improves symptoms of oral submucous fibrosis better than conventional corticosteroid treatment alone. Danshen modestly improved maximal mouth opening and moderately improved the oral mucosal lesion area and sensation of burning (101975). The effect of oral danshen is unclear.
• Pancreatitis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for pancreatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It is unclear if oral danshen is beneficial for PCOS. Details: A meta-analysis of two preliminary clinical trials in patients with PCOS shows that taking danshen along with medication does not increase the pregnancy rate when compared with medication alone. However, these studies differed in their findings, with a 2.6-fold increase in pregnancy rate when compared with letrozole alone in one study and no increase when compared with cyproterone acetate in the other. Taking danshen may decrease fasting levels of glucose and insulin and improve levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, and reproductive hormones when compared with placebo or medications alone (109378). However, the number of clinical trials in each meta-analysis was small.
• Pre-eclampsia. It is unclear if intravenous or oral danshen is beneficial for pre-eclampsia. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with severe pre-eclampsia on bed rest shows that intravenous danshen 16 mL in combination with magnesium sulfate up to 30 grams daily for 7 days results in clinical improvements when compared with magnesium sulfate alone. Blood pressure reductions to below 150/100 mmHg and improvement in clinical symptoms occurred in 93% of patients, compared with 77% of those in the control group. There were also modest improvements in liver and kidney function indices (109382). The effect of oral danshen is unclear.
• Pregnancy-induced hypertension. It is unclear if intravenous or oral danshen is beneficial for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension shows that intravenous danshen 10-20 mL in combination with magnesium sulfate 4-10 mL once daily for 10 days modestly reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as 24-hour urinary protein levels, when compared with magnesium sulfate alone. Also, the number of patients with a reduction or elimination of clinical symptoms was increased (109373).
• Psoriasis. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for psoriasis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this condition.
• Stroke. Preliminary clinical research suggests that oral or intravenous danshen may be beneficial for reducing symptoms following a stroke. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking danshen orally or intravenously, usually as composite products, or administering the constituent salvianolic acid intravenously, might produce some improvement in neurological deficits, sleep quality, and blood flow indices after acute ischemic stroke (15538,47002,47017,101978,109371,109377). In one study, compound danshen dripping pills prepared with Panax notoginseng, borneol, and extracts of danshen, 270 mg (10 pills) three times daily for 28 days was used (15538). Compound danshen 16 mL or 20 mL and danshen 30 mL injection have been used for up to 28 days, occasionally in combination with snake venom (15538,96436). Other research shows that danshen injection is not as effective as danhong injection, an extract of danshen and safflower, in improving neurological deficits after acute ischemic stroke; however, the clinical relevance of this finding in the context of standard treatments is unclear (96436).
• Unstable angina. Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with unstable angina shows that taking danshen dripping pill 0.4 grams three times daily, alone or in combination with andrographis 0.2 grams three times daily, for 4 weeks modestly improves symptoms, although the combination of andrographis with danshen dripping pill was more effective than danshen dripping pill alone (109370).
• Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Oral danshen has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with multiple myeloma receiving treatment with thalidomide shows that taking compound danshen dripping pill, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, 108 mg (4 tablets) three times daily for 8 months is as effective as warfarin for preventing VTE. Compound danshen dripping pills and warfarin demonstrate equal efficacy in preventing thalidomide-induced elevations in D-dimer and fibrinogen levels after 3 months of prophylaxis (96440). The effects of danshen alone are unclear.
• Wound healing. Although there is interest in using oral danshen for wound healing, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of danshen for this purpose. More evidence is needed to rate danshen for these uses.

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POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Oral grape leaf extract might improve CVI symptoms. It is unknown if other grape products are beneficial for CVI. Details: Some clinical trials in patients with CVI show that taking a specific grape leaf extract, known as red vine leaf extract (AS 195, Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim), seems to improve leg edema after 6 weeks of treatment when compared with placebo. Doses of 360 mg and 720 mg daily were both effective, but the higher dose produced a slightly greater effect. Patients also reported decreases in subjective complaints such as tired or heavy legs, tension, and tingling and pain after 2-12 weeks of treatment (2538,52985,53005,53206).

POSSIBLY INEFFECTIVE

• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). Oral grape seed extract does not seem to improve hay fever symptoms. Details: A clinical study in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis shows that taking grape seed extract 100 mg twice daily for 8 weeks before ragweed pollen season does not seem to decrease seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms or antihistamine usage when compared with placebo (9182).
• Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Drinking grape juice does not seem to improve CINV. Details: Clinical research shows that taking 4 ounces of chilled Concord grape juice 30 minutes prior to meals for a week following each of four cycles of chemotherapy does not seem to reduce CINV when compared with placebo (53175).
• Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Drinking grape juice does not seem to improve LUTS. Details: Clinical research in middle-aged and older men with LUTS shows that drinking 100% Concord grade juice 240 mL daily for 3 months does not improve symptoms when compared with placebo (96190).
• Mastalgia. Oral grape seed extract does not seem to improve mastalgia symptoms. Details: Clinical research in patients treated for early breast cancer using high-dose radiotherapy shows that taking the grape seed extract constituent proanthocyanidin 100 mg orally three times daily for 6 months does not reduce breast tissue hardness, pain, or tenderness when compared with placebo (53048).
• Obesity. Oral grape products do not seem to improve weight loss. Details: Clinical research in overweight or obese individuals shows that drinking Concord grape juice 480 mL daily for 12 weeks does not improve weight or body composition when compared to baseline (53181). Furthermore, taking grape pomace alone or in combination with schisandra fruit extract daily for 4-10 weeks does not improve body composition, abdominal fat, or body weight when compared with control (96200,99269,99270). Taking grape pomace 7-8 grams daily for 4-6 weeks seems to improve insulin resistance by about 33%, but does not affect blood lipids or blood pressure, when compared with placebo in overweight or obese adults with at least one metabolic syndrome factor (99269,99270).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging skin. Oral grape skin extract has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A small study in adults with signs of aging skin shows that taking a specific combination product (Celergen, Laboratories-Dom) containing grape skin extract 10 mg, marine collagen peptides 570 mg, coenzyme Q10 10 mg, luteolin 10 mg, and selenium 0.05 mg, one capsule with breakfast and dinner for 2 months, might improve skin elasticity when compared with baseline. However, there was no effect on moisture or biological skin age (97930). It is not clear if these effects are due to grape skin extract, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although there is interest in using oral grape seed for AMD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this condition.
• Atherosclerosis. Oral grape seed extract has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in postmenopausal adults shows that taking a specific combination product (Karinat, INAT-Farma) containing grape seed extract constituent proanthocyanidin 40 mg, garlic 100 mg, hops 160 mg, green tea 115 mg, vitamin C 30 mg, silicon 8 mg, vitamin E 6.6 mg, and beta-carotene 0.5 mg three capsules daily for 12 months might slow the progression of atherosclerosis as measured by mean carotid intima thickness when compared with placebo. However, the combination product does not seem to affect the growth of existing plaques, and it does not seem to improve lipid parameters (97929). It is not clear if these effects are due to grape seed extract, the other ingredients, or the combination.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral grape products are beneficial for athletic performance. Details: A small study in elite athletes shows that taking a specific grape extract (Powergrape, Naturex SA) 400 mg daily for one month can increase total power in a jumping task when compared with placebo, but has no effect on initial power and maintenance of power (53310). Another small study in recreationally active young adults shows that drinking juice prepared from 46 grams of a freeze-dried preparation of whole grapes daily for 6 weeks prior to a running exercise test does not improve maximal oxygen uptake or work capacity during exercise when compared with placebo (91540).
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Topical grape products have only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with atopic dermatitis shows that twice daily application with a cream containing grape polyphenols, vitamin E, and epigallocatechin gallate for 28 days does not improve symptoms or reduce the affected area based on physician assessment when compared with placebo (96196).
• Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although there is interest in using oral grape seed for ADHD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this condition.
• Canker sores. Although there is interest in using oral grape seed for canker sores, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this condition.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear if oral grape products are beneficial for reducing CVD risk. Details: There is preliminary evidence that taking grape products, such as purple grape juice or red grape juice concentrate, might improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation, prevent low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, reduce markers of inflammation, and suppress platelet-mediated thrombosis. Theoretically, chronic ingestion of these products might reduce the risk of CVD in various patient populations, including adults with type 2 diabetes or hypercholesterolemia, those undergoing hemodialysis, and children with metabolic syndrome (8745,8746,52954,53030,53062,53106,53155,53174). However, a large meta-analysis shows that although taking grape products, including grape extract, grape juice, raisins, and grape seed extract, reduces levels of blood fats by a small amount in a mixed population of adults, these effects were not present in a subgroup of patients with CVD when compared with placebo. There was a small benefit on total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (102610).
• Cognitive function. It is unclear if oral grape products improve cognitive function. Details: Clinical research in healthy adults aged 55-75 years with no cognitive decline shows that taking a specific grape fruit extract (Cognigrape, Bionap srl) 250 mg daily for 12 weeks improves cognitive functioning by 4.5%, and overall neuropsychological status, including attention, language, and recall, by 6%, compared with no change in the placebo group (96198). Also, a preliminary clinical study in middle-aged women under moderate stress shows that drinking Concord grape juice 355 mL daily for 12 weeks improves immediate spacial memory and may improve executive function and verbal recall when compared with placebo (96195).
• Cognitive impairment. Small clinical studies suggest that oral grape products may not slow cognitive decline in older patients with cognitive impairment. Details: One very small study in in patients with mild cognitive decline shows that taking a freeze-dried grape powder 36 grams twice daily for 6 months does not improve most measures of cognitive function and memory, including immediate memory, delayed memory, speed of information processing, cognitive ability, or language, when compared with placebo (96199). Another very small study in older adults with signs of memory decline shows that drinking 100% Concord grape juice 6-9 mL/kg daily for 12 weeks does not improve delayed verbal recall or spatial memory when compared with placebo, although it does seem to moderately improve verbal learning (53166).
• Colorectal cancer. Oral grape seed extract is has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Clinical research in patients with colorectal cancer shows that taking a product containing grape seed extract, turmeric extract, fermented soybean extract, green tea extract, spirulina, and Taiwanofungus camphoratus, 1920 mg three times daily for 16 weeks during a chemotherapy regimen might modestly increase the effectiveness of treatment when compared with placebo. No patients in the treatment group experienced disease progression, compared with 15.8% (6 patients) of the placebo group. However, there was no significant effect on overall survival or the best response to treatment (96183).
• Constipation. Although there is interest in using oral grape products for constipation, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this condition.
• Dental caries. Although there is interest in using topical grape seed for dental caries, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this purpose.
• Diabetes. Oral grape extract has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large clinical study of males with type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction suggests that an oral combination product containing alpha lipoic acid, Gingko biloba, and grape extract (Blunorm Forte, Uriach S.p.A.) taken for 3 months may decrease fasting plasma glucose and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score both alone and when combined with avanafil when compared with baseline and placebo (110707).
• Diabetic retinopathy. It is unclear if oral grape seed extract is beneficial in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Details: A preliminary clinical study in patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy shows that taking a specific grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm) 50 mg three times daily for 12 months reduces the severity of hard exudates when compared with calcium dobesilate or placebo. Grape seed extract had a treatment success rate 3-fold and 5.5-fold higher than those of calcium dobesilate and placebo, respectively. Treatment success was defined as a 2-grade decrease in hard exudate severity. No significant improvements in retinopathy grade or visual acuity were reported (100954). However, the study may not have been adequately powered to detect a difference in these outcomes.
• Erectile Dysfunction (ED). Oral grape extract has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A large study of males with type 2 diabetes mellitus and erectile dysfunction suggests that a specific combination product containing alpha lipoic acid, grape extract, and gingko biloba (Blunorm Forte, Uriach S.p.A.) administered orally for three months with avanafil prior to sexual acts improves International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) scores when compared with either product alone, placebo, and baseline, and may reduce markers of ED including high sensitivity-c-reactive protein, nitrates/nitrites, and metalloproteinases-2 and -9. These results suggest that an oral combination nutraceutical consisting of alpha lipoic acid, grape extract, and gingko biloba (Blunorm Forte, Uriach S.p.A.) may react synergistically with avanafil to enhance sexual performance in males with type 2 diabetes and erectile dysfunction. It is unclear if this effect is due to the alpha lipoic acid, grape extract, or gingko biloba, but researchers theorize that it may be due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 enzymes by grape extract (110707).
• Hemorrhoids. Although there is interest in using oral grape seed for hemorrhoids, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this purpose.
• Hypercholesterolemia. Small clinical studies suggest that oral grape products reduce cholesterol levels by a small amount. Details: A large meta-analysis of heterogeneous clinical trials shows that taking grape products, including grape extract, grape juice, raisins, or grape seed extract, for 2-54 weeks reduces levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, as well as triglycerides, by a small amount when compared with placebo in a mixed population of adults. In a sub-group of patients with any hyperlipidemia, the mean decreases in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were 11 mg/dL and 14 mg/dL, respectively. There was no effect on levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in the mixed population or in adults with hyperlipidemia (102610). Although some individual studies disagree, the most evidence for benefit is related to use of whole grape extract or grape seed extract. It is not clear if benefit is dependent on dose or duration of use. These results suggest a benefit of grape products in patients with hypercholesterolemia, but any benefit is likely to be small (42585,96816,102610).
• Hypertension. Some research suggests that oral grape products may modestly lower blood pressure; however, results are inconsistent. Details: Some clinical trials have shown modest benefit in patients with prehypertension, mild hypertension, or metabolic syndrome (18228,53149,96197), but conflicting results exists (91541,90079). A 2016 meta-analysis including 16 trials of 810 patients shows that when compared with placebo, grape seed extract or polyphenols reduces systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by about 6 mmHg and 3 mmHg, respectively, with greatest improvements observed in those with obesity or metabolic syndrome. This meta-analysis suggests that a minimum treatment duration of 8 weeks may be necessary before benefit is seen (96194). However, other research in adults with hypertension shows that taking grape seed polyphenols 1000 mg daily for 6 weeks does not alter blood pressure. Also, when grape seed polyphenols were combined with vitamin C 500 mg daily, some patients experienced an increase in blood pressure and worsening of nighttime and daytime variation in blood pressure (13162,90079). The reason for these conflicting findings is unclear but may due to patient characteristics and comorbidities. A meta-analysis of clinical research in various patient populations shows that taking grape seed extract 150-2100 mg for 2-25 weeks improves DBP and heart rate when compared with control, but does not improve SBP or flow-mediated dilation, regardless of dose, duration, sex, BMI, or health status. Additionally, subgroup analyses suggest that blood pressure effects may be greater in patients who are otherwise healthy, female, overweight, and/or under 50 years of age. Also, the use of lower doses and longer treatment durations may be associated with greater benefit (108090). The validity of these findings is limited by the high heterogeneity of included studies. A clinical study in adults with mildly elevated blood pressure shows that a specific grape seed extract (Enovita; Indena SpA) standardized to provide at least 95% oligomeric proanthocyanins, taken as 150 mg twice daily for 16 weeks, does not reduce SBP or DBP when compared with placebo. However, a subgroup analysis suggests that taking grape seed extract improves blood pressure in males, but not in females, when compared with placebo (108091). Some research has also evaluated the effects of grape juice on blood pressure. Two clinical studies in patients with hypertension show that drinking grape juice can reduce blood pressure when compared to baseline; however, another study shows that drinking grape juice does not reduce blood pressure when compared with placebo in these patients (53018,53156,53199).
• Melasma. It is unclear if oral grape seed extract is beneficial in patients with melasma. Details: A very small clinical study in Japanese females with melasma shows that taking grape seed extract (Gravinol, Kikkoman Co) containing 54 mg of proanthocyanidins three times daily for 6-11 months reduces skin hyperpigmentation when compared to pretreatment (53016). The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a control group.
• Menopausal symptoms. It is unclear if oral grape seed extract is beneficial in patients with menopausal symptoms. Details: Preliminary clinical research in adults with at least one menopausal symptom shows that taking grape seed extract (Gravinol, Kikkoman Biochemifa Co) containing proanthocyanidin 200 mg daily for 8 weeks reduces anxiety when compared with placebo. It also reduces hot flashes and other physical symptoms when compared to baseline, but not when compared with placebo. A lower dose of proanthocyanidin 100 mg daily does not appear to improve these outcomes. Neither doses improved insomnia or depression (91542).
• Metabolic syndrome. Small studies suggest that various oral grape products might improve lipid levels and blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome. Details: A meta-analysis of small clinical studies in adults with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome shows that taking grape products, usually grape seed or grape extract, for 4-48 weeks reduces levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, as well as triglycerides, by a small amount when compared with placebo. The mean decreases in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were 2.6 mg/dL and 11 mg/dL, respectively (102610). These findings are limited by significant heterogeneity of the included research. Also, a small clinical study in overweight or obese adults, most with metabolic syndrome, shows that taking grape pomace 8 grams daily for 6 weeks improves insulin resistance by about 33%, but does not affect blood lipids, blood pressure, or fasting glucose, when compared with placebo (99270). Some grape products have also shown benefit for improving blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome. One small clinical crossover study in males with metabolic syndrome shows that taking 46 grams daily of a freeze-dried, dehydrated preparation of grape polyphenols (equivalent to about 250 grams of fresh grapes daily) for 30 days seems to modestly lower systolic, but not diastolic, blood pressure, and increase brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) when compared with placebo (18228). Also, a small clinical study in adolescents with metabolic syndrome suggests that drinking natural grape juice 18 mL/kg daily for one month improves FMD when compared with baseline (53174).The validity of this finding is limited by the lack of a control group. A very small clinical study in patients with metabolic syndrome shows that taking a specific grape seed extract (Meganatural BP, Polyphenolics) 150-300 mg daily for 4 weeks modestly reduces blood pressure when compared with placebo (53149). The validity of this finding is limited due to small study size and because patients in the treatment groups had higher blood pressure at baseline.
• Minor bleeding. Topical grape vine has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that topically applying 4 mL of a specific product (Ankaferd blood stopper) containing grape vine, alpinia, licorice, thyme, and stinging nettle reduces bleeding, but does not improve the surgical time for episiotomy repair, when compared with saline (31010). It is unclear if this effect is due to grape vine, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Muscle soreness. It is unclear if oral grape products improve muscle soreness. Details: One small study in active young adults shows that drinking juice, prepared from 46 grams of freeze-dried whole grapes, daily for 6 weeks prior to an eccentric arm exercise test does not reduce muscle inflammation or pain at 24 or 48 hours post-exercise when compared with placebo (91540).
• Night vision. Although there is interest in using oral grape seed extract for improving night vision, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for purpose.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral grape seed extract reverses fatty liver in patients with NAFLD. Details: One small clinical study in adults with NAFLD shows that taking grape seed extract 1000 mg twice daily for 3 months improves some, but not all, markers of liver damage and improves the grade of fatty liver change when compared with vitamin C supplementation (53190).
• Ocular stress. Although there is interest in using oral grape seed extract for ocular stress, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this purpose.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Although there is interest in using oral grape seed extract for PMS, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of grape for this condition.
• Wound healing. Limited research suggests that topical grape seed extract might improve wound healing. Details: A small clinical study in adults undergoing surgical removal of minor skin lesions shows that applying red grape seed extract 2% cream twice daily to the affected areas reduces the time to complete wound healing by about 6 days when compared with a placebo cream (91539). Also, preliminary clinical research in patients recovering from cesarean section shows that applying grape seed extract 5% ointment twice daily to cesarean section wounds for 14 days improves wound healing, as measured by a scoring system assessing redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and wound closure, when compared with a placebo ointment. A 2.5% ointment did not improve wound healing measures when compared with placebo (100955). More evidence is needed to rate grape for these uses.

(Read more about GRAPE)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Angina. It is unclear if oral hawthorn is beneficial in patients with angina. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with angina taking chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockers or ACE inhibitor therapy shows that taking a hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifada) extract 100 mg orally three times daily for four weeks improves angina and electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and reduces nitroglycerin intake when compared with placebo (19242). Other preliminary clinical research in patients with unstable angina shows that taking hawthorn 10 grams and hu zang 15 grams orally daily for 4 weeks does not reduce the frequency of angina pectoris attacks when compared with control. However, taking hawthorn and hu zang improved some subjective symptom scores and quality of life scores (109610).
• Anxiety. Oral hawthorn has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: A clinical study in adults with mild to moderate generalized anxiety shows that taking a specific product (Sympathyl, not available in the US) containing hawthorn, magnesium, and California poppy for 90 days modestly improves anxiety scores when compared with placebo (12583). Also, a clinical study in adults with adjustment disorder and anxious mood shows that hawthorn, in combination with black horehound, passion flower, valerian, kola nut, and guarana, modestly improves anxiety scores when compared with placebo (6250). It is unclear if these effects are due to hawthorn, other ingredients, or the combination. Another small clinical study in healthy adults shows that taking a combination of herbal extracts containing hawthorn, passionflower, ballota, and valerian root daily for 14 days reduces subjective anxiety and objective sympathetic and autonomic nervous system activation in response to a psychosocial stressor when compared with placebo (111222). It is unclear if these effects are due to hawthorn, other ingredients, or the combination.
• Arrhythmia. Although there has been interest in using oral hawthorn for arrhythmia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of arrhythmia for this condition.
• Atherosclerosis. Although there has been interest in using oral hawthorn for atherosclerosis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of arrhythmia for this condition.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there has been interest in using oral hawthorn for CVD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of arrhythmia for this condition.
• Cognitive function. Oral hawthorn has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: In a preliminary clinical trial, a single dose of 25 drops of a combination product of D-camphor and hawthorn berry extract (Korodin) was superior to placebo for increasing cognitive performance in elderly female patients as measured by visuomotor speed and information processing capacity. The active treatment group showed an improvement in attentional and mental performance (19240,91504).
• Congestive heart failure (CHF). The evidence on the effects of oral hawthorn in patients with CHF is conflicting. Although some older research suggests it may be beneficial, more recent, larger studies suggest it may actually increase the risk for complications. Details: There is contradictory evidence about the effects of hawthorn extract in heart failure patients. Several clinical studies show that taking specific hawthorn leaf and flower extracts (LI 132, Faros 300, Lichtwer Pharma; WS 1442, Crataegutt forte, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals; or HeartCare, Nature's Way) 240-600 mg daily improves ejection fraction and exercise tolerance, reduces subjective symptoms, and decreases the risk of death in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) stage II heart failure. In these studies, the maximum effect was usually seen after 6-12 weeks of treatment (8279,8280,11449,19221,19223,19225,19226,19227,19228). Another clinical trial shows that hawthorn extract (WS 1442, Crataegutt forte, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals or HeartCare, Nature's Way) 1800 mg daily, combined with diuretic therapy, improves exercise tolerance and reduces subjective symptoms in NYHA stage III heart failure. In this study, maximum effect was usually seen after 16 weeks of treatment (8281). In another trial, patients with NYHA II heart failure taking either hawthorn (LI 132, Faros) 300 mg three times daily or captopril 12.5 mg three times daily experienced similar improvements in cardiac performance and symptoms (19230). However, other clinical research suggests no benefit and possible harm with hawthorn. A large-scale clinical trial (SPICE) in patients with NYHA stage II or III heart failure shows that taking specific hawthorn extracts (WS 1442, Crataegutt forte, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals; HeartCare, Nature's Way) 900 mg daily for 24 months, in combination with conventional treatment, does not decrease hospitalization due to progressive heart failure, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac death (17203). Another clinical trial in patients with NYHA stage II or III heart failure shows that taking these same specific hawthorn extracts at the same dose for up to 6 months does not slow the progression of heart failure when compared with placebo (19222). In a retrospective analysis of this study, it was shown that heart failure progression was significantly increased in patients taking hawthorn when compared with placebo. The rate of death was also increased by 1.7% over placebo, and heart failure-related hospitalizations increased by 8% over placebo in patients treated with hawthorn (16824).
• Hyperlipidemia. Although there has been interest in using oral hawthorn for hyperlipidemia, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of arrhythmia for this condition.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral hawthorn is beneficial for lowering blood pressure. Details: One preliminary clinical trial showed that taking hawthorn standardized extract 1,000-2,500 mg daily for three days does not significantly reduce blood pressure in hypertensive or prehypertensive patients when compared with placebo (19244). However, another study in patients with diabetes and hypertension shows that taking a specific hawthorn extract (LI 132) 1,200mg daily for 16 weeks significantly decreased diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure when compared with placebo (19245).
• Obesity. Although there has been interest in using oral hawthorn for obesity, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of hawthorn for this condition.
• Orthostatic hypotension. Oral hawthorn has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research in older adults with orthostatic hypotension shows that taking a specific combination product containing hawthorn and camphor (Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen) 25 drops orally three times daily for 7 days attenuates the blood pressure reduction upon standing when compared with placebo. Signs and symptoms of orthostatic hypotension such as dizziness, blurry vision, and falls also seem to be reduced when compared with baseline (39614,39617). A meta-analysis of 4 studies shows that giving single doses of 20-25 drops of the same combination product increases systolic and diastolic blood pressure when compared with placebo (103620). However, the studies have methodologic problems and, while 2 were conducted in females with orthostatic hypotension, the others involved health young adults or normotensive elderly subjects. The effect of hawthorn alone for treatment of orthostatic hypotension has not been determined. The combination product used in these studies is not available in the US. More evidence is needed to rate hawthorn for these uses.

(Read more about HAWTHORN)

POSSIBLY EFFECTIVE

• Diabetes. Oral jiaogulan extract powder may improve glycemic control in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when used alone or with diabetes medications. Details: A meta-analysis of two small clinical trials in adults with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes shows that taking jiaogulan whole plant extract powder, 1.5 grams dissolved in 60 mL of room temperature water, twice daily before meals for 8-12 weeks reduces glycated hemoglobin by 1%, fasting blood glucose by 29 mg/dL, and post-prandial blood glucose by 80 mg/dL when compared with green tea (111503). In one of the trials, both the jiaogulan and the placebo groups were also started on a sulfonylurea 4 weeks prior to the study and remained on it throughout the trial (95519). In the other trial no participants were taking diabetes medications (95520). Additionally, a very small cross-over trial that was not included in the aforementioned meta-analysis shows this same jiaogulan protocol reduces fasting blood glucose and improves insulin sensitivity at 4 weeks when compared with green tea in adults newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (94054). The washout period was 2 weeks, and switching to placebo reversed the improvements in glycemic control. All three clinical trials above were conducted in Vietnam by the same research group with the same jiaogulan extract product and protocol (94054,95519,95520). The validity of these findings may be limited by the use of a potentially non-inert green tea placebo, as green tea itself has been studied for its effects on preventing and treating diabetes.

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Aging. Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for aging, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for this purpose.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral jiaogulan is beneficial for improving athletic performance. Details: One very small, cross-over clinical trial in generally healthy, untrained, young adult males in Australia shows that taking 450 mg of jioagulan dried leaf extract daily for 4 weeks reduces the time to complete a 20 kilometer time trial by approximately 4% (112 seconds), but does not reduce time to exhaustion, when compared with placebo. (115476).
• Cancer. Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for preventing or treating cancer, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for this purpose.
• Cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for CVD, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for this purpose.
• Hypercholesterolemia. Small clinical studies suggest that oral jiaogulan extract may lower cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Details: Two small clinical studies in patients with hypercholesterolemia show that taking jiaogulan extract can decrease total cholesterol and increase the high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/total cholesterol ratio (7069,7070). The dose of jiaogulan extract used in one study was 10 mg three times daily (7069).
• Hypertension. Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for hypertension, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for this purpose.
• Memory. Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for memory, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for this purpose.
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear if oral jiaogulan extract is beneficial in patients with NAFLD. Details: One small clinical study in patients with NAFLD shows that taking jiaogulan extract three times daily for 4 months in conjunction with controlled dieting does not improve markers of liver function, body mass index, cholesterol levels, kidney function, or glucose levels when compared with placebo (57056).
• Obesity. Small clinical studies suggest that oral jiaogulan extract may slightly reduce body weight in patients who are overweight or obese. Details: Two small clinical studies in adult patients who are overweight or obese show that taking jiaogulan extract 225 mg twice daily for 12-16 weeks reduces body weight by 1.3 kg and body mass index (BMI) by around 0.4 kg/m2 when compared with placebo (94058,106651).
• Respiratory tract infections. Although there has been interest in using oral jiaogulan for various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, rhinosinusitis, and the common cold, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of jiaogulan for these conditions.
• Stress. It is unclear if oral jiaogulan extract is beneficial in patients with chronic stress. Details: One small clinical study in healthy adults with self-perceived chronic stress and anxiety at baseline, but without a confirmed diagnosis of anxiety, depression, or other mental health disorders, shows that taking jiaogulan extract 200 mg twice daily for 8 weeks while being exposed to repetitive stressful tasks decreases anxiety scores by almost 17% when compared with placebo. While no subjective assessments of stress were included, salivary cortisol levels and other stress markers did not improve with jiaogulan when compared with placebo (100961). More evidence is needed to rate jiaogulan for these uses.

(Read more about JIAOGULAN)

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Angina. It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial in patients with angina. Details: Low-quality clinical research in patients with angina shows that taking Terminalia arjuna extract 500-2000 mg orally daily for 3 months reduces the frequency of angina symptoms by 50% to 71% when compared with baseline. These results were similar to taking conventional therapy (2502,2503). Other preliminary research in adults with chronic stable angina shows that taking Terminalia arjuna 500 mg orally three times daily for 7 days reduces the need for rescue treatment and improves exercise tolerance when compared with placebo. Improvements were similar to taking isosorbide mononitrate 20 mg twice daily (92833).
• Asthma. Although there has been interest in using oral Terminalia arjuna for asthma, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of Terminalia arjuna for this purpose.
• Athletic performance. It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial for athletic performance. Details: A small clinical study in young regular exercising males shows that taking Terminalia arjuna extract (Oxyjun, Enovate Biolife Pvt Ltd, India) 400 mg daily for 8 weeks increases the time to exhaustion by approximately 117 seconds when compared with placebo. There were also modest improvements in feelings of perceived exertion and the left ventricular ejection fraction, a measure of blood pumped from the heart with each heartbeat (111093). It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial other populations such as athletes and females.
• Coronary heart disease (CHD). It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial in patients with CHD. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with CHD shows that taking Terminalia arjuna bark powder 500 mg orally daily for 30 days decreases levels of total cholesterol by about 10% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by about 16% when compared with baseline. Taking Terminalia arjuna bark powder did not improve high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (92832).
• Heart failure. The effects of Terminalia arjuna in patients with heart failure is unclear; evidence to date comes from small, short-term clinical studies, and results are conflicting. Details: Preliminary, low-quality clinical research in patients with severe, refractory congestive heart failure shows that taking Terminalia arjuna bark extract 500 mg orally three times daily for 2 weeks, as an adjunct to conventional therapy, improves left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by 17% when compared with placebo (2504). However, other preliminary clinical research in adults with stage II heart failure shows that taking an extract of Terminalia arjuna bark 750 mg orally twice daily as an adjunct to conventional therapy for 12 weeks does not improve LVEF, functional class, or functional capacity when compared with placebo (96726). However, the validity of these trials is limited by short-term treatment and variation in the conventional therapies used to manage heart failure.
• Hyperlipidemia. It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial for improving lipid levels. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obesity, shows that taking Terminalia arjuna 5 grams orally twice daily for 60 days decreases levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides by 17% and 35%, respectively, and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels by 9%, when compared with baseline. Improvements in lipid parameters were similar to taking amlodipine 5 mg and atorvastatin 10 mg daily (109677). However, this study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups.
• Hypertension. It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial for reducing blood pressure. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obesity, shows that taking Terminalia arjuna 5 grams orally twice daily for 60 days reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 11% and 14%, respectively, when compared with baseline. Improvements in blood pressure were similar to taking amlodipine 5 mg and atorvastatin 10 mg daily (109677). However, this study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups.
• Obesity. It is unclear if oral Terminalia arjuna is beneficial for weight loss. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with elevated cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, or obesity, shows that taking Terminalia arjuna 5 grams orally twice daily for 60 days reduces body mass index (BMI) by 6% when compared with baseline. Improvements in BMI were similar to taking amlodipine 5 mg and atorvastatin 10 mg daily (109677). This study may have been inadequately powered to detect a difference between groups. More evidence is needed to rate Terminalia arjuna for these uses.

(Read more about TERMINALIA ARJUNA)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately (12,94396,96441,96444). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of danshen when used by intravenous injection.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about DANSHEN)

LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Grapes and grape skin extracts have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912).

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the whole fruit of the grape, or extracts of the fruit, seed, or leaf, are used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Grape seed extracts have been used with apparent safety in doses up to 200 mg daily for up to 11 months (9182,53016) and in doses up to 2000 mg daily for up to 3 months (53149,53190). Specific grape fruit extracts (Stilvid, Actafarma; Cognigrape, Bionap srl) have been used with apparent safety in doses up to 250-350 mg daily for 3-12 months or 700 mg daily for 6 months (53254,53256,96198). A specific grape leaf extract (AS 195, Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim) has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 720 mg daily for up to 3 months (2538,52985,53005,53206). A preparation of dehydrated whole grapes, equivalent to 250 grams of fresh grapes daily, has also been used with apparent safety for up to 30 days (18228). A specific grape seed extract (Enovita; Indena SpA) 150 mg twice daily, standardized to provide at least 95% oligomeric proanthocyanins, has been used with apparent safety for up to 16 weeks (108091) ...when used topically and appropriately. Creams and ointments containing grape seed extract 2% or 5% have been used topically with apparent safety for up to 3 weeks (91539,100955). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of other grape plant parts when used topically.

CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Grapes and grape skin extracts have Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use in foods in the US (4912). However, whole grapes should be eaten with caution in children aged 5 years and under. Whole grapes can be a choking hazard for young children (96193). To reduce the risk of choking, whole grapes should be cut in half or quartered before being given to children. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of grape when used in medicinal amounts in children.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of medicinal amounts during pregnancy and breast-feeding; avoid using in amounts greater than what is commonly found in foods.

(Read more about GRAPE)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Hawthorn preparations in doses of up to 1800 mg daily seem to be safe when used for up to 16 weeks. Although hawthorn might be safe for long-term use, current studies have not evaluated safety past 16 weeks (8279,8280,8281,10144,17203,104689). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of hawthorn when used topically.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about HAWTHORN)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Tea containing jiaogulan 3 grams has been taken twice daily with apparent safety for up to 3 months (94054,95519,95520). Jiaogulan extract has been used with apparent safety at a dose of up to 450 mg daily for up to 4 months (7069,7070,57056,94058,100961,106651). An in vitro study suggests that low, medium, and high doses of jiaogulan polysaccharides are safe in a model of the human intestinal epithelial barrier (110700).

PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY UNSAFE
when used orally. Ginsenoside Rb1, which is identical to the jiaogulan constituent gypenoside 3, has teratogenic effects in animal models; avoid using (10447).

LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about JIAOGULAN)

POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Several small studies have used Terminalia arjuna powdered bark or bark extract with apparent safely in doses up to 2000 mg or 400 mg daily, respectively, for 2 weeks to 3 months (2502,2503,2504,111012,111093); however, patients should avoid self-treatment with this product due to potentially significant cardiovascular effects. Further study is needed to determine the safety of Terminalia arjuna for long-term use.

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.

(Read more about TERMINALIA ARJUNA)

AMLODIPINE (Norvasc) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking danshen in combination with amlodipine may decrease the clinical effects of amlodipine.  Details In animal research, taking danshen orally in combination with amlodipine reduced blood levels of amlodipine by about 52%. This may have been due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by danshen, which has been demonstrated in vitro (101977). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.  Details Danshen has been reported to have antithrombotic effects (6048,96440). Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone (112399).

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, taking danshen with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.  Details Animal research suggests that danshen can produce dose-dependent hypotensive effects. Furthermore, concomitant use with captopril appears to potentiate this effect (47071).

ASPIRIN Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels of aspirin and the risk of bleeding.  Details Research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with aspirin increases plasma aspirin area under the curve by approximately 3.4-fold (105517). Animal research also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu (danshen-gegen formula) with aspirin increases maximal blood levels of aspirin and salicylic acid by approximately 4-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively, without impacting blood loss (94399). Taking danshen increases the antiplatelet activity of aspirin and might increase the side effects of aspirin (105517).

CLOPIDOGREL (Plavix) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if taken with clopidogrel.  Details Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet prodrug that is metabolized by carboxyl esterase 1 (CES1) to an inactive metabolite. Animal research shows that a danshen combination formula decreases the activity of CES1, decreasing levels of the inactive metabolite in the blood and possibly increasing levels of the active metabolite (94389). Animal research also suggests that taking a danshen combination formula with clopidogrel exhibits a synergistic increase in antiplatelet aggregation and prolongation of coagulation time when compared with either taken alone (112399).

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2.  Details In vitro research shows that danshen tincture and various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP1A2 (94393,94394). However, this activity has not been shown in humans when theophylline, a CYP1A2 substrate, was used as a target drug (94398).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2C9.  Details In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 (94393). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen may increase the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP2E1.  Details In vitro research shows that various constituents of danshen inhibit the activity of CYP2E1 (94393). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.  Details Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases the clearance of midazolam, a CYP3A4 substrate. The maximum concentration of midazolam was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80% (17404,94390). However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87% (94390).

DIGOXIN (Lanoxin) Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, using danshen with digoxin might increase the risk of adverse effects.  Details Danshen has structural and pharmacological similarities to cardiac glycosides (5884,6048,7311).

FEXOFENADINE (Allegra) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of fexofenadine.  Details Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers shows that taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2% (94391).

GLUCURONIDATED DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen might affect the levels and clinical effects of drugs requiring glucuronidation.  Details In vitro research shows that danshen induces the expression of glucuronosyltransferases. However, it also inhibits the activity of glucuronosyltransferases, including various members of the 1A and 2B families. The extent of inhibition of a specific glucuronosyltransferase seems to be dependent on whether or not the danshen is processed via 'sweating'. This type of processing may affect the levels of constituents in danshen that alter glucuronosyltransferase activity (109375). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

MIDAZOLAM (Versed) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels and clinical effects of midazolam.  Details Preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that the administration of danshen for 10-14 days induces intestinal CYP3A4 and increases midazolam clearance. The maximum concentration was decreased by 31% to 67%, and drug levels were decreased by 27% to 80% (17404,94390). However, a single dose of danshen has the opposite effect, increasing maximum concentrations of midazolam by 87% (94390).

P-GLYCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Danshen might alter the levels of drugs cleared by p-glycoprotein.  Details Pharmacokinetic research in healthy volunteers suggests that danshen might affect p-glycoprotein activity. Taking danshen extract 1 gram three times daily for 10 days prior to receiving fexofenadine 60 mg increases peak levels of fexofenadine, a p-glycoprotein substrate, by 27.4% and area under the curve (AUC) by 37.2% (94391).

ROSUVASTATIN (Crestor) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, danshen might increase the levels and clinical effects of rosuvastatin.  Details Animal research shows that a single dose of danshen increases levels of rosuvastatin at least 2-fold, possibly by increasing absorption and/or decreasing elimination (94395). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

WARFARIN (Coumadin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, danshen may increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.  Details There have been several case reports of increased international normalized ratio (INR) after concomitant use of danshen and warfarin. Elevations in INR have occurred as early as 3-5 days after start of danshen (611,612,2237,5883,5884). However, a clinical trial in adults taking warfarin with stable INR found that the addition of compound danshen dripping pills, containing danshen extract, Panax notoginseng, and borneol, 270 mg three times daily for 4 weeks did not alter INR levels or the average required warfarin dose when compared to baseline (96438). These findings are consistent with animal research, which found no change in warfarin pharmacokinetics with the use of danshen (94388,94397,94399). Other research in healthy adult males also shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin does not increases plasma warfarin area under the curve, but may reduce plasma soluble thrombomodulin levels (105517). However, other research shows that danshen might increase the rate of absorption and decrease the elimination rate of warfarin (5884,6048,94398). Also, research in healthy adult males shows that taking a combination of danshen and kudzu with warfarin increases plasma area under the curve of danshensu, a constituent of danshen, by approximately 29.5-fold (105517). Danshen should be used cautiously in patients taking warfarin.

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ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, grape extracts may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.  Details In vitro evidence suggests that grape extracts might decrease platelet aggregation (53017,53087).

CYCLOSPORINE (Neoral, Sandimmune) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Ingesting grape juice with cyclosporine can reduce cyclosporine absorption.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy young adults shows that intake of purple grape juice 200 mL along with cyclosporine can decrease the absorption of cyclosporine by up to 30% when compared with water (53177). Separate doses of grape juice and cyclosporine by at least 2 hours to avoid this interaction.

CYTOCHROME P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, grape juice might reduce the levels of CYP1A2 substrates.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of CYP1A2 (2539).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Minor Be watchful with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Unlikely •  Level of Evidence = D It is unclear if grape juice or grape seed extract inhibits CYP2C9; research is conflicting.  Details In vitro evidence shows that grape seed extract or grape juice might inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes (11094,53011,53089). However, a small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that drinking 8 ounces of grape juice once does not affect the clearance of flurbiprofen, a probe-drug for CYP2C9 metabolism (11094). The effects of continued grape juice consumption are unclear.

CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, grape seed extract may increase the levels of CYP2D6 substrates.  Details In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP2D6 enzymes (53011). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, grape seed extract might increase the levels of CYP2E1 substrates.  Details In vitro and animal research suggests that grape seed proanthocyanidin extract inhibits CYP2E1 enzymes (52949). However, this interaction has not been reported in humans.

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D It is unclear if grape seed extract inhibits or induces CYP3A4; research is conflicting.  Details In vitro evidence suggests that grape seed extract might inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes (53089). However, evidence from animal research shows that grape seed extract may induce CYP3A4 in the liver (53011). So far, these interactions have not been reported in humans.

MIDAZOLAM (Versed) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, long-term intake of grape seed extract might decrease the effects of midazolam.  Details Animal research shows that subchronic ingestions of grape seed extract can increase the elimination of intravenous midazolam by increasing hepatic CYP3A4 activity. Single doses of grape seed extract do not appear to affect midazolam elimination (53011).

PHENACETIN Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Grape juice might decrease phenacetin absorption.  Details A small pharmacokinetic study in healthy adults shows that ingestion of 200 mL of grape juice decreases phenacetin plasma levels. This is thought to be due to induction of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) (2539).

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ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, hawthorn may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.  Details In vitro and animal research shows that hawthorn can inhibit platelet aggregation (95528,95529,95530,95531). However, its effect in humans is unclear. One observational study shows that patients taking hawthorn shortly before undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery or valve replacement surgery have a 10% incidence of postoperative bleeding, compared with 1% in those who never consumed hawthorn extract (95527). However, clinical research shows that taking a specific preparation of dried hawthorn leaves and flowers (Crataesor, Soria Natural Lab) 800 mg three times daily for 15 days does not affect platelet aggregation or levels of thromboxane B2, the metabolite of thromboxane A2, in healthy humans (54664).

BETA-BLOCKERS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use might cause additive effects on blood pressure and heart rate.  Details Some evidence shows that hawthorn might lower blood pressure and heart rate (12595,19245,113112,113113).

CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use might cause additive coronary vasodilation and hypotensive effects.  Details Some evidence shows that hawthorn might lower blood pressure due to vasodilatory effects (12595,19245).

DIGOXIN (Lanoxin) Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, hawthorn might potentiate the effects and adverse effects of digoxin.  Details Hawthorn appears to improve cardiac output (12595); however, hawthorn does not appear to affect digoxin pharmacokinetics (19249). Case reports suggest that at least one species of hawthorn root extract (Crataegus mexicana) may produce adverse effects similar to digoxin and can cross-react with digoxin assays, leading to falsely elevated plasma digoxin levels (113112,113113).

NITRATES Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use might cause additive coronary vasodilatory effects.  Details Some evidence shows that hawthorn might lower blood pressure due to vasodilatory effects (12595,19245).

PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 INHIBITORS Interaction Rating = Major Do not take this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Probable •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use might result in additive vasodilation and hypotension.  Details Hawthorn might inhibit PDE-5 and cause vasodilation (12595).

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ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of bleeding when taken with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.  Details In vitro research suggests that jiaogulan has antiplatelet effects (7071).

ANTIDIABETES DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = B Theoretically, jiaogulan might increase the risk of hypoglycemia when taken with antidiabetes drugs.  Details Clinical research shows that jiaogulan can lower blood glucose levels (94054,95519,95520).

IMMUNOSUPPRESSANTS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = High •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, jiaogulan might decrease the effectiveness of immunosuppressive therapy.  Details Clinical and animal studies suggest that jiaogulan can stimulate the immune system (6,94056).

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ANTICOAGULANT/ANTIPLATELET DRUGS Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, concomitant use of Terminalia arjuna with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs may increase the risk of bleeding in some patients.  Details In vitro, Terminalia arjuna bark extract inhibits platelet aggregation, decreases platelet activation, and shows antithrombotic properties (92831).

CYTOCHROME P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of Terminalia arjuna may increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Terminalia arjuna extract inhibits CYP2C9 enzymes and reduces CYP2C9 substrate metabolism (96729).

CYTOCHROME P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of Terminalia arjuna may increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2D6 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Terminalia arjuna extract inhibits CYP2D6 enzymes and reduces CYP2D6 substrate metabolism (96729).

CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) SUBSTRATES Interaction Rating = Moderate Be cautious with this combination. Severity = Moderate •  Occurrence = Possible •  Level of Evidence = D Theoretically, use of Terminalia arjuna may increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP3A4 substrates.  Details In vitro research shows that Terminalia arjuna extract inhibits CYP3A4 enzymes and reduces CYP3A4 substrate metabolism (96729).

(Read more about TERMINALIA ARJUNA)

General ...Orally, danshen seems to be well tolerated. There is limited reliable information available about the adverse effects of danshen when used intravenously.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally or intravenously: Upset stomach, pruritus, and reduced appetite.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, in clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include palpitations; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (109370).

Dermatologic ...Orally or intravenously, danshen can cause pruritus (12,96440).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally or intravenously, danshen can cause upset stomach and reduced appetite (12). In clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include loose stools; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (109370).

Hematologic ...Orally or intravenously, side effects of danshen preparations reported in clinical trials include thrombocytopenia; however, it is not known if this effect was due to danshen or other drugs (15538).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally or intravenously, in clinical trials, side effects of danshen preparations include drowsiness, dizziness, or headache; however, it is not known if these effects were due to danshen or other drugs (15538,109370).

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General ...Orally, the whole fruit, as well as the seed, fruit, and leaf extracts, seem to be well tolerated. Topically, grape seed extracts seem to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, headache, joint pain, and nausea.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis to grape skin has been reported.

Dermatologic ...Orally, mild hair thinning has been reported in a patient taking a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (2538). Urticaria (hives) has also been reported with this same extract (53206). Cases of contact dermatitis have been reported in grape workers, including those working in California vineyards (53270,53272,53275).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, abdominal pain and nausea have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects typically occur at rates similar to placebo (9182,13162). In a case report of a 57-year-old man, intermittent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred over a 10-day period and improved once grape seed extract was stopped (96764). Gastrointestinal adverse effects have also been reported with use of a different grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of gastrointestinal effects were not described (100954). A specific grape leaf extract AS195 (Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG) has reportedly caused flatulence, mild constipation, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, dyspepsia, dry mouth, and retching (2538,52985,53206). Diarrhea, gastrointestinal distress, indigestion, and aversion to taste have been reported with use of Concord grape juice (52972,53166,53175,53181,53199). Loose stools have been reported in a clinical trial of grape pomace (99270). Bowel obstruction caused by intact grapes and grape seeds has been described in case reports (53241,53284,53278). Excessive consumption of grapes, dried grapes, raisins, or sultanas might cause diarrhea due to laxative effects (4201).

Hematologic ...Orally, one case of leg hematoma following a minor trauma was reported in a person using grape leaf extract (2538). Also, one case of bruising was reported in a person drinking Concord grape juice daily for 2 weeks (52972).

Immunologic ...Orally, there is one report of an anaphylactic reaction to oral grape skin extract, which included urticaria and angioedema (4073).

Musculoskeletal ...Orally, musculoskeletal disorders, including back pain, have been reported with use of a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (2538,53206). Joint pain and lumbago have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects occur at rates similar to placebo (91541).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, headache has been reported with use of grape seed extract, but this effect occurs at rates similar to placebo (9182,91541). A specific grape leaf extract AS195 (Antistax, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG) has reportedly caused dizziness, tiredness, headache, and sleep problems (2538,53206). As a class, nervous system adverse effects have been reported with use of a specific grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of adverse neurologic effects were not described (100954).

Ocular/Otic ...Orally, ocular adverse effects have been reported with use of a specific grape seed extract (Entelon, Hanlim Pharm). However, the specific types of ocular adverse effects were not described (100954).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, nasopharyngitis and oropharyngeal pain have been reported with use of a specific grape leaf extract AS195 KG) (53206). Sore throat, cough, allergic rhinitis, and nasopharyngitis have been reported with use of grape seed extract, but these effects occur at rates similar to placebo (9182,91541). One case report describes a 16-year-old female who developed increased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) following skin-prick exposure to grape vine pollen, as well as positive test responses following bronchial and conjunctival provocation (53301). Reduced forced vital capacity has been described in California grape workers (53080,53081). Occupational eosinophilic lung was diagnosed in a grape grower with a history of asthma. Respiratory exposure to sulfites in grape was implicated as the cause of the adverse reaction (53285).

Other ...Orally, grape products can cause adverse effects due to contamination with pesticides or mycotoxins. Some evidence has shown that pesticides used in vineyards may remain on grape surfaces post-harvesting. For example, the fungicide folpet sprayed on grapevines has been shown to remain on the grape surface. Although there was minimal penetration of the epicuticular wax, it showed high resistance to washing (52935). Carbaryl has been identified in over 58% of juice samples collected in Canada. This pesticide reportedly occurred more frequently in grape than in other juices. However, estimates of short-term intake were below proposed acute reference doses (53003).
Ochratoxin A is a mycotoxin that is suspected to be nephrotoxic, teratogenic, hepatotoxic and carcinogenic and has been identified in grape juice, frozen grape pulps, and red and white wine sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. However, the highest levels identified in grape products were lower than the established virtually safe dose of 5 ng/kg of body weight daily (53010,53004). Ochratoxin A has also been identified in red, but not white, grape juice marketed in Switzerland, Canada, and the U.S. (53292,53020).

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General ...Orally, hawthorn seems to be well tolerated when used appropriately. Topically, no adverse effects have been reported, although a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions resulting in acute renal failure have been reported rarely.

Cardiovascular ...Orally, tachycardia (with facial pains) of uncertain relationship to hawthorn was reported in a multicenter clinical trial (54640). Palpitations (19244) were reported in three patients in a large surveillance trial of 3,664 patients with cardiac failure (54692) and in 11 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) in a literature review of 5,577 patients (19247). Circulation failure has been reported in two patients with CHF in a literature review of 5,577 patients (19247). Incidences of hospitalization, hospitalization due to CHF, worsening of CHF, angina, and atrial fibrillation have also been reported with the use of hawthorn extract WS 1442 (Crataegutt forte), although it is unclear if these events are related to hawthorn supplementation or existing CHF (19222). In clinical trials, chest pain (8281), short-term increases in blood pressure (19240), and other non-specific heart problems (17203) have also been reported following the use of various hawthorn preparations (e.g. WS 1442, Korodin).
Orally, severe bradycardia, bradypnea, and Mobitz type 1 second degree heart block have been reported in a 16-year-old female who consumed Hawthorn root extract. Blood tests indicated plasma digoxin levels in the therapeutic range, despite no history of digoxin use. Medical treatment for digoxin cardiotoxicity did not improve symptoms. Symptoms gradually normalized over 3 days after discontinuation of the product (113112). Similarly, a 40-year-old female presented with bradycardia and elevated plasma digoxin levels after taking hawthorn root extract 196 mg daily for 2 days with no history of digoxin use. Symptoms resolved within 24 hours (113113).

Dermatologic ...Orally, erythematous rash has been reported in patients with CHF in a literature review of 5,577 patients (19247). Non-specific rashes and itching (19222,19243) as well as toxiderma from the fruits of hawthorn (54670) have also been reported.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, rare abdominal discomfort of uncertain relationship to hawthorn has been reported in a large clinical trial, surveillance study, case reports, and a literature review (19247,54640,54692,113112). Digestive intolerance (19241), diarrhea (19243,113112), flatulence (8281), gastroenteritis (8281), increased bowel movements (19243), obstipation (8281), mild and rare nausea (10144,19247,19244), vomiting (113112), nutritional and metabolic problems (17203), and other non-specific gastrointestinal effects (19222), have also been reported. Furthermore, gastrointestinal hemorrhage has been reported in two patients with CHF in a literature review of 5,577 patients (19247).

Musculoskeletal ...In clinical trials, arthritis (8281), back pain (8281), weakness (19243), and other non-specific musculoskeletal effects (19222) have been reported following the use of various hawthorn preparations g. WS 1442, CKBM-A01). Additionally, in a case report, myalgia has been reported following use of hawthorn root extract (113113).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, headache and dizziness/vertigo were reported in 2 patients in a large surveillance trial of 3,664 patients with cardiac failure (54692), in 15 patients with CHF as reported in a literature review of 5,577 patients (19247), in a varying number of clinical trial participants (8281,19222,19244), and in case reports (113112,113113). Incidences of fainting (19222), fever (17203), and infrequent, mild and transient sleepiness have also been reported (19221,54692).

Psychiatric ...Orally, agitation was reported in a large surveillance trial of 3,664 patients with cardiac failure (54692).

Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Orally, bronchitis has been reported following the use of hawthorn extract WS 1442 (8281), and bradypnea has been reported following the use of hawthorn root extract (113112).

Renal ...A case of multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction and acute renal failure following the consumption of C. orientalis has been reported (54654).

Other ...Flu-like syndrome (8281) and other non-specific infections have been reported following the use of the hawthorn extract WS 1442 (17203,19222). Hawthorn has also been reported to cause nosebleeds (8281,10144).

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General ...Orally, jiaogulan seems to be well tolerated when used for up to 4 months.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea and nausea.

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, jiaogulan may cause diarrhea and nausea (6,106651). Dry mouth has also been reported with oral jiaogulan use (106651).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, jiaogulan may cause dizziness and insomnia (106651).

(Read more about JIAOGULAN)

General ...There is currently a limited amount of information available on the adverse effects of oral Terminalia arjuna. A thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.

(Read more about TERMINALIA ARJUNA)