| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
|---|---|
|
(Cucurbita pepo L.)
(seed)
(EFLA 940)
|
325 mg |
|
(fruit)
(45% Fatty Acids)
|
150 mg |
|
(and Diindolylmethane, a patented enhanced bioavailability complex of Starch)
(25%)
|
150 mg |
|
(from PhytoPin)
|
150 mg |
|
(rhizome)
(Curcumin C3 Complex)
(95% Total Curcuminoids)
|
100 mg |
|
(Bromelain Note: 2,000 GDU/g)
|
250 mg |
|
(Citrus)
(98%)
|
250 mg |
|
(from Japanese Sophora)
(95%)
|
250 mg |
|
(from Japanese Sophora)
(95%)
|
250 mg |
Maltodextrin, Vegetarian Capsule (Form: Hypromellose, purified Water)
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product ProstaDIM. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product ProstaDIM. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Doses up to 240 mg daily have been used safely for up to a year (6252,6253,10622,11457,18281,18284,91104,91105,91106,91111)(96449,103298). Higher doses up to 3200 mg daily have been used safely, short-term (18283,110546). ...when used topically and appropriately. Bromelain has been used safely as a debriding agent for up to 4 hours (18275,91113,103297,108148,108149,113899). Additionally, a retrospective cohort study in critically ill patients with severe burns suggests that use of bromelain as a debriding agent for up to 4 hours is not associated with a greater risk of bacteremia (113899).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. The typical diet supplies 2-24 mg of diindolylmethane daily (7170,7176,7664).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal doses. Diindolylmethane has been used with apparent safety at a dose of 45 mg daily for up to 6 months or at a higher dose of 100-140 mg daily for up to 3 months (47709,47729,93836,103830).
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used orally in doses of 600 mg daily. In one clinical study, two cases of grade 3 asymptomatic hyponatremia were associated with taking diindolylmethane 600 mg daily (47729).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.
The typical diet supplies 2-24 mg of diindolylmethane daily (7170,7176,7664).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.
The typical diet supplies 2-24 mg of diindolylmethane daily (7170,7176,7664). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of diindolylmethane when used in amounts greater than those found in foods during pregnancy and lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts found in foods.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when supplements are used orally and appropriately, short-term. Doses of up to 3 grams daily have been used with apparent safety for up to 3 months (37494,54850,94544,105275,105276).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally in doses of up to 100 mg daily for 30 days in combination with diosmin.
Some evidence suggests that taking this combination may be associated with placental insufficiency when used during the third trimester of pregnancy; however, the combination does not seem to induce fetal abnormalities, retard fetal growth, increase the risk of intrauterine death, or affect birth weight. Also, when breastfeeding, this combination does not seem to affect infant growth or feeding (54970).
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Plant sterols have been safely used in studies lasting up to one year (35022,35037,90724,90726,90730,90732,90733,90734,90739,90742). Due to the unknown safety of plant sterol oxidation products, and the known production of these oxidation products during the heating of foods (106092), there is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of heat-treated foods containing added plant sterols.
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately.
Plant sterols have been safely used in children in studies lasting for up to 6 months (35037,90722,90723,90726,90731,35106).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in amounts commonly found in foods.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when the seed or seed oil is used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts, short-term. Pumpkin seed has been used with apparent safety in a dose of up to 10 grams daily for up to 12 months (92383). Pumpkin seed oil has been used with apparent safety in a dose of up to 400 mg daily for up to 6 months (92378). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of pumpkin seed oil when used topically.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using amounts greater than those found in food.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Quercetin has been used with apparent safety in doses up to 1 gram daily for up to 12 weeks (481,1998,1999,16418,16429,16430,16431,96774,96775,96782)(99237,102539,102540,102541,104229,104679,106498,106499,107450,109620)(109621). ...when used intravenously and appropriately. Quercetin has been used with apparent safety in doses less than 945 mg/m2. Higher doses have been reported to cause nephrotoxicity (9564,16418). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of quercetin when used topically.
POSSIBLY UNSAFE ...when used intravenously in large amounts. Doses greater than 945 mg/m2 have been reported to cause nephrotoxicity (9564,16418).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION:
Insufficient reliable information available; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts found in foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally in medicinal amounts, short-term. Rutin has been used with apparent safety at doses of up to 600 mg daily for up to 12 weeks (6252,24560,91104,96766,105298). ...when applied topically as a cream (92236,99258,99260).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the use of supplemental rutin; avoid amounts greater than those found in foods.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Saw palmetto has been safely used in clinical studies lasting up to 3 years (2735,6750,6752,6764,6772,6773,11354,14274,15550,17202,17306,17684,73315,73383,73384,73385,73389,89441,96410,96412,110540).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used rectally and appropriately. Saw palmetto has been used safely in clinical research at a dose of 640 mg once daily for 30 days (73387). However, the long-term safety of saw palmetto administered rectally is not known.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally.
Saw palmetto has hormonal activity (6766); avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately, short-term. Turmeric products providing up to 8 grams of curcumin have been safely used for up to 2 months (10453,11144,11150,17953,79085,89720,89721,89724,89728,101347)(81036,101349,107110,107116,107117,107118,107121,109278,109283,114899) and products providing up to 1500 mg of curcumin daily have been safely used for up to 12 months (114898) . Additionally, turmeric in doses up to 3 grams daily has been used with apparent safety for up to 3 months (102350,104146,104148,113357,114906). ...when used topically and appropriately (11148).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used as an enema, short-term. Turmeric extract in water has been used as a daily enema for up to 8 weeks (89729). ...when used topically as a mouthwash, short-term. A mouthwash containing 0.05% turmeric extract and 0.05% eugenol has been used safely twice daily for up to 21 days (89723).
PREGNANCY: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in food.
PREGNANCY: LIKELY UNSAFE
when used orally in medicinal amounts; turmeric might stimulate the uterus and increase menstrual flow (12).
LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts commonly found in food.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of using turmeric in medicinal amounts during lactation.
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product ProstaDIM. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Bromelain may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
 Details
There is one case report of a patient experiencing minor bruising while taking bromelain with naproxen (14806). Bromelain is thought to have antiplatelet activity (10639,14806,18285,18286,37234). Whether this interaction is of concern with topical bromelain is unclear. Interference with coagulation of burn wounds has been reported in a patient receiving bromelain-based enzymatic debridement. However, observational research has found that topical bromelain debridement is not associated with increases or decreases in laboratory markers of coagulation when compared with surgical debridement (110547).
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Theoretically, bromelain might increase levels of tetracycline antibiotics.
Details
Laboratory research suggests that bromelain might increase the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics. However, a study in healthy adults reported no difference in tetracycline plasma levels when a 500 mg dose was taken with or without bromelain 80 mg (14296).
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Theoretically, diindolylmethane might lower serum levels of CYP1A2 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, diindolylmethane might increase the risk of hyponatremia if used with sodium-depleting diuretics.
Details
Large doses of diindolylmethane (600 mg daily) have been associated with two cases of asymptomatic hyponatremia in clinical research (47729).
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Theoretically, diindolylmethane might increase or decrease the effects of estrogens.
Details
Diindolylmethane might have mild estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects (7664). Theoretically, large amounts of diindolylmethane might interfere with hormone replacement therapy.
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Theoretically, hesperidin may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
Animal research suggests that hesperetin, a bioflavonoid aglycone derivative of hesperidin, may have antiplatelet activity (54822).
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Theoretically, taking hesperidin with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
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Theoretically, hesperidin may decrease the levels and clinical effects of celiprolol.
Details
Animal research shows that concomitant use of hesperidin may reduce the plasma area under the curve of celiprolol by up to 75% (91760). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use with CNS depressants may cause additive sedative effects.
Details
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Theoretically, hesperidin may increase the levels and clinical effects of diltiazem.
Details
Animal research suggests that hesperidin may enhance the bioavailability of diltiazem, increasing the plasma area under the curve of diltiazem by up to 65.3% (91761). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, hesperidin might inhibit P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux and potentially increase levels of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Details
In vitro research shows that hesperidin can inhibit P-glycoprotein efflux (54908). This effect has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, hesperidin might increase the levels and clinical effects of verapamil.
Details
Animal research suggests that hesperidin may enhance the bioavailability of verapamil, increasing the plasma area under the curve of verapamil by 96.8% (91762). This effect has not been reported in humans
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Pumpkin might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium.
Details
Pumpkin is thought to have diuretic properties (92383). Theoretically, this might reduce excretion and increase levels of lithium. The dose of lithium might need to be decreased.
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Theoretically, concomitant use of quercetin and antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Clinical research suggests that a combination of quercetin, myricetin, and chlorogenic acid reduce levels of fasting glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes, including those already taking antidiabetes agents (96779). The effect of quercetin alone is unknown. |
Theoretically, taking quercetin with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of cyclosporine.
Details
A small study in healthy volunteers shows that pretreatment with quercetin increases plasma levels and prolongs the half-life of a single dose of cyclosporine, possibly due to inhibition of p-glycoprotein or cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes cyclosporin (16434). |
Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C8 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
A small clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that taking quercetin 500 mg twice daily for 10 days prior to taking diclofenac, a CYP2C9 substrate, increases diclofenac plasma levels by 75% and prolongs the half-life by 32.5% (97931). Animal research also shows that pretreatment with quercetin increases plasma levels and prolongs the half-life of losartan (Cozaar), a substrate of CYP2C9 (100968). Furthermore, laboratory research shows that quercetin inhibits CYP2C9 (15549,16433). |
Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2D6 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, concomitant use might alter the effects and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
A small clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that pretreatment with quercetin increases plasma levels and prolongs the half-life of a single dose of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), a substrate of CYP3A4 (16434). Animal research also shows that pretreatment with quercetin increases plasma levels and prolongs the half-life of losartan (Cozaar) and quetiapine (Seroquel), substrates of CYP3A4 (100968,104228). Other laboratory research also shows that quercetin inhibits CYP3A4 (15549,16433,16435). However, one clinical study shows that quercetin can increase the metabolism of midazolam, a substrate of CYP3A4, and decrease serum concentrations of midazolam by about 24% in some healthy individuals, suggesting possible induction of CYP3A4 (91573).
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the levels and adverse effects of diclofenac.
Details
A small clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that taking quercetin 500 mg twice daily for 10 days prior to taking diclofenac increases diclofenac plasma levels by 75% and prolongs the half-life by 32.5%. This is thought to be due to inhibition of CYP2C9 by quercetin (97931). |
Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of losartan and decrease the effects of its active metabolite.
Details
Animal research shows that pretreatment with quercetin increases plasma levels and prolongs the half-life of losartan (Cozaar) while decreasing plasma levels of losartan's active metabolite. This metabolite, which is around 10-fold more potent than losartan, is the result of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9- and CYP3A4-mediated transformation of losartan. Additionally, in vitro research shows that quercetin may inhibit P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of losartan from the intestines, resulting in increased absorption of losartan (100968). These results suggest that concomitant use of quercetin and losartan might increase systemic exposure to losartan while also decreasing plasma concentrations of losartan's active and more potent metabolite. |
Theoretically, concomitant use might decrease the levels and effects of midazolam.
Details
A small clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that quercetin can increase the metabolism of midazolam, with a decrease in AUC of about 24% (91573). |
Theoretically, quercetin might increase the effects and adverse effects of mitoxantrone.
Details
In vitro research shows that quercetin increases the intracellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of mitoxantrone, possibly through inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), of which mitoxantrone is a substrate (107897). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of OAT1 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that quercetin is a strong non-competitive inhibitor of OAT1, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values less than 10 mcM (104454). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans. |
Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of OAT3 substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of OATP substrates.
Details
In vitro evidence shows that quercetin can inhibit organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP) 1B1-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate and pravastatin (91581). Furthermore, clinical research in healthy males shows that intake of quercetin along with pravastatin increases the AUC of pravastatin by 24%, prolongs its half-life by 14%, and decreases its apparent clearance by 18%, suggesting that quercetin modestly inhibits the uptake of pravastatin in hepatic cells (91581). |
Theoretically, concomitant use might alter the effects and adverse effects of P-glycoprotein substrates.
Details
There is preliminary evidence that quercetin inhibits the gastrointestinal P-glycoprotein efflux pump, which might increase the bioavailability and serum levels of drugs transported by the pump (16433,16434,16435,100968,104228). A small study in healthy volunteers reported that pretreatment with quercetin increased bioavailability and plasma levels after a single dose of cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) (16434). Also, two small studies have shown that quercetin might decrease the absorption of talinolol, a substrate transported by the gastrointestinal P-glycoprotein efflux pump (91579,91580). However, in another small study, several days of quercetin treatment did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of saquinavir (Invirase) (16433). The reason for these discrepancies is not entirely clear (91580). Until more is known, use quercetin cautiously in combination with P-glycoprotein substrates. |
Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of pravastatin.
Details
In vitro evidence shows that quercetin can inhibit OATP 1B1-mediated uptake of pravastatin (91581). Also, preliminary clinical research in healthy males shows that intake of quercetin along with pravastatin increases the maximum concentration of pravastatin by 24%, prolongs its half-life by 14%, and decreases its apparent clearance by 18%, suggesting that quercetin modestly inhibits the uptake of pravastatin in hepatic cells (91581).
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Theoretically, quercetin might increase the effects and adverse effects of prazosin.
Details
In vitro research shows that quercetin inhibits the transcellular efflux of prazosin, possibly through inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), of which prazosin is a substrate. BCRP is an ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter in the intestines, kidneys, and liver (107897). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might increase the effects and adverse effects of quetiapine.
Details
Animal research shows that pretreatment with quercetin can increase plasma levels of quetiapine and prolong its clearance, possibly due to inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by quercetin. Additionally, the brain-to-plasma ratio of quetiapine concentrations increased, possibly due to inhibition of P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier (104228). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, concomitant use might inhibit the effects of quinolone antibiotics.
Details
In vitro, quercetin binds to the DNA gyrase site on bacteria (481), which may interfere with the activity of quinolone antibiotics.
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Theoretically, quercetin might increase the effects and adverse effects of sulfasalazine.
Details
Animal research shows that quercetin increases the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of sulfasalazine, possibly through inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), of which sulfasalazine is a substrate (107897). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, quercetin may increase the risk of bleeding if used with warfarin.
Details
Animal and in vitro studies show that quercetin might increase serum levels of warfarin (17213,109619). Quercetin and warfarin have the same human serum albumin (HSA) binding site, and in vitro research shows that quercetin has stronger affinity for the HSA binding site and can theoretically displace warfarin, causing higher serum levels of warfarin (17213). Animal research shows that taking quercetin for 2 weeks before initiating warfarin increases the maximum serum level of warfarin by 30%, the half-life by 10%, and the overall exposure by 63% when compared with control. Concomitant administration of quercetin and warfarin, without quercetin pre-treatment, also increased these measures, but to a lesser degree. Researchers theorize that inhibition of CYP3A4 by quercetin may explain these effects (109619). So far, this interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, taking rutin with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Animal research suggests that rutin has hypoglycemic effects (105299).
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Saw palmetto might increase the risk of bleeding with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
Saw palmetto is reported to prolong bleeding time (8659). Theoretically, it might increase the risk of bleeding when used concomitantly with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
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Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of contraceptive drugs.
Details
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects (6766). Theoretically, it might interfere with contraceptive drugs taken concomitantly.
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Saw palmetto might reduce the effectiveness of estrogens.
Details
Saw palmetto might have antiestrogenic effects (6766). Theoretically, it might interfere with estrogens taken concomitantly.
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Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
Details
In vitro research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits mechlorethamine-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 70%. Also, animal research shows that curcumin inhibits cyclophosphamide-induced tumor regression (96126). However, some in vitro research shows that curcumin does not affect the apoptosis capacity of etoposide. Also, other laboratory research suggests that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the specific chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects (96125). More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have on alkylating agents.
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Taking turmeric with amlodipine may increase levels of amlodipine.
Details
Animal research shows that giving amlodipine 1 mg/kg as a single dose following the use of turmeric extract 200 mg/kg daily for 2 weeks increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by 53% and 56%, respectively, when compared with amlodipine alone (107113). Additional animal research shows that taking amlodipine 1 mg/kg with a curcumin 2 mg/kg pretreatment for 10 days increases the maximum concentration and area under the curve by about 2-fold when compared with amlodipine alone (103099).
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Turmeric may have antiplatelet effects and may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs. However, research is conflicting.
Details
Curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro (11143,81204,81271). Furthermore, two case reports have found that taking turmeric along with warfarin or fluindione was associated with an increased international normalized ratio (INR) (89718,100906). However, one clinical study in healthy volunteers shows that taking curcumin 500 mg daily for 3 weeks, alone or with aspirin 100 mg, does not increase antiplatelet effects or bleeding risk (96137). It is possible that the dose of turmeric used in this study was too low to produce a notable effect.
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Theoretically, taking turmeric with antidiabetes drugs might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Animal research and case reports suggest that curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can reduce blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes (79692,79984,80155,80313,80315,80476,80553,81048,81219). Furthermore, clinical research in adults with type 2 diabetes shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared with glyburide alone, despite the lack of a significant pharmacokinetic interaction (96133). Other clinical studies in patients with diabetes show that taking curcumin daily can reduce blood glucose levels when compared with placebo (104149,114898,114900).
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Turmeric has antioxidant effects. Theoretically, this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
Details
In vitro and animal research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits doxorubicin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 65% (96126). However, curcumin does not seem to affect the apoptosis capacity of daunorubicin. In fact, some research shows that curcumin might augment the cytotoxic effects of antitumor antibiotics, increasing their effectiveness. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agent. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects (96125). More evidence is needed to determine what effects, if any, antioxidants such as turmeric have on antitumor antibiotics.
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase or decrease levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A1. However, research is conflicting.
Details
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP1A2. However, research is conflicting.
Details
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Turmeric might increase levels of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
Details
In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituents curcumin and curcuminoids inhibit CYP3A4 (21497,21498,21499). Also, 8 case reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) adverse drug reaction database describe increased toxicity in patients taking turmeric and cancer medications that are CYP3A4 substrates, including everolimus, ruxolitinib, ibrutinib, and palbociclib, and bortezomib (111644). In another case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels after consuming turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily for ten days prior. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to CYP3A4 inhibition (93544).
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of oral docetaxel.
Details
Animal research suggests that the turmeric constituent, curcumin, enhances the oral bioavailability of docetaxel (80999). However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.
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Theoretically, large amounts of turmeric might interfere with hormone replacement therapy through competition for estrogen receptors.
Details
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, displaces the binding of estrogen to its receptors (21486).
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Theoretically, taking turmeric and glyburide in combination might increase the risk of hypoglycemia.
Details
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin 475 mg daily for 10 days prior to taking glyburide 5 mg increases blood levels of glyburide by 12% at 2 hours after the dose in patients with type 2 diabetes. While maximal blood concentrations of glyburide were not affected, turmeric modestly decreased postprandial glucose levels for up to 24 hours when compared to glyburide alone, possibly due to the hypoglycemic effect of turmeric demonstrated in animal research (96133).
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase the risk of liver damage when taken with hepatotoxic drugs.
Details
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects of losartan.
Details
Research in hypertensive rats shows that taking turmeric can increase the hypotensive effects of losartan (110897).
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Theoretically, turmeric might have additive effects when used with hepatotoxic drugs such as methotrexate.
Details
In one case report, a 39-year-old female taking methotrexate, turmeric, and linseed oil developed hepatotoxicity (111644).
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of norfloxacin.
Details
Animal research shows that taking curcumin, a turmeric constituent, can increase blood levels of orally administered norfloxacin (80863).
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase blood levels of OATP4C1 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that the turmeric constituent curcumin competitively inhibits OATP4C1 transport. This transporter is expressed in the kidney and facilitates the renal excretion of certain drugs (113337). Theoretically, taking turmeric might decrease renal excretion of OATP substrates.
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Theoretically, turmeric might increase the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates.
Details
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Theoretically, turmeric might alter blood levels of paclitaxel, although any effect may not be clinically relevant.
Details
Clinical research in adults with breast cancer receiving intravenous paclitaxel suggests that taking turmeric may modestly alter paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. Patients received paclitaxel on day 1, followed by either no treatment or turmeric 2 grams daily from days 2-22. Pharmacokinetic modeling suggests that turmeric reduces the maximum concentration and area under the curve of paclitaxel by 12.1% and 7.7%, respectively. However, these changes are not likely to be considered clinically relevant (108876). Conversely, animal research suggests that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, enhances the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (22005). However, the significance of this interaction is unclear, as this drug is typically administered intravenously in clinical settings.
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Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of sulfasalazine.
Details
Clinical research shows that taking the turmeric constituent, curcumin, can increase blood levels of sulfasalazine by 3.2-fold (81131).
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Turmeric might increase the effects and adverse effects of tacrolimus.
Details
In one case report, a transplant patient presented with acute nephrotoxicity and elevated tacrolimus levels of 29 ng/mL. The patient previously had tacrolimus levels within the therapeutic range at 9.7 ng/mL. Ten days prior to presenting at the emergency room the patient started consumption of turmeric powder at a dose of 15 or more spoonfuls daily. It was thought that turmeric increased levels of tacrolimus due to cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibition (93544). In vitro and animal research show that turmeric and its constituent curcumin inhibit CYP3A4 (21497,21498,21499).
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Turmeric may reduce the absorption of talinolol in some situations.
Details
Clinical research shows that taking curcumin for 6 days decreases the bioavailability of talinolol when taken together on the seventh day (80079). The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
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Theoretically, turmeric might reduce the levels and clinical effects of tamoxifen.
Details
In a small clinical trial in patients with breast cancer taking tamoxifen 20-30 mg daily, adding curcumin 1200 mg plus piperine 10 mg three times daily reduces the 24-hour area under the curve of tamoxifen and the active metabolite endoxifen by 12.8% and 12.4%, respectively, as well as the maximum concentrations of tamoxifen, when compared with tamoxifen alone. However, in the absence of piperine, the area under the curve for endoxifen and the maximum concentration of tamoxifen were not significantly reduced. Effects were most pronounced in patients who were extensive cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 metabolizers (107123).
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Turmeric has antioxidant effects. There is some concern that this may reduce the activity of chemotherapy drugs that generate free radicals. However, research is conflicting.
Details
In vitro research shows that curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, inhibits camptothecin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells by up to 71% (96126). However, other in vitro research shows that curcumin augments the cytotoxic effects of camptothecin. Reasons for the discrepancies may relate to the dose of curcumin and the chemotherapeutic agents. Lower doses of curcumin might have antioxidant effects while higher doses might have pro-oxidant effects (96125). More evidence is needed to determine what effect, if any, turmeric might have.
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Turmeric might increase the risk of bleeding with warfarin.
Details
One case of increased international normalized ratio (INR) has been reported for a patient taking warfarin who began taking turmeric. Prior to taking turmeric, the patient had stable INR measurements. Within a few weeks of starting turmeric supplementation, the patient's INR increased to 10 (100906). Additionally, curcumin, the active constituent in turmeric, has demonstrated antiplatelet effects in vitro (11143,81204,81271), which may produce additive effects when taken with warfarin.
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product ProstaDIM. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, bromelain seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, flatulence, gastric upset, headache.
Topically: Pruritus, urticaria.
Dermatologic
...Topically, bromelain may cause dermal allergic reactions including urticaria, pruritus, and skin swelling (9184).
Redness, swelling, burning, pain at the application site, and cellulitis have also been reported rarely (108148,113513). In one case, a fixed drug eruption with pruritis near the groin was reported in a 33-year-old male taking bromelain 50 mg orally daily for 10 days. After discontinuation of bromelain and treatment with topical corticosteroid, the lesion resolved. Upon re-challenge with bromelain, the lesion reappeared in the same area (103300).
In another case report, a 61-year-old male with a history of chronic lower leg ulceration secondary to chronic venous hypertension and recurrent deep vein thrombosis on rivaroxaban presented with a deep-dermal burn on his lower calf. Bromelain-based topical enzymatic debridement agent Nexobrid 2 grams was applied to the burn site. Thirty minutes later, the patient experienced two instances of hemorrhage at the site of debridement. The patient was stabilized and treated with fluids, packed red cells, and tranexamic acid, and then the Nexobrid was removed (111656). Caution should be used in patients with underlying coagulopathies.
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, bromelain may cause gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, and abdominal pain (9184,18274,18282,96216,113513).
Immunologic
...Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic reactions to bromelain may occur (9184).
If inhaled, bromelain may cause sensitization and allergic reactions such as asthma (37199,37215,37233). In case reports of occupational inhalation of bromelain, additional allergic symptoms included difficulty swallowing, throat itching, eye irritation, and rhinitis (37214).
General
...Orally, diindolylmethane is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, gas, headache, nausea, rash, and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
Dermatologic ...Orally, diindolylmethane can cause rash (47615,93836). In one case report, a patient developed drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) after consuming a product containing diindolylmethane, vitamin E, and broccoli powder. An allergen patch test was positive for diindolylmethane (93840).
Endocrine ...Orally, diindolylmethane was associated with grade 3 asymptomatic hyponatremia in 2 of 4 patients taking 600 mg daily for 28 days in one clinical study. Hyponatremia was not seen in the 8 patients taking diindolylmethane 150-450 mg daily (47729).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, diindolylmethane can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and gas (47652,47676,47709,47729,93836).
Genitourinary ...Orally, diindolylmethane can cause the urine to darken (93836).
Hematologic ...In one case report, a 65-year-old male developed a deep vein thromboembolism (DVT) and bilateral pulmonary emboli (PE) within a few weeks of initiating treatment with diindolylmethane. It is unclear if diindolylmethane contributed to this event; the patient was at increased risk for emboli due to his age, weight, tobacco use, and possible history of pulmonary embolism (93835).
Hepatic ...In one case report, a patient developed drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), involving elevated liver transaminases, after consuming a product containing diindolylmethane, vitamin E, and broccoli powder. An allergen patch test was positive for diindolylmethane (93840).
Immunologic ...In one case report, a patient developed drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) after consuming a product containing diindolylmethane, vitamin E, and broccoli powder. The patient developed fever, activated lymphocytes, and swollen lymph nodes. An allergen patch test was positive for diindolylmethane (93840).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, diindolylmethane has been reported to cause arthralgias (47615).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, diindolylmethane can cause headache (47652,47676,93836). One case has reported ischemic stroke in a 38-year-old female with a history of a patent foramen ovale (PFO), traumatic subdural hematoma, right partial hemicraniectomy, and use of several supplements, including 200 mg of diindolylmethane daily, vitamin D3, vitamin K2, elderberry, caffeine, and possibly cannabis (112895). It is unclear if diindolylmethane contributed to this event; the patient was at increased risk for stroke due to PFO and other factors.
General ...Orally, hesperidin is generally well tolerated.
Dermatologic ...A case of recurrent allergic dermatitis was reported in a 70-year-old female with no known allergies who applied topical hesperidin methyl chalchone (94538).
Immunologic ...A case of recurrent allergic dermatitis was reported in a 70-year-old female with no known allergies who applied topical hesperidin methyl chalchone (94538).
General ...Orally, plant sterols are generally well tolerated.
Dermatologic ...Acute dermatitis has been reported in a case report of a 51-year-old female who used a pharmacy-brand plant sterol supplement to lower cholesterol levels. The rash was widespread with lesions on the hands and feet and a red and swollen face. The patient was treated orally with prednisolone and topically with emollients for 2 weeks (90737). It is not entirely clear if this adverse effect was due to the plant sterol supplement or another contributing factor.
Endocrine ...Peripheral precocious puberty has been described in a 20-month-old boy who ingested about 15 grams daily of a chicken essence product containing the plant sterol avenasterol, also known as clerosterol or chondrillasterol. Signs and symptoms included elevated estradiol and testosterone levels, acne, hairiness, increased penis size, hoarse voice, and increased growth rate. These effects were reversed when the product was stopped (112084).
Gastrointestinal ...Abdominal discomfort has occurred in one child in a clinical trial of oral plant sterols (35106). Because plant sterols decrease cholesterol absorption in the gut, there is concern that they might produce some gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhea and excess amounts of fat in the stool (steatorrhea), although these adverse effects have not been reported in clinical research.
General
...Orally, pumpkin products are generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare):
Orally: Anaphylaxis.
Dermatologic ...There are two case reports of adult females developing substantial transient hair loss 1-3 weeks after consumption of a meal containing either bitter-tasting pumpkin or undefined squash. This adverse effect was attributed to a high concentration of cucurbitacin, which is commonly found in wild pumpkins (104535).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, pumpkin seed oil has been reported to cause mild abdominal discomfort in clinical trials (5093,92378). There are also two case reports of adults developing severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea following consumption of a meal containing either bitter-tasting pumpkin or undefined squash. These adverse effects were attributed to a high concentration of cucurbitacin, which is commonly found in wild pumpkins (104535).
Immunologic
...Orally, pumpkin seed oil and pumpkin pulp have been reported to cause anaphylactic reactions in children and adults.
A case review highlights 4 cases of anaphylaxis in children (3 from pumpkin pulp, 1 from pumpkin seeds), and 7 cases in adults (1 from pumpkin flesh, 6 from pumpkin seeds). Symptoms of anaphylaxis include urticaria, angioedema of the lips or face, dyspnea, dysphagia, and oropharyngeal itching and swelling. A case report describes a 2-year-old male presenting with urticaria, swollen lips, and increased dyspnea 10 minutes after ingesting pumpkin seeds. The patient was found to have elevated allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) and a positive skin-prick test for pumpkin seeds. Symptoms resolved after treatment with epinephrine, systemic glucocorticoids, salbuterol, and antihistamines (107843).
There may also be concern for allergic reaction due to inhalation or topical exposure. One case report describes an 8-year-old child developing anaphylaxis while carving a pumpkin; another highlights that inhalation of pumpkin seed flour may have potentiated anaphylaxis in 3 individuals following the ingestion of pumpkin seeds (107843). Further research is necessary to assess the relationship between anaphylaxis and route of administration.
General ...Orally and intravenously, quercetin seems to be well tolerated in appropriate doses. Topically, no adverse effects have been reported. However, a thorough evaluation of safety outcomes has not been conducted.
Gastrointestinal ...Intravenous administration of quercetin is associated with nausea and vomiting (9564).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, quercetin may cause headache and tingling of the extremities (481,111500). Intravenously, quercetin may cause pain at the injection site. Injection pain can be minimized by premedicating patients with 10 mg of morphine and administering amounts greater than 945 mg/m2 over 5 minutes (9564). In addition, intravenous administration of quercetin is associated with flushing and sweating (9564).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Intravenous administration of quercetin at doses as high as 2000 mg/m2 is associated with dyspnea that may persist for up to 5 minutes (9564).
Renal ...Intravenously, nephrotoxicity has been reported with quercetin in amounts greater than 945 mg/m2 (9563,9564,70304).
General ...Orally, rutin is generally well tolerated.
Dermatologic ...Orally, rutin may cause flushing and rashes in some people (313).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, rutin may cause gastrointestinal disturbance in some people (313).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, rutin may cause headache in some people (313).
General
...Orally, saw palmetto is well tolerated and adverse effects are mild, infrequent, and reversible.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, constipation, decreased libido, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, rhinitis, vomiting.
Cardiovascular ...Occasionally, cases of hypertension, postural hypotension, tachycardia, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, extrasystole, angiopathy, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure have been reported in patients using saw palmetto orally (6424,6484,6752,6772,17684,73388,89441). One case of severe bradycardia and second degree heart block was reported in a 64 year-old male taking an unknown amount of saw palmetto for a few weeks (96413).
Dermatologic ...A case report describes a 61-year-old male who developed a fixed drug eruption with localized blisters and erosions three days after starting oral saw palmetto. The lesions resolved when saw palmetto was stopped, but recurred when it was reintroduced six months later. Topical corticosteroid treatment was necessary and the patient was left with some residual hyperpigmented patches (104805). A combination of saw palmetto and beta-sitosterol has been associated with a single report of worsening acne (15550).
Endocrine ...Two case reports involving one 11-year-old female undergoing treatment for telogen effluvium and another 10-year-old female undergoing treatment for hirsutism, describe hot flashes and the onset of menarche associated with use of saw palmetto. One of these patients was consuming saw palmetto in a food supplement; the other was taking a supplement containing saw palmetto 320 mg daily (73361,96414). In both cases, the hot flashes resolved following treatment discontinuation. In one case, a rechallenge with saw palmetto caused a recurrence of hot flashes.
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, gastralgia, and halitosis are the most frequently reported adverse effects associated with saw palmetto (6484,6752,60442,73315,73320,73348,73354,73383,73385,73388,89441). Less often, cases of duodenal ulcer, dyspepsia, or heartburn have been reported (6772,73329,73354). Meteorism (intestinal gas accumulation) has also been reported with saw palmetto, although causality was unclear (60442).
Genitourinary ...Some clinicians are concerned that saw palmetto might cause erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disturbance, or altered libido because of its potential effects on 5-alpha-reductase. Some preliminary clinical studies have reported sexual dysfunction, particularly ejaculatory dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, and reduced libido, in patients taking saw palmetto (5093,17202,17684,73383,89441). However, most of these patients were previously diagnosed with prostate disorders, so causality is unclear. Additionally, several clinical studies indicate that the occurrence of impotence in males taking saw palmetto is similar to placebo and tamsulosin (Flomax), and significantly less than finasteride (Proscar) (2732,6424,17306,107481). Rarely, cases of testicular pain, vesical tenesmus, and urinary tract infections have been reported in patients using saw palmetto extract orally (73388).
Hematologic ...Saw palmetto might have antiplatelet effects and potentially increase the risk of bleeding in some patients. There is one report of excessive intraoperative bleeding in a patient who took saw palmetto prior to surgery. Bleeding time normalized when saw palmetto was discontinued (8659). Also, one case of cerebral hemorrhage has been reported, but details are not available to determine causality (6772,73348). A case of retroperitoneal hematoma after bilateral inguinal hernia repair is reported in a male patient taking saw palmetto. The patient was discharged after a 3-day hospitalization in stable condition (112177).
Hepatic ...A case report describes a patient who developed acute hepatitis and pancreatitis while taking saw palmetto. Symptoms resolved when saw palmetto was discontinued, and reemerged upon re-challenge (14457). Other cases of acute hepatitis and pancreatitis, with elevated alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and bilirubin have been reported in patients using saw palmetto orally (14457,73350,73351).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, saw palmetto may cause fatigue, weakness, muscle pain, and back pain, although these adverse events are rare (6424,73388,89441). A case of saw palmetto-related rhabdomyolysis was reported in an 82-year-old male presenting with kidney dysfunction, increased C-reactive protein levels, and elevated serum creatine kinase (73358).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, saw palmetto can cause headaches, dizziness, insomnia, and fatigue (6750,6752,6772,11354,60442,73348,73385,73388,89441).
Ocular/Otic ...A case of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome (IFIS) has been reported in a patient using saw palmetto orally (73340). However, no statistically significant association between saw palmetto and IFIS was found in a case series of 660 patients undergoing cataract surgery (73347).
Pulmonary/Respiratory ...Rhinitis is one of the more commonly reported adverse effects of saw palmetto (73348). One patient taking saw palmetto extract 160 mg twice daily reported "breathlessness" (73388). Two cases of respiratory depression have been reported in patients using saw palmetto extract (Permixon) 320 mg (6772).
General
...Orally and topically, turmeric is generally well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Constipation, dyspepsia, diarrhea, distension, gastroesophageal reflux, nausea, and vomiting.
Topically: Curcumin, a constituent of turmeric, can cause contact urticaria and pruritus.
Cardiovascular ...Orally, a higher dose of turmeric in combination with other ingredients has been linked to atrioventricular heart block in one case report. It is unclear if turmeric caused this adverse event or if other ingredients or a contaminant were the cause. The patient had taken a combination supplement containing turmeric 1500-2250 mg, black soybean 600-900 mg, mulberry leaves, garlic, and arrowroot each about 300-450 mg, twice daily for one month before experiencing atrioventricular heart block. Heart rhythm normalized three days after discontinuation of the product. Re-administration of the product resulted in the same adverse effect (17720).
Dermatologic ...Following occupational and/or topical exposure, turmeric or its constituents curcumin, tetrahydrocurcumin, or turmeric oil, can cause allergic contact dermatitis (11146,79270,79470,79934,81410,81195). Topically, curcumin can also cause rash or contact urticaria (79985,97432,112117). In one case, a 60-year-old female, with no prior reactivity to regular oral consumption of turmeric products, developed urticaria after topical application of turmeric massage oil (97432). A case of pruritus has been reported following topical application of curcumin ointment to the scalp for the treatment of melanoma (11148). Yellow discoloration of the skin has been reported rarely in clinical research (113356). Orally, curcumin may cause pruritus, but this appears to be relatively uncommon (81163,97427,104148,114899). Pitting edema may also occur following oral intake of turmeric extract, but the frequency of this adverse event is less common with turmeric than with ibuprofen (89720). A combination of curcumin plus fluoxetine may cause photosensitivity (89728).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, turmeric can cause gastrointestinal adverse effects (107110,107112,112118), including constipation (81149,81163,96135,113355), flatulence and yellow, hard stools (81106,96135), nausea and vomiting (10453,17952,89720,89728,96127,96131,96135,97430,112117,112118), diarrhea or loose stool (10453,17952,18204,89720,96135,110223,112117,112118,114898,114899), dyspepsia (17952,89720,89721,96161,112118), gastritis (89728), distension and gastroesophageal reflux disease (18204,89720), abdominal fullness and pain (81036,89720,96161,97430,114898,114899), epigastric burning (81444), and tongue staining (89723).
Hepatic
...Orally, turmeric has been associated with liver damage, including non-infectious hepatitis, cholestasis, and hepatocellular liver injury.
There have been at least 70 reports of liver damage associated with taking turmeric supplements for at least 2 weeks and for up to 14 months. Most cases of liver damage resolved upon discontinuation of the turmeric supplement. Sometimes, turmeric was used concomitantly with other supplements and medications (99304,102346,103094,103631,103633,103634,107122,109288,110221). The Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN) has identified 10 cases of liver injury which were considered to be either definitely, highly likely, or probably associated with turmeric; none of these cases were associated with the use of turmeric in combination with other potentially hepatotoxic supplements. Most patients (90%) presented with hepatocellular pattern of liver injury. The median age of these case reports was 56 years and 90% identified as White. In these case reports, the carrier frequency on HLAB*35:01 was 70%, which is higher than the carrier frequency found in the general population. Of the ten patients, 5 were hospitalized and 1 died from liver injury (109288).
It is not clear if concomitant use with other supplements or medications contributes to the risk for liver damage. Many case reports did not report turmeric formulation, dosing, or duration of use (99304,103094,103631,103634,109288). However, at least 10 cases involved high doses of curcumin (250-1812.5 mg daily) and the use of highly bioavailable formulations such as phytosomal curcumin and formulations containing piperine (102346,103633,107122,109288,110221).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, turmeric has been associated with headache and vertigo (81163,114898).
Psychiatric ...Orally, the turmeric constituent curcumin or a combination of curcumin and fluoxetine can cause giddiness, although this event seems to be uncommon (81206,89728).
Renal ...Orally, turmeric has been linked to one report of kidney failure, although the role of turmeric in this case is unclear. A 69-year-old male developed kidney failure related to calcium oxalate deposits in the renal tubules following supplementation with turmeric 2 grams daily for 2 years as an anti-inflammatory for pelvic pain. While turmeric is a source of dietary oxalates, pre-existing health conditions and/or chronic use of antibiotics may have contributed to the course of disease (113343).
Other ...There is a single case report of death associated with intravenous use of turmeric. However, analysis of the treatment vial suggests that the vial contained only 0.023% of the amount of curcumin listed on the label. Also, the vial had been diluted in a solution of ungraded polyethylene glycol (PEG) 40 castor oil that was contaminated with 1.25% diethylene glycol. Therefore the cause of death is unknown but is unlikely to be related to the turmeric (96136).
